South Coast Of Crimea Research Articles

НАСЛЕДУЕМОСТЬ НЕКОТОРЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО ЦЕННЫХ ПРИЗНАКОВ У СЕЯНЦЕВ ВИНОГРАДА В ПОПУЛЯЦИИ ТАЛИСМАН х МАРКИЗА

The article presents the results of studies (2021-2022) on assessing the economically valuable properties and isolation of heterotic seedlings in the population ‘Talisman x Marquiza’. In the work of breeding new grape varieties, much attention is paid to the variety Talisman, which is highly valued as a donor of such traits as early ripeness, large berry size, downy mildew, gray rot and frost resistance. The object of the study was seedlings in the amount of 18 pcs and initial forms, in which agrobiological records were provided in accordance with 13 traits. The studies were carried out in the breeding plot of Partenit village, South Coast of Crimea. The scheme of planting grape bushes was 3 × 1.5 m, bush training – one-shouldered Guyot in the non-irrigated plot. Heredity pattern and indicators of heterosis were determined in the population according to the following traits: «bunch weight», «fruitfulness coefficient», «shoot productivity in terms of the raw bunch weight», «mass concentration of sugars». A transitional heredity pattern of «bunch weight» trait with the effect of adverse dominance of paternal form Marquiza was established in the population ‘Talisman x Marquiza’. According to this trait, the seedling № 21-11-4-39 was isolated with the effect of heterosis +1.07 %. According to the trait «mass concentration of sugars», true heterosis with the effect of +16.0 % was established in the studied family. Correspondence of the trait «fruitfulness coefficient» in initial forms and offspring was registered. Percentage content – 27.8 % of seedlings, № 21-11-4-31, № 21-11-4-37, № 21-11-4-38, № 21-11-4-49, № 21-11-4-50, heterotic according to this trait, were isolated (the effect of heterosis ranged from +22.0 % to +121.3 %). The indicator of dominance degree of shoot productivity according to the raw bunch weight trait shows a hybrid depression. Three seedlings, superior to the best form of Talisman in this indicator with the effect of heterosis from +2.96 % to +36.29 % were isolated in the population.

Geology, morphology and mineralogy of sulfide-carbonate hydrothermal-bacterial structures on the surface of Tessel paleovolcano lava (south coast of Crimea)

Research subject. Sulfide-carbonate hydrothermal-bacterial structures on the surface of Tessel paleovolcano lava. Materials and methods. The structures under study were found during detailed geological works. Petrographic thin sections were studied using an Olympus Bx5 microscope. Carbonate and sulfide samples were examined using an RZMMA-202M scanning electron microscope. Results. For the first time, the contacts of the studied structures with their enclosing siltstones and mudstones were described. The structures are of tubular and flat shapes. In terms of mineral composition, the structures exhibit three zones: central, lateral and that of bacterial overgrowth. The middle part of the central zone features a fluid channel with inclusions of quartz, barite, nakrite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, pyrite, shells of largefauna, ash and tuff material. Spherulites and microtubular carbonate formations testify to the participation of bacterial and archaean communities in the construction process. The study of carbonates and sulfides confirmed the use of deep fluids by prokaryotes. Conclusion. The main role in the formation of the sulfide-carbonate hydrothermal-bacterial structures under study belonged to the community of prokaryotes and fluids from the depths. The external morphology of the studied structures along with the presence of mineralogical zonality, a fluid channel, oil products, and oases of life with a large fauna indicate the similarity of their formation conditions to those of sulfide-carbonate smokers of the Piip volcano. Some differences in the mineral composition are associated with different depths and fluids of their formation.

