Sources Soybean Meal Research Articles

Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs may be reduced by autoclaving soybean meal

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time heat is applied will affect standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. One source of SBM was divided into 9 batches and used in 2 experiments. One batch was not autoclaved and considered the control. Two batches were autoclaved at 110 °C for 15 or 30 min and 6 batches were autoclaved at 150 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 min. In Exp. 1, a corn-based diet and 9 diets based on corn and each source of SBM were fed to 20 barrows (43.6 kg) that were used in a replicated 10 × 4 Youden square design. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 days after 7 days of adaptation. In Exp. 2, nine cornstarch-based diets included 400 g/kg of each of the 9 sources of SBM. An N-free diet was also used. Ten growing barrows (36.8 kg) with a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 10 × 7 Youden square design with 10 diets and 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results from the experiments indicated that the ATTD of GE, and the DE and ME, the SID of crude protein (CP) and all AA were less (P < 0.001) if SBM was autoclaved at 150 ºC than at 110 ºC. The ATTD of GE, the DE and ME, and the SID of CP and AA were not affected by increasing duration of autoclaving at 110 °C, but there were linear reductions (P < 0.001) in ATTD of GE, in DE and ME, and in SID of all AA if duration of autoclaving was increased at 150 ºC. These observations demonstrate that over-heating of SBM not only results in reduced SID of AA, but ATTD of GE will also be impaired with a subsequent reduction in concentrations of DE and ME.

Prediction of the total and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents from the chemical composition of soybean meals of different origin in broilers

The objective of this experiment was to determine total amino acid (TAA) content, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein, and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in 9 sources of soybean meal (SBM) of different origin and to subsequently establish equations for predicting the TAA content and concentration of standardized ileal digestible amino acids (SIDAA) based on their protein content and other proximate components. Concentration of SIDAA of the samples was also predicted using TAA values. A total of 160 1-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 10 dietary treatments consisted of 9 semipurified diets containing one SBM (200 g of crude protein/kg) as the only source of dietary amino acid (AA) and one N-free diet to determine endogenous ileal AA flow. The birds were fed with a standard diet from 0 to 18 D of age, and experimental diets were fed from 19 to 24 D of age. The fitness of the models of the study was tested using the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) value, P-value regression and coefficients, and standard error of prediction (SEP). The coefficient of SID for Lys and Cys among SBM varied from 86.7 to 96.3 and 74.1 to 89.3, respectively, with significant difference (P < 0.05). In equations based on protein content, the adjusted R2 value ranged from 40.7 (Ile) to 99.6 (Met) and 37.2 (Met + Cys) to 99.6 (Met) for TAA content and concentration of SIDAA, respectively. Inclusion of other proximate components of test samples (e.g., crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, gross energy, and so on) into the regression equation increased the adjusted R2 value and decreased the SEP. The results of linear regression revealed that it is possible to satisfactorily estimate the TAA content and concentration of SIDAA of SBM through its protein content and other proximate components, but the prediction equations based on other proximate components were more accurate in terms of reflecting the measured results; however, additional time and costs were associated with this approach. It is also possible to estimate the concentration of SIDAA through TAA values with reasonable accuracy and lower SEP.

Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal sourced from different countries and fed to pigs

