South American States Research Articles

‘Solidarity of Action:’ Is Africa Reclaiming Its Historic Role as the Center of Palestinian Solidarity?

Solidarity against the colonial regime is one of the keys to overcoming the oppressor. This is why the 20th century, which is seen as the century of decolonization, experienced many demonstrations of solidarity from Africa to America. Palestine’s long resistance against the Israeli colonial project should be considered as another decolonization movement. Unfortunately, many Arab regimes have not shown solidarity with Palestine in recent years. While the Arab states have hesitated to show full solidarity, it is the African continent that has stepped in, internationalizing the debate regarding genocide. This is, indeed, not limited to Africa. South American states also show their support for Palestine and have halted their relations with Israel. How do we make sense of this solidarity, from Namibia to South Africa and from Nicaragua to Cuba? This commentary analyzes the evolution of Global South solidarity with Palestine since the foundation of Israel, with a more focused focus on the African continent. It demonstrates that as decolonial nations, African states have once again shown their solidarity with Palestine, even though there have been some hesitant times due to realpolitik and the U.S. role in protecting Israel’s status.

Brazil u politici socijalističke Jugoslavije (1946–1952)

Based on primary sources, relevant literature and contemporary press, the paper analyzes how the largest South American state, Brazil, was treated in foreign policy of the Yugoslav socialist regime. The moment of the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1946 and the year in which diplomatic missions were elevated to the rank of embassies, along with the expansion of trade agreement (1952), were taken as the chronological framework. The article examines how the Cold War divisions, Yugoslav emigration to Brazil, and mutual trade influenced bilateral relations.

The Brazil-Poland Double Tax Convention in the Context of the Countries’ Contemporary Tax Treaty Policy and Practice

This paper deals with the Brazil-Poland double tax convention for the elimination of double taxation with respect to taxes on income and the prevention of tax evasion and avoidance, signed on 20th September, 2022, in the context of contemporary Brazil’s and Poland’s tax treaty policy and practice. The Author analyses its main features in comparison to Brazil’s and Poland’s positions to the MLI and changes introduced to the OECD and UN Models in 2017. Tax treaty provisions relevant to both countries’ tax treaty policies and practices are also examined. The study concentrates around the research question whether the BR-PL DTC fits into the countries’ contemporary tax treaty policy and practice or whether it is a unique bilateral tax treaty with specific features creating a sui generis pattern for tax treaties: for Brazil – with other OECD Member States and for Poland – with other South American states.

South America’s military governments during the Cold War: a discussion of inter-state warfare

During the Cold War, dozens of military governments existed in South America. Some lasted only days or weeks, while others lasted years and even decades. The human rights abuses carried out by these military governments have been well analysed, like Argentina’s Dirty War. However, an interesting fact about this period tends to be ignored: inter-state warfare between South American states, even during military governments, was very scarce. The Falklands / Malvinas war is the only case of a South American military government, Argentina, beginning a war against another state, the United Kingdom. There were other incidents that could have caused inter-state warfare during this era, but war was avoided. The only other inter-state war during the Cold War in South America happened in 1981 between Ecuador and Peru, both being under civilian rule. There were (and still are) reasons for South American states to attack one another, particularly to regain lost or disputed territory; however, as this essay demonstrates, war was almost non-existent. This essay will discuss why South American military governments did not attack their neighbours during this turbulent period.

Праворадикальные идеологемы в политике южноамериканских государств

The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of right-wing radical ideologies on political processes in South America. Right-wing radicalism has a long history of presence in the political reality of South American states. Having gone a long way from the usual ideas and concepts of the continental elites to the organization of right-wing radical political forces, right-wing ideologemes have become entrenched in the public consciousness of the societies of South American countries. We relied on a synthesized approach to the "ideologeme" through the concept of the morphology of ideologies by M. Frieden and the theories of "de-ideologi­zation" by D. Bell and S. Lipset. Methods of regional and binary synchronous comparison ma­de it possible to establish indicators of the influence of right-wing radical ideologemes, as well as to record similarities and the most significant differences in individual country cases. An analysis of the structure and state of the party systems of the states of the region made it pos­sible to determine the degree of influence of right-wing radical ideologies on the political pro­cesses. Among the most significant causes of ideological radicalization in South America, we have identified cultural, historical, and socio-economic factors.