Macrophytobenthos of the Reserved and Transformed Coastal Marine Areas at the South Coast of Crimea in Conditions of the New Biological Invasion (the Black Sea)

Based on the materials of a 2019-2020 study, a comparative hydrobotanical characterisation of two nearby coastal water areas of the Black Sea (Southern Coast of Crimea - SCC) is presented. Both water areas are similar in terms of their complex of natural and climatic conditions; but contrast in terms of the anthropogenic transformation level and eutrophication. In total, 81 species of macrophytes were identified in the study area. In the natural water area, located within the boundaries of the "Cape Martyan" Nature Reserve, 61 species were registered (<i>Chlorophyta</i> - 14 (22.6%), <i>Ochrophyta</i> - 12 (19.7%), <i>Rhodophyta</i> - 34 (55.8%), <i>Tracheophyta</i> - 1 (1.6%). To the east of it, the marine water area adjasent to the Gurzuf village is located. This has been transformed and is subject to local, but constant and intense eutrophication from a shallow emergency sewer. In total 63 species were registered here (<i>Chlorophyta </i>- 15 (23.8%), <i>Ochrophyta</i> - 16 (25.4%), <i>Rhodophyta</i> - 32 (50.8%). The ratio of macrophytes ecological and floristic groups by number of species (NS) does not reveal fundamental differences between the two water areas; the tendency of change in the total biomass (BM) of communities with increasing depth along the profiles is similar, and the values at the same depths are comparable (up to 0.8 kg · m<sup>-2</sup> in the pseudolittoral zone and up to 6.2-7.0 kg · m<sup>-2</sup> in the sublittoral). Significant differences are found in the BM ratio of macrophytes ecological and floristic groups, which ultimately determines the structural features of the vegetation cover of each water area (although their general nature, due to the type of substrate, is similar). Near the Cape Martyan, both in terms of NS and BM, stenobiont (oligosaprobic marine) <i>Phaeophyceae</i> species dominate: in the pseudolittoral - seasonal summer ones; in the sublittoral - perennial ones (belt of <i>Cystoseira</i> s.l.), which is typical for the SCC in summer. In the water area off the Gurzuf village, the algal communities of the pseudolittoral and the shallowest sublittoral zones are formed by eurybiont (polysaprobic brakish-water) <i>Chlorophyta</i>. Such features of the composition and structure are an adaptive response of phytocenoses to intense eutrophication. With a decrease in the trophic content of waters, they could quickly return to a relative norm. However, the situation is complicated by the progressive invasion of the new transformer species <i>Bonnemaisonia hamifera</i> Hariot, which suppresses and displaces native species near the SCC. This changes the appearance, structure, and production indicators of the vegetation cover of the sublittoral zone, and in Gurzuf even leads to local degradation (at depths of ≥ 5 m) of the most productive and species-rich <i>Cystoseira</i> s.l. communities, which are of key importance for maintaining the ecological balance in the coastal marine waters of the region. Presumably, eutrophication is one of the factors that stimulate the spread of <i>B. hamifera</i>, which in the conditions of the significantly isolated Azov-Black Sea basin can lead to a regional ecological disaster. In this case, a decrease in the trophicity of coastal waters can slow down the process of invasion and the resulting transformation of the macrophytobenthos.

Hydrothermal-bacterial structures with a brachiopod fauna on the surface of Tessel paleovolcano (South coast of Crimea)