An experiment was conducted to compare the nutritional composition and the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of soybean meal (SBM) from the leading soybean producing countries in the world when fed to growing pigs. Five sources of SBM from Argentina, China, and the United States, and 4 sources from Brazil and India were used. A basal diet based on maize and 23 diets based on maize and each source of SBM were formulated. Twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 25.0 ± 1.7 kg) were allotted to a 24 × 7 Youden square design with 24 diets and 7 periods of 14 days. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for total but separate collection of feces and urine. The coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of gross energy (GE) and concentrations of DE and ME in each diet were calculated using the direct procedure and the DE and ME in each source of SBM were then calculated by difference. Results indicated that there was a tendency (P < 0.10) for Brazilian SBM (17.6 MJ/kg) to have greater concentration of GE than SBM from China and the United States (17.3 MJ/kg). The CATTD of GE in SBM from the United States (0.85), China (0.86), and Argentina (0.86) was greater (P < 0.05) than in SBM from India (0.83). Values for the concentration of DE and ME were calculated on a dry matter basis. Concentrations of DE and ME in Indian SBM were the least (P < 0.05) among countries, and Argentinian SBM had a greater concentration of DE and ME than SBM from the United States. There were no differences in the CATTD of GE among sources of SBM within each country and no differences in the concentration of DE or ME were observed among sources of SBM within Argentina or the United States. However, there were differences in the concentration of DE and ME among sources of SBM collected in India and in China, and a tendency (P < 0.10) for differences in the concentration of ME among sources of SBM collected in Brazil. Therefore, based on the four or five sources of SBM collected from each country it was concluded that SBM from Argentina and the United States were less variable than those from the other countries.

Organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of fillets of pirapitinga fed different protein sources in a biofloc system

Abstract: The objective of this work was to assess the organoleptic and nutritional quality of fillets of cultured pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), fed diets with either partial or total substitution of fishmeal, and to determine the nutritional quality of the biofloc meal. Fish were cultured in 500-L tanks with 84 fish m-3, treated with biofloc technology (BFT), and fed three isoproteic diets (24% crude protein, CP) formulated with the following protein sources: soybean meal (SM); soybean meal + fishmeal (SM+FM); and soybean meal + spirulina (SM+SP). After 84 days of culture, microbiological, nutritional, and sensory analyses were carried out on fillets with skin and without scales. There were not significant differences for dry matter, CP, moisture, and fat content between treatments. The fatty acid profile showed 21.3±1.03% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs = ω-3 + ω-6), 37.11±1.29% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and 41.58±1.34% saturated fatty acids (SFAs). The protein sources soybean meal and spirulina do not affect the fillet quality of pirapitinga nor the nutritional quality of biofloc meal.

Contribution of individual broilers to variation in amino acid digestibility in soybean meal and the efficacy of an exogenous monocomponent protease

A total of 72 male Ross 308 broilers were reared to day 34 on a standard wheat and soy-based diet and then offered one of the four semisynthetic experimental diets, comprising two different soybean meal sources either without or with exogenous protease (treatments therefore offered in a 2*2 factorial arrangement). Each experimental diet was fed to 18 individually housed birds from 34 to 37 D after which ileal digesta were collected and digestibility coefficients were calculated. The two soybean meal sources were found to be nutritionally divergent (P < 0.01), with one having the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficient of 0.80 and the other 0.71. Exogenous protease increased (P < 0.01) apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients from 0.74 to 0.77. There were no interactions between soybean meal origin and protease effect. On an individual bird level, there were substantial differences in the capacity to digest amino acids with the mean total amino acid digestibility coefficients from 0.54 to 0.80 for one of the soybean meal samples. Exogenous protease addition reduced the coefficient of variation for total amino acids from 11.4 to 9.1% in one soybean meal and from 7.7 to 6.3% in the other. It can be concluded that soybean meal digestibility varies and that some of this variance is associated with heterogeneity in the digestive capacity of broilers.