Drawbacks of Globalization on Agricultural Industries in South America under Neoliberalism and Plausible Solutions

After globalization gradually became a worldwide trend, world trade became more frequent, leading to closer relations among the world actors. However, in the context of the increase in trade volume, many states, especially South American states, suffer from the side-effects of rapidly decreasing natural resources. This paper examines the impact of World Trade, primarily aimed at agricultural industries, on the natural resources of South American states under the Neoliberalism framework by collecting data on agricultural exports and cultivated land and forests in South America in recent years. In recent years, the world's total population has continued to grow at a positive rate, and the trade-off between the resources needed to meet the needs of such a large population and curbing further environmental degradation has become increasingly urgent. This research will help people to understand this issue better. Deforestation creates challenges for Indigenous People in this region, and the increase of arable land area noticeably brings more pesticides to stay competitive within the market. This research found that under the influence of globalization, South American states, as marginal countries, export a large number of commodities of agricultural products and continue to increase their arable land area year by year, and a positive correlation exists between the increase in arable land area and the decreased forest coverage in South America. Thus, this paper suggests that Neoliberalism negatively impacts natural resources in developing states and deserves attention from all actors internationally, and these drawbacks may further create unsustainable outcomes.

Investigating Strategies of Emotion Regulation As Mediators of Occupational Stressors and Mental Health Outcomes in First Responders.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether two emotion regulation strategies, expressive suppression or cognitive reappraisal, mediated the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression (MD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in first responders (FR) who experienced occupational stressors, using cross-sectional data. An aggregate of 895 first responders (M = 37.32, SD = 12.09, 59.2% male, 91.3% Caucasian) who were recruited through professional organizations and social media sites across North and South American states participated in an online Qualtrics survey. Bivariate correlation analyses demonstrated that occupational stressors were positively correlated with expressive suppression and each mental health outcome but were not significantly correlated with cognitive reappraisal. Mediation analyses demonstrated expressive suppression as a significant mediator between occupational stressors and PTSD, MD, and GAD symptoms, but not cognitive reappraisal. Even though these findings are in purview of a cross-sectional research design, they suggest the importance of practices that bolster first responders’ ability to use more effective and adaptive emotion regulation strategies such as emotion expression, effective communication, and cognitive reappraisal that might help enhance psychological resilience.

Review: The End of the Myth: From the Frontier to the Border Wall in the Mind of America, by Greg Grandin

Review: <i>The End of the Myth: From the Frontier to the Border Wall in the Mind of America</i>, by Greg Grandin

The significance of cultural aspects in Latin America’s media image: the representation of the continent in the German press

This paper focuses on Latin America’s cultural coverage produced by the German press – Süddeutsche Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Der Spiegel and tageszeitung – from January 2000 to December 2014. At first, one analysed the main subjects areas of coverage amidst 3.831 articles and identified a surprisingly 17% amount of cultural reports (662 news items). While empirical results on foreign reports worldwide point to a weak representation of cultural themes and an intense concentration on politics, this does not apply fully in the case of Latin America. Brazil, Argentina, Mexico (with an intense power status and economic proximity) and Cuba (still a myth in the German perception) show a high amount of cultural coverage with a broader spectrum of themes, from music and literature to art, architecture and exhibitions. On the contrary, the cultural coverage of small Central American nations concentrates on travel &amp; tourism, an indicator of exoticism. South American states also have a good share of cultural reporting due to the presence of German cultural organisations such as the Goethe Institute. Eight qualitative interviews with German correspondents provide a more profound interpretation and contextualisation of these findings. Keywords: Latin America’s foreign reporting, cultural coverage, international communication, Latin American image, news factors.

Europe ‒ Latin America: Migratory Space Development

The migration ties between Latin America and Europe at the beginning of the XXI century were manifested in a massive migration flow, resulting in the dramatic growth of the number of South American natives in Europe. The Migratory Space concept is applied to the current stage of transatlantic mobility, which makes it possible to determine the territorial limits of the involved states, to distinguish the transatlantic space from the general panorama of the Latin America migration movement as well as from the European migration context. At the present stage, the South American states are mainly the migration donors, while the European states are recipients. The historical ties between continents, their linguistic commonality and the social networks between migrants contributed to the transatlantic mobility. The majority of the Latin American migrants is localized in Spain and Italy. The high degree of integration into the host communities contributed to generally favorable public opinion about the migrants in the recipient countries. A large-scale migration presence also became an important factor in strengthening economic and political ties in the Iberoamerican Community of Nations.

South America’s Response to the Venezuelan Exodus: A Spirit of Regional Cooperation?

Abstract Based on the premise that massive influxes of Venezuelans might overwhelm their asylum systems, South American host States have resorted to ‘Temporary Protection or Stay Arrangements’ (TPSAs) as an uncoordinated but pragmatic response in times of regional hardship. As the Venezuelan situation deteriorated, however, a May 2019 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Guidance Note encouraged host States to apply their extended refugee definitions in tandem with prima facie refugee status determination (PFRSD), an expedited procedure that can prevent the overburdening of asylum capacities. Despite the availability of a more favourable approach, host States have continued to rely on TPSAs, raising questions about whether they truly intend to adopt a regionally coordinated plan, as agreed in the Quito Process. Drawing primarily on domestic refugee legislation and UNHCR’s ‘Guidelines on International Protection No 11’, the article argues that host States’ motivation to provide temporary protection is not so much related to the potential overburdening of their asylum systems but rather to the long-term commitments that would come with the granting of refugee status. It is shown that PFRSD is already regulated in the national laws of four South American States, with the potential of turning into a regional centralized response, but its application remains largely ignored. The article ultimately serves as a reminder for South American governments that displaced Venezuelans do not need temporary humanitarian visas as they are, first and foremost, entitled to legal protection under domestic refugee law.