Research subject. For the first time, the results of a study of hydrothermal-bacterial carbonate structures and a shell bank of brachiopods on the surface of the effusive sequence of the Late Triassic Tessel paleovolcano are presented. Methods. Petrographic thin sections were studied using an Olympus BX 5 microscope with an Olympus DP 12 camera. Geochemical investigations were performed according to the conventional methodology by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The isotopic composition of carbon was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) by a Deltaplus Advantage instrument. The mass spectrometer was paired with an EA Flash1112 analyzer and a TC/EA convector. When measuring, the NBS-19, NBS-18, and IAEA-C-3 standards were used. Results. The data obtained on the geology, geochemistry, and isotopic composition of the studied materials confirm the existence of a symbiosis between brachiopods and protozoa. The primary formation of organic matter and carbonate of bacterial structures occurred due to the processing of paleofluids by the community of bacteria and archaea. These organisms created carbonate, sulfide and organic matter in a suboxide environment of hydrogen sulfide and methane. The biocenosis of the shell bank of brachiopods was characterized by a poor taxonomic composition and a high biological productivity. The formation of a shell bank of brachiopods with bacterial carbonate edifices took place during the period of volcanic activity and continued during breaks in eruptions. The results of geochemistry and the carbon isotopic composition of the carbonate of bacterial buildups confirm the deep nature of the paleofluids. The Norian age of paleovolcanism was determined from finds on the surface of the terrigenous- volcanic sequence of brachiopods Worobiella ex gr. caucasica Dagys and ammonite Megaphyllites insectus (Mojsisovics). Conclusions. According to geological features, the material of the shell bank of brachiopods with bacterial carbonate structures on the surface of the Tessel paleovolcano belongs to the ancient hydrocarbon seeps-carbonate. Based on their genesis and formation material, these formations should be referred to as Triassic methanoliths. Signs of allocation of similar formations in other time intervals and regions are given. Emissions of fluids with hydrogen sulfide and methane by the Tessel paleovolcano in the Late Triassic may have been related to the causes of the “global extinction”.

A critical revision of the powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphaceae, Ascomycota) of Ukraine: Arthrocladiella and Blumeria

The previously compiled list of species of powdery mildew fungi of Ukraine was published more than 30 years ago. That list included 108 species belonging to 12 genera. However, over the past three decades, numerous changes have been made in the system of the former order Erysiphales, in particular, in its generic composition; moreover, dozens of new species have been described. At the same time, many species of powdery mildew fungi were introduced to Europe, including Ukraine, in particular, from East Asia and North America. Thus, the species composition of powdery mildew fungi of Ukraine has undergone significant changes and requires a critical revision. Therefore, a series of relevant articles is planned to be published. This article, the first in the series, deals with the small genera Arthrocladiella and Blumeria. A list of species of these genera recorded in Ukraine (Arthrocladiella mougeotii, Blumeria avenae, B. bulbigera, B. dactylidis, B. graminicola, B. graminis, and B. hordei), their distribution by regions of Ukraine and a key for identification are provided. Arthrocladiella mougeotii was found to occur occasionally only in nine regions, mainly in the southern part of Ukraine, primarily in the forest-steppe and steppe zones and on the South Coast of Crimea. Blumeria avenae was recorded only in two regions, on the South Coast of Crimea and in Central Polissya and should be also considered rare in Ukraine. The remaining species were observed quite often and registered in 14–24 regions, while B. graminicola and B. graminis are regarded as the most common ones.

Macro- and Microelements and Radionuclides in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from Recreational and Harbor Sites of the Crimean Peninsula (The Black Sea)

The concentrations of 29 elements in the soft tissues and of 24 elements in the shells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected in one selected recreational and two relatively polluted zones were determined and are presented. The high levels of elements in the mussels from a relatively polluted zone of the harbor (Kamyshovaya Bay) could be associated with phytoplankton, terrigenous matter and anthropogenic sources, but did not harm the mussel population, according to the calculated average condition factors. The low levels of the studied elements and condition factors in the mussels from another harbor (Sevastopol Bay) can be explained by the high circulation and influence of submarine desalinated waters in this zone. The mussels from a recreational site in the South coast of Crimea (Foros) showed high levels of the examined elements, commonly due to the coastal weathering of typical local rocks. The found levels of the radionuclides 40K, 137Cs, 232Th, 226Ra and 235U in mussel soft tissues were below the minimum detectable concentrations. The calculated enrichment factors and soft tissue/shells ratios demonstrated differences between groups of elements among the studied sites.