131 Alleviation of piglet allergic reaction to soybean meal via supplementation with protease

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of protease supplementation on degradation of soybean meal (SBM) allergenic proteins (glycinin and β-conglycinin) and gut health of weaned pigs fed SBM-based diets. In Experiment 1, two SBM samples (SBM1 and SBM2) from 2 different sources were subjected to porcine in vitro gastric degradation to determine the effects of protease (at 15,000 units/kg) on degradation of the soybean allergenic proteins. In Experiment 2, forty-eight weaned pigs (BW = 6.66 kg) were obtained in 2 batches of 24 pigs each. Pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates and fed 4 diets (12 pigs/diet). The diets were corn-based diet with SBM1 or SBM2 without or with protease at 15,000 units/kg in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets were fed for 10 days at the end of which the pigs were sacrificed for measurement of small intestinal histomorphology, permeability of small intestine mounted in Ussing chambers, and serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The SBM1 and SBM2 contained 46.9 and 47.7% CP, 14.0 and 14.6% glycinin, and 9.90 and 10.3% β-conglycinin, respectively. Protease and SBM source did not interact on any of the response criteria measured in this study. Protease supplementation tended to increase (P = 0.069) the in vitro gastric degradation of glycinin by 20%. Protease supplementation tended to reduce (P = 0.099) fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4,000 Da (which is a marker probe for intestinal permeability) flow in jejunum by 33%, and reduced (P = 0.037) serum TNF-α concentration by 16%. Protease did not affect small intestinal histomorphology. In conclusion, protease increased gastric degradation of glycinin, and reduced gut permeability and serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine, indicating that the protease used in the current study can be added in diets for weaned pigs to improve gut health of weaned pigs fed SBM-based diets.

Apparent energy, dry matter and amino acid digestibility of differently sourced soybean meal fed to Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Due to the variations in nutrient quality of soybean meal (SBM) that is a result of differences in production location and processing specifications, a study was conducted to determine the fluctuations in apparent digestibility coefficients of differently sourced SBM fed to Pacific white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei). Twenty-four SBM-based diets were formulated by mixing a basal diet and test ingredients on a dry matter basis (70:30 ratio), while 1% chromic oxide was used as the inert marker. The digestibility trial was carried out in a semi-closed recirculation system with six replicate groups per treatment (mean shrimp weight of 10.2 g). Significant differences were observed for apparent dry matter, energy and protein digestibility coefficients (p < .05 was considered significant) among 24 sources of SBM and digestibility values ranged from 45% to 90%, 56% to 93% and 87% to 98%, respectively. Based on multivariate analysis, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, lignin, raffinose and trypsin inhibitor were screened as the key chemical characteristics in SBM that influenced digestibility of nutrients in Pacific white shrimps. Variations in growth performances of shrimp were in line with the variations in apparent digestibility coefficients of SBM verifying the importance of digestibility data in shrimp feed formulations.

PSVI-12 Evaluation of amino acid digestibility in several feed ingredients fed to growing pigs

Abstract This experiment aimed to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in common feed ingredients fed to pigs: two sources of soybean meal, two sources of high-fat rice bran, one wheat middlings and one wheat. Six diets were formulated containing one of the above ingredients as the only source of protein and AA. An N-free diet was formulated to assess basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was used in diets as an indigestible marker. Eight barrows (BW: 35.2 ± 1.9 kg) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8 x 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and 8 periods. A standard grower diet was used as the eighth diet. Pigs were fed for eight 7-d periods and ileal digesta was collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Results showed that SID of CP between the two soybean meals (87.2 ± 8.1% vs 88.4 ± 5.7%) and two high-fat rice brans (77.1 ± 4.9% vs 75.8 ± 7.6%) were not different. Averages of SID for CP in wheat middlings and wheat were 63.1 ± 8.3% and 91.2 ± 3.3%, respectively. Differences were detected (P &lt; 0.01) for AID and SID of indispensable AA between the two high-fat rice brans, but not the two soybean meals. The AID and SID of dispensable AA except Glu and Pro were different (P &lt; 0.05) between the two high-fat rice brans. The SID of indispensable AA ranged from 50.1% for Lys to 72.8 % for Met in wheat middlings, and from 81.0% for Lys to 89.4% for Met in wheat. In conclusion, the AID and SID of CP and AA in soybean meals were similar, but differed between the two high-fat rice brans.