Why Might We Fight? International Resource Conflicts and Water Security in South America

In a context of accelerated climate change, increasing scarcity, and global population growth, environmentalissues and natural resources have become a matter of heightened concern for international security.Competition for access to and use of scarce natural resources are increasingly part of the nations’ geostrategicpolicies. South America, one of the richest regions in the world in terms of natural resources, especiallywater, attracts the international interest. This article builds up a picture of such water resources and presentsevidence suggesting the urgent need for more effective cooperation among South American states to establishguidelines for the management and defense of the region’s natural wealth.

Constitutional Complaint as a Mechanism of Implementation of the Rule of Law in Ukraine

The institution of constitutional complaint is a very important phenomenon at the current stage of development of constitutional justice and the rule of law in Ukraine. Its necessity is conditioned by the unconditional need to provide individual subjects with the opportunity to apply to the body of constitutional control for protection of their violated rights. The opportunity lies in a written request by a person to verify the constitutionality of the Law of Ukraine or its individual provisions, which were applied in the final court decision in the case of the subject of the constitutional complaint. The legal nature of the complaint is intended to provide persons defined in the law with direct influence on the formation of the legal policy of the state of Ukraine. In addition, the author gave examples of foreign variants of the constitutional complaint with all their principal features and normative regulation for a deeper analysis of the meaning of this institution in the legal system of Ukraine. The main ones are: amparo procedure – application in Spain, Mexico and several Central and South American states. In countries where amparo procedure is applied, subjects have the right to appeal against both judicial and administrative decisions, as well as actions of officials at federal, municipal and regional levels; the Polish model of constitutional appeal – the object of appeal is wider than the Ukrainian model: appeal against final decisions of public authorities if they violate the constitutional rights of persons entitled to appeal; Czech constitutional complaint – which has two types of appeal to a body of constitutional jurisdiction: individual and legal entity, where the range of subjects of appeal is wider and the main principle of appeal is the legal equality of the parties; constitutional complaint in Turkey – constitutional and individual complaint, which by its legal nature is similar to the Czech model. Therefore, a constitutional complaint in Ukraine and in the world is aimed: 1) to promote the establishment of the rule of law in Ukraine; 2) to enable persons to take part in law-making, as persons dispute the constitutionality of the law of Ukraine; 3) to exercise public control over the activities of public authorities; 4) to build greater confidence in the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. In addition, borrowing international experience in issues related to the modernization of the Ukrainian model of constitutional complaint is necessary for its more effective functioning.Manuscript received 02.02.2020

A Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e a judicialização internacional da política doméstica

O artigo explora elementos das sentenças da Corte IDH que evidenciem processos de judicialização internacional de políticas domésticas. Por meio de um desenho de pesquisa qualitativo, associado a estatísticas descritivas, mapeamos medidas de não repetição em sentenças da Corte contra Estados Sul-Americanos, avaliamos dificuldades de cumprimento dessas medidas e apresentamos possíveis impactos nas políticas estatais.

ВОССТАНИЯ РАБОВ-МУСУЛЬМАН И КРИСТАЛЛИЗАЦИЯ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ПЛЮРАЛИЗМА В БРАЗИЛИИ

The article considers a series of revolts and rebel movements of black slaves in Brazil during the first third of the 19th century. The role of the Muslim community in the abolitionist processes of the largest South American state is highlighted. The author explores the process of formation of a multi-ethnic and multi-religious civil society in Brazil as a result of the revolutionary activity of enslaved African immigrants. A panoramic view of the search by the black population for new dimensions of identity and cultural genealogy of Afro-Brazilian religious practices is given.

The value of security cooperation in Sino–South American relations

PurposeRelations between the People's Republic of China and Latin America have gradually expanded from commerce and finance to cover different aspects of security. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview over security cooperation between China and South America. Specifically, it analyses the motivations for security cooperation on both sides and its value added for Sino–South American relations.Design/methodology/approachThe article describes four dimensions of security cooperation between China and South America: functional cooperation, defence diplomacy, long-term cooperation initiatives and arms sales. For each dimension of security cooperation, the main motivations on the two sides are discussed, together with the value added of security cooperation to the “comprehensive and cooperative partnership” China's policy papers on Latin America and the Caribbean have called for.FindingsSecurity and defence considerations have not caused the development of Sino–South American security cooperation. Instead, it were the rapidly growing economic links from the 2000s on that facilitated China's broader political engagement with South America, including in the field of security. There are a number of important motivations that indicate security cooperation between China and South American states will further expand in the future.Practical implicationsSecurity cooperation should not only be practiced as an end in itself but also serve tangible outcomes to reduce insecurity.Originality/valueIn the context of Sino–Latin American relations, security cooperation has received relatively little attention beyond a comparatively small group of pundits despite the fact that military diplomacy has become increasingly important in bolstering China's growing international profile. This article makes an original contribution in discussing four dimensions of security cooperation between China and South America.