Assessment of the Atmospheric Deposition of Heavy Metals and Other Elements in the Mountain Crimea Using Moss Biomonitoring Technique

The atmospheric depositions of heavy metals and other elements on the territory of Crimean Mountains in 2015 was assessed using the moss biomonitoring technique. The neutron activation analysis performed at the installation REGATA of the IBR-2 reactor was used for the determination of the mass fractions of 34 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Ta, Th, and U). Factor analysis, concentration factors, and enrichment factors were used to reveal possible sources of elements in the mosses. The main contributor to the deposition of elements on the mosses was the weathering of rock materials. The second group of elements included Br and I. The agriculture and marine sources of emissions were found to be important factors of atmospheric Br and I, respectively. The representing maps of the distribution of heavy metals and other elements revealed high levels of elements at the South coast of Crimea and near the city of Simferopol. The comparison of the obtained data with the data of biomonitoring studies performed for other mountain regions showed higher levels of Al, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, and As than in the mosses from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Norway, but lower than in the mosses from Georgia, Turkey, Romania, and Northern Serbia. The presented results could serve as a basis for future monitoring research.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ НОВЫХ ЭЛИТНЫХ ФОРМ ВИНОГРАДА В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПАДНОЙ ПРЕДГОРНО-ПРИМОРСКОЙ ЗОНЫ КРЫМА

The paper presents the indicators of productivi-ty, quality and mechanical composition of bunches and berries of elite seedlings of white-berry wine grapes bred in the Institute Maga-rach, selected in populations of ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’ × ‘Megrabuyr’ Magarach (No. 29-96-28-10) and ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’ × ‘Spar-tanets Magaracha’ Magarach (No. 223-66-16-13). The female parent, ‘Tsitronnyi Magara-cha’, was taken as a control. Selecting of seed-lings was carried out in 2006‒2007 on breed-ing plots of the Institute Magarach (Yalta, Ot-radnoye village, South Coast of Crimea). Vari-etal study is carried out on breeding plot of the Vilino village, Bakhchisaray district. The se-lected seedlings of elite quality are character-ized by a complex of economically valuable traits: high cropping capacity (2.75‒4.5 kg/bush) and shoot productivity (198.0‒325.0 g/shoot), sufficient accumulation of sugars (23.0‒24.0 g/100cm3), muscat tones in flavor. Samples of base wines from the harvest of hy-brid forms, in terms of their characteristics, are promising. They are not inferior to the control variety ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’ and can be rec-ommended for further study as raw materials for winemaking industry. Cultivation of new elite forms in the conditions of the Western Foothill-Seaside zone of Crimea will make it possible to extend the already existing assort-ment of white-berry wine grape varieties.

Geoecological features of mercury pressure on the south coast of the Republic of Crimea based on the study of needles

Abstract. The article presents the original data on the total Hg concentration in the needles of different tree species in the recreational zones of settlements on the south coast of the Republic of Crimea. Mean Hg concentrations were lower than in the Tomsk Region and the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia but higher than in Southern Siberia. Hg concentrations increased from west to east along the south coast of Crimea. Pine needles showed increased sorption properties relative to mercury, juniper needles had the least sorption. There was no dependence of the element input on height relative to sea level. Calculated indicators indicated elevated Hg concentrations in needles relative to the background, the temporary allowable concentration and the mean value for terrestrial plants.

Weather dependence of medical rehabilitation efficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease on the resort of the South Coast of Crimea

The aim of this work is to assess the influence of the climatic and weather characteristics of the South Coast of Crimea (SCC) on the effectiveness of health resort medical rehabilitation (MR) of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD).Materials and methods. A study was carried out in a group of 276 patients with IHD. The influence of climatic and weather characteristics of the SCC were assessed using the methods developed by the «ARI n.a. I.M. Sechenov» - modified clinical index on weather pathogenicity (CIPP-M) and MR assessment according to the criteria of the» International classification of functioning, disabilities and health» (ICF).Results. Regression equations for the dynamics of the ICF b2401, b280, b4301 and b440 domains on the values of air temperature (AT-M), atmospheric pressure variability (APV), air temperature variability (ATV-M) wind speed (WS-M) and total CIPP-M have been developed, which allow to reliably form a rehabilitation prognosis for patients with IHD for all terms of health resort treatment in the SCC.Conclusions. The use of modernized clinical indices of weather pathogenicity allows one to adequately assess and predict the effect of weather dynamics and form a rehabilitation prognosis for patients with IHD.