Kecernaan Nutrien dan Performa Domba Lokal yang Diberi Ransum Kombinasi Berbagai Sumber Protein Berbasis Tongkol Jagung

This study aimed to analyze nutrient digestibility of a combination of various protein sources (coconut meal, fish meal and soybean meal) in the concentrate of local rams fed corn cob based diet. Twelve local rams (26.6 ± 1.5 kg BW) fed corn cob based feed were used in this study using in a randomized block design with 4 treatments and 3 replicates. The treatments used were combination of different protein sources namely R1 = combination of coconut and urea cake, R2 = combination of coconut cake and soybean meal, R3 = combination of coconut cake and fish meal, and R4 = combination of coconut, soybean, and fish meal. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significant differences between treatments were tested by the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the combination of various protein sources did not significantly influence the consumption of dry matter and crude fiber, but the used of protein sources of coconut cake and soybean meal significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) intake of organic matter and crude protein. The combination of coconut meal and fish meal (R3) or a combination of coconut cake and soybean meal (R2) increased (p&lt;0.05) nutrient digestibility. Different protein sources do not affect average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency . It can be concluded that the use of corn cobs based diet with protein sources combination of coconut meal and fish meal or a combination of coconut cake and soybean meal can increase nutrient digestibility but has not significantly improved body weight and feed efficiency.

Amino acid digestibility in plant protein sources fed to growing pigs.

ObjectiveThe objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 11 plant protein sources fed to growing pigs.MethodsEleven feed ingredients used were sesame meal, two sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced in the Republic of Korea, a source of SBM produced in India, high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG), perilla meal, canola meal, copra meal, corn germ meal, palm kernel expeller, and tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG). Experimental diets were prepared to contain each test ingredient as a sole source of AA, and a nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. Twelve barrows surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum with an initial body weight of 29.0 kg (standard deviation = 3.0) were individually housed in metabolism crates equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A 12×9 incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 experimental diets, 12 animals, and 9 periods. After a 5-d adaptation period, ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 in each experimental period.ResultsValues for apparent ileal digestibility of most indispensable AA in three sources of SBM were greater compared with other test ingredients except HPDDG and canola meal (p<0.05). Pigs fed diets containing SBM sources had also greater SID of most indispensable AA compared with those fed diets containing other test ingredients (p<0.05) except for HPDDG and canola meal. There was no difference in the apparent ileal digestibility and SID of AA among sources of SBM. The TDDG had the least value for the SID of methionine among test ingredients (p<0.05).ConclusionThe SID of most AA in SBM, HPDDG, and canola meal were greater than those in sesame meal, perilla meal, copra meal, and TDDG.

Evaluation of soybean meal from different sources as an ingredient in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) is generated using different varieties of soybeans grown under a range of conditions and then processed at different crushing plants. Due to its competitive cost and availability, it is a popular plant-based protein source for shrimp feed formulations. However, there is limited information about effects of variations in the nutritional composition of soybean meal have on performances of shrimp. Hence, the present study was designed to determine the effects of different soybean sources on the growth performances of Litopenaeus vannamei. Two growth trials were conducted with iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic (350 g/kg protein and 80 g/kg lipid) test diets formulated with 25 sources of soybean meal. Trial one incorporated 14 treatments including a soy-based diet containing 517 g/kg SBM (eight replicates) and this soy source was then replaced with 13 different soybean sources (four replicates per treatment). The second trial used the same basal diet and 11 different sources of soybean meal (Total 12 diets) with five replicates per treatment. Both growth trials were conducted with a stocking density of 10 shrimps/aquarium in a semi-closed recirculating system and the initial weight of shrimps for trials 1 and 2 were 0.23 g ± 0.02 and 0.67 g ± 0.02 respectively. During the two trials, shrimp were fed four times/day assuming a FCR of 1.8, over 42 days for trial 1 and 35 days for trial 2. Results indicated that there are differences among sources of soybean meal for standardized percentage TGC. Diet 21 that contained SBM4550 had the largest value for TGC whereas the lowest value for TGC was observed for shrimp fed diet 17 that contained SBM45536. According to the statistical analysis that was used to interpret the growth performance data from the complete chemical profile of the SBM, phosphorous, phytate-phosphorous