Argentina in the Context of Regional and Global Geopolitics

Political and geographical position, rich and diverse natural resources of Argentina have caused keen interest in the country of the leaders of the world economy, especially the US and the UK. The South American state, which followed the advice of the World Monetary Fund for several decades, the World Bank, the G20, has gone through a series of economic crises and currently has no stable economy. Argentina’s presence in the club of developed countries was due to its strategic plans for Antarctica, which could soon be removed from international status. The article discusses the political and economic aspects of Argentina’s vulnerability from the standpoint of the possibility of preserving, first, the independence of the state, as well as entering into alternative American integration structures.

Temporal Inflection Points in Decorated Pottery: A Bayesian Refinement of the Late Formative Chronology in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia

The Late Formative period immediately precedes the emergence of Tiwanaku, one of the earliest South American states, yet it is one of the most poorly understood periods in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin (Bolivia). In this article, we refine the ceramic chronology of this period with large sets of dates from eight sites, focusing on temporal inflection points in decorated ceramic styles. These points, estimated here by Bayesian models, index specific moments of change: (1)cal AD 120(60–170, 95% probability): the first deposition of Kalasasaya red-rimmed and zonally incised styles; (2)cal AD 240(190–340, 95% probability): a tentative estimate of the final deposition of Kalasasaya zonally incised vessels; (3)cal AD 420(380–470, 95% probability): the final deposition of Kalasasaya red-rimmed vessels; and (4)cal AD 590(500–660, 95% probability): the first deposition of Tiwanaku Redwares. These four modeled boundaries anchor an updated Late Formative chronology, which includes the Initial Late Formative phase, a newly identified decorative hiatus between the Middle and Late Formative periods. The models place Qeya and transitional vessels between inflection points 3 and 4 based on regionally consistent stratigraphic sequences. This more precise chronology will enable researchers to explore the trajectories of other contemporary shifts during this crucial period in Lake Titicaca Basin's prehistory.

How are we getting there? The present and future of South America’s Antarctic fleet

ABSTRACT While South America is geographically close to Antarctica, more so than some countries that claim Antarctic territory, it is nevertheless important to maintain modern and operational platforms, particularly vessels, via which South American states can travel to this region. In recent years, Peru has obtained a new polar vessel, while Chile is domestically manufacturing a new icebreaker and Brazil is looking to purchase a new polar ship. Nevertheless, countries like Argentina and Uruguay, due to limited funds, do not appear to have plans to acquire new polar vessels to replace their current, ageing naval platforms. Certainly, governments can also utilise aircraft to transport personnel and equipment to Antarctica as well as to carry out some scientific tests and search-and-rescue operations. However there are particular advantages to possessing a vessel in the inventory of any country’s Antarctic program, since it can transport heavy equipment, and perform subsurface tests out at sea. Polar vessels also carry smaller craft and a helicopter, which multiplies the ship’s capabilities. This essay aims to discuss the current operational status of South America’s polar platforms, with a specific focus on ships, and what are their future. We will analyse the region’s ships and compare them to other nations that have Antarctic programmes (e.g. Australia, the People’s Republic of China and the United States), in order to have an idea of how South American states are doing in comparison to other programs. As we look at South America’s present and attempt to predict the region’s future in Antarctica, we will discuss issues like cooperation amongst South American Antarctic programs, and the future of regionally manufactured naval platforms for polar use.

Regional Intergovernmental Organizations as Catalysts for Transnational Policy Diffusion: The Case of UNASUR Health

AbstractWhy do member states of regional intergovernmental organizations (RIOs) voluntarily adapt their policies and institutions to the norms and procedures implemented in other member states? I tackle this puzzle by investigating the domestic effects of health cooperation among South American states within the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). The article shows how the establishment of a regional sector‐based institution like the Health Council of UNASUR triggered the diffusion of similar policies by reducing transaction costs and increasing information exchanges among member states’ health bureaucracies. I argue that RIOs such as UNASUR catalyse transnational diffusion not by enforcing binding regional norms (as in the case of the EU), but by bridging member states’ shared functional needs and asymmetric capacities in specific policy areas. Using the case of UNASUR Health, the article contributes to the study of the logics of transnational diffusion within RIOs in the absence of authority delegated to supranational institutions.