Digitalization for remote monitoring to sustainable development of agrarian areas at V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

The article presents the experience of using nano-technologies for remote monitoring of agricultural areas in order to ensure sustainable development of territories. The survey resulted in the content of scientific and technical tasks. Technical testing on the territory of the Republic of Crimea showed how the digitalization can be used in educational process. In the research we identified the most cost-effective methods, sustainable development technologies, unmanned aerial vehicle and remote sensing exploitation algorithms, GIS across the Republic of Crimea. The indications provided by this research include data from integrated monitoring of agricultural lands with a total area of 15.000 hectares in different agro-climatic zones of Crimea (The South Coast of Crimea, Crimean Foothill, The Steppe Crimea, Prisivashye). The full project implementation provided criteria and requirements to promote an educational system in agro-technological digitalization sector.

Climate-weather patterns at climatic resort and medical rehabilitation of patients with lung diseases

Aim. To assess the influence of the climatic and weather patterns at the South Coast of Crimea (SCC) on the effectiveness of health resort medical rehabilitation of patients with lung diseases (LD).Materials and methods. A study carried in a group of 197 patients with LD. The influence of climatic and weather patterns at the SCC were assessed using the methods developed by the Academician Research Institute of Physical Methods of Treatment, Medical Climatology and Rehabilitation named after I.M. Sechenov – modified clinical index on weather pathogenicity and medical rehabilitation assessment according to the criteria of the “International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health” (ICF).Results. Regression equations for the dynamics of the ICF domains b280, b430, b4303 and for the mean value of all domains on the values of air temperature, wind speed, cloudiness, and air temperature variability have been developed, which allow to reliably form a rehabilitation prognosis for patients with LD for all terms of health resort treatment in the SCC.Conclusion. The use of modernized clinical indices of weather pathogenicity allows one to adequately assess and predict the effect of weather dynamics and form a rehabilitation prognosis for patients with LD.

Spatial Distribution, Population Structure, and Predatory Impact of Gelatinous Predators on Zooplankton Community in Inshore Waters off Crimean Coast of the Black Sea

The study reports the data on the distribution and predatory impact of the gelatinous macroplankton on mesozooplankton in the inshore waters of Crimea in April 2016. In the study areas, gelatinous macroplankton comprised Scyphomedusae Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) and three ctenophore species (Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865, Beroe ovata Bruguire, 1789, and Pleurobrachia pileus (O. F. Müller, 1776). The biomass of A. aurita dominated everywhere and varied from ~ 62 to 330 g·m‑2 in different areas. The largest A. aurita biomass was observed in the South Coast of Crimea and the smallest in Karkinitsky Bay, where the number of jellyfish was high, suggesting the predominance of small individuals in the population. The size structure of A. aurita population differed by region: the proportion of large animals increased from the West to the East. The abundance and biomass of M. leidyi were rather low: 0.33–1.45 ind·m‑2 and 1–51.7 g·m‑2, respectively (the exception was the position in the Kerch Strait, where M. leidyi abundance reached 2 ind. m‑2 and biomass 126.3 g·m‑2); that species occurred only at 33–45 % of the stations (the exception was Karkinitsky Bay – 17 %), with the maximum values in the South Coast of Crimea. Large, 55–70-mm, adult individuals predominated. P. pileus biomass was lower than the biomass of A. aurita and M. leidyi in all areas, but its abundance was much higher. The daily rations of A. aurita varied widely both in the entire area and from one region to another. The daily ration values correlated with the carbon content in A. aurita body. The predation pressure of A. aurita on zooplankton in the inshore waters of Crimea was very low and did not result in a crucial decrease in mesozooplankton abundance. The effect of M. leidyi, even with its low abundance and biomass, was much stronger

Weather and climatic factors at the resort of the Southern coast of Crimea in the medical rehabilitation of patients with hypertension

To evaluate the effect of weather and climatic factors of the South Coast of Crimea (SCC) on the effectiveness of health resort medical rehabilitation (MR) of patients with arterial hypertension (AH). One hundred and thirty-four patients with AH were examined. The effect of weather and climatic factors of the SCC was assessed using the methods of Modified Clinical Weather Pathogenicity Index (CWPI-M, developed at the I.M. Sechenov Institute) and assessment of medical rehabilitation according to International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) criteria. The regression equations for the change of ICF domains b2401, b420, b4301, b4552, d240 and the change of mean values of all domains depending on air temperature and humidity, wind velocity, amount of clouds, variability of air temperature, and atmospheric pressure were developed. The equations permit the generation of reliable rehabilitation prognosis for patients with AH for all terms of health resort care at the SCC. The use of CWPI-M makes it possible to form a rehabilitation prognosis for patients with AH based on certain ICF domains. The best rehabilitation prognosis for the SCC resorts is for the warm period of the year.

Особенности литодинамики галечных пляжей южного берега Крыма

The results of the study of the peculiarities of lithodynamics of pebble beaches of the South Coast of Crimea based on the long-term monitoring of the state of beaches performed at the Black Sea Hydrophysical Subsatellite Proving Ground of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the settlement of Katsiveli are presented. Long-term changes of the beach of Limensky Bay since 1950 and of beaches of the shore protection structures since 1988 are characterized. The volume of income and outcome of pebbles during the change of wind-wave regimes was estimated by the example of Limensky Bay beach and the artificial beaches of the coast protection structures in the coastline section from Katsiveli to Ponizovka settlement. The most influential factor in the formation of the pebble beaches of the Southern Coast of Crimea is the change in alongshore wind-wave regimes in the “days-months” time scale, which leads to significant fluctuations in sea level near the coast and a corresponding change in the directions of the bottom current velocity components perpendicular to the shoreline. The largest expense and income of beach-forming material (up to 1 m3/day per linear meter of beach) occurs during storms, respectively, with wind-wave regimes of the eastern and western directions. The largest irreversible removal of the mass of beach-forming materials during the change in wind-wave regimes occurs from the eastern and central sections of the bays and artificial beaches of coastal protection structures, and partial restoration of beaches—on their western sections. Natural underwater reefs in the coastal waters of bays and artificial beaches of shore protection structures contribute to the preservation of beaches in them. The reason for the gradual average long-term degradation of beaches may be the predominance of eastern storm winds over western ones in conditions of blocking the natural income of beach-forming materials from the coast by the coastal infrastructure objects.

Effect of national chelated micronutrient fertilizers on the productivity of grape plants and quality indicators of wine

The article presents the results of studies, carried out in 2018-2020 in soil and climatic conditions of viticultural zone of the South Coast of Crimea on wine grape variety ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’. It was established that double application of national chelated micronutrient fertilizers Tiaton and Chelaton Extra for foliar dressing of grapes contributed to an increase in the average bunch weight by 9.3-15.3 g (10.3-16.9%), shoot productivity by 10.4-17.1% and cropping power by 0.6-1 t/ha (10-16.7%) in comparison with the control. It was experimentally determined that test treatments with Chelaton Extra preparation led to a significant increase in the average length of annual shoots by 13.3 cm (9.3%) and a gain in the green matter of bushes by 265.9 cm3 (12%). Using of the studied micronutrient fertilizers against the background of increased grape productivity positively influenced the process of sugar accumulation and ensured the value component at the control level. The studies have proven that double treatment with Chelaton Extra fertilizer contributed to an increase in the mass concentration of phenolic substances in wine by 10.7%.

Analysis of the composition of Iris × hybrida hort. collection of Nikitsky Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Center by valuable decorative and economic-biological features

The article presents the results of the analysis of the cultivar composition of the Iris × hybrida hort. collection of Nikitsky Botanical Gardens according to bloom season and color classification. As a result of the analysis of phenological observations, the average long-term dates of the «beginning of flowering» phase in the conditions of the South Coast of Crimea were determined for all collection cultivars. The definition of the studied cultivars according to the bloom season within the garden groups into early flowering, medium flowering and late flowering has been carried out. Lists of cultivars by color classes are presented. The data obtained can be used in the practice of landscaping resort areas to create long blooming without a break compositions with the inclusion of Iris × hybrida hort. cultivars from various garden groups. The definition of Iris × hybrida hort. cultivars of NBS – NSC collection by color classes in accordance with the classification proposed by The American Iris Society was also carried out. Lists of cultivars by color classes are presented. The data obtained can be used by landscape architects to create flower arrangements in specific color spectrum in combination with companion plants.

LASPI 7 MESOLITHIC SITE ON THE SOUTH COAST OF CRIMEA, UKRAINE

Late Mesolithic Laspi 7 site is situated in Ukraine, in the West part of the South Coast of Crimea, in the Laspi Bay, Black Sea coast (44°24’48.5”N 33°42’41.3”E). It was investigated under the direction of prof. Dmytro Telegin in the second half of 1970s. The site was destroyed by Russian occupation power.
 There were 7 cultural layers of the site, which had the thickness near 2 m. There was Kokkenmedding — clay sediment with crushed stone and with unusual great number of the Helix albescens shells, ash and charcoal. Any structures of the cultural layer are not traced.
 Archaeological materials of Laspi 7 are represented by numerous flint collection (2347 eks.), bone tools assemblage (13 eks.), ocher, faunistic materials etc. Flint complexes from all cultural layers generally are similar. Most of the cores are pyramidal. Prismatic and pencil-shaped cores are single. Microlithic assemblage consists of geomethric miсroliths (asymmetrical and symmetrical trapezoids); single backed microliths and truncated blades. Scrapers are mostly semicircular on the flakes, single end scrapers are on the blades. Most of the burins are on the flakes, they are angle and, in smaller quantities, lateral. There are some «Kukrek type» burins with numerous worked parts. Angle burins on the blades are not numerous. Unusual big quantity of encoches is amazing. There is one Kukrek insert. Bone tools are very different (13 eks.): base part of the harpoon, fragment of the point with the grooves, different points, the borers, partly worked boar tusks, fragment of the antler socket. The age of Laspi 7 is 8600—7000 ВР. The most true 14C dates are 8625 ± 40 BP (GrA-35704) and 8620 ± 40 BP (GrA-35703).
 Laspi 7 flint assemblage is typical for the Late Mesolithic Murzak-Koba culture of Mountain Crimea.
 Laspi 7 is a shining example of the «revolution of the wide range» in Crimea. Inhabitants of the site used very different food resources: ungulates (red deer, boar, roe deer), birds (above all bustard), fish (catfish and pike perch), Helix albescens snails. Numerous ornito-, ihtio- and malakofauna dates evidences about the occupation of the site in autumn, winter, and spring time. Probably, the site was visited periodically during these seasons.

Система защиты и технологические аспекты производства органического винограда в условиях Южного берега Крыма

Данные современной статистики показывают увеличение площадей, занятых под органическими виноградниками, которые составляют 8% от площади мирового органического производства. Вступивший в силу в 2020 г. в РФ закон «Об органической продукции…» позволит развивать отечественное органическое виноградарство, в том числе в Крыму, где исторически складываются благоприятные условия для винодельческой отрасли. На Южном берегу Крыма (ЮБК) 11,5% площади составляют сельскохозяйственные земли, большая часть которых занята виноградниками (до 4 тыс. га). Органическое виноградарство, предполагающее отказ от применения пестицидов и минеральных удобрений, актуально на ЮБК, в рекреационной зоне Крыма. По результатам исследований 2016-2018 гг. разработана, апробирована и в 2019 г. внедрена в производство региональная система защиты органической продукции виноградарства на фоне отсутствия в отечественной практике производственных комплексных схем защиты органического винограда от патогенов и вредных организмов. Разработанная органическая система защиты ориентирована на подавление развития наиболее вредоносного на виноградниках ЮБК патогена - оиудима и контролирование численности садового паутинного клеща и гроздевой листовертки, включает комплексное применение биопрепаратов Экстрасол, Псевдобактерин-2, СЛОКС-эко, BioSleep BW и коллоидной серы Тиовит Джет, ВДГ. Биологическая эффективность органической системы защиты от оидиума составила 78,3%, что всего на 7,9% ниже, по сравнению с эффективностью традиционной системы защиты с применением пестицидов. По результатам эколого-фаунистической оценки биоразнообразия отмечено существенно больший показатель индекса видового разнообразия Шеннона (Н) в комплексе клещей и насекомых на фоне органической системы защиты, чем на фоне традиционной системы, при высоком коэффициенте видового сходства комплексов (Кj=0,53). Modern statistics show the increase in the land area occupied by organic vineyards, accounting 8% of the global organic production area. The law "On organic products ...", entered into force in 2020 in the Russian Federation, will allow to develop local organic viticulture, including historically favorable for winemaking industry region of Crimea. Agricultural lands consist of 11.5% of the total land area of the South Coast of Crimea (SCC). Most of the land is occupied by vineyards (up to 4 thousand hectares). Organic viticulture, which assumes the rejection of use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, is relevant for SCC as a recreational zone of Crimea. Based on the research results of 2016-2018, a regional organic viticulture products protection system was developed, tested and introduced into production in 2019 on the background of lacking in local practice the industrial complex schemes for protecting organic grapes from pathogens and harmful organisms. The developed organic protection system is focused on suppressing the development of the oiudim as the most harmful pathogen in SCC, and controlling the population of garden spider mite and European grape moth. The system includes complex application of biopreparations Extrasol, Pseudobacterin-2, SLOX-eco, BioSleep BW and colloidal sulfur Tiovit Jet, WDG. Biological effectiveness of the organic protection system against oidium amounted to 78.3%, which is only 7.9% lower than the effectiveness of traditional protection system using pesticides. According to the results of ecological and faunistic assessment of biodiversity, a significantly higher indicator of Shannon’s biodiversity index (H) was registered in the complex of mites and insects against the background of the organic protection system rather than the traditional system, with a high coefficient of species similarity of complexes (Kj = 0.53).

SPECTRAL and SOURCE PARAMETERS of CRIMEAN-BLACK SEA EARTHQUAKES

The spectral and dynamic source parameters (М0, r0, , , ησ, , ū, Eu and Mw) of 13 Crimean earthquakes with КП = 7.2–11.2 (Mw=2.6–4.1), restored by 123 amplitude spectra of longitudinal and transverse seismic waves recorded by digital regional seismic stations is shown. Approximation of the spectra and the source dynamic parameters calculation based on their parameters is performed in the framework of the Brune dislocation model. Four to seven station definitions participated in the averaging of focal parameters, which ensured a small standard deviation, the scattering degree index of the individual estimates. The best convergence of the station definitions is obtained for the radius of a circular dislocation. The highest values of dynamic para-meters have been obtained for the perceptible earthquake on March 2 with КП=11.2, and the lowest values have been obtained for its weak aftershock on April 6 with КП = 7.2. Within the total range of energies the value of the stress drop does not exceed = 106Pa(10 bar), and the apparent stress drop does not exceed ησ<3∙105Pa (3 bar). The average values of seismic moments and circular dislocation radius within the errors of their deter-mination match the average long-term correlations of the parameters on the earthquake energy level obtained by the analog recording.For the strongest earthquakes on March 2 with Mwreg=4.1 and October 18 with Mwreg=3.8 solutions of the focal mechanisms were obtained. The March 2 earthquake occurred in the central part of the region near the South Coast of Crimea under the action of horizontal tensile forces oriented near the latitude. The type of movement in the focus is a obligue slip with predominance of a normal component over a strike-slip. The earthquake on October 18 occurred in the central part of the Black Sea basin in condition of sublatitudinal compression and submeridional extension. Type of movement in the source is a pure strike-slip. For the main shock on March 2 and its six aftershocks, energy spectra according to the data of Alushta station and their main parameters are given. The analysis of obtained results is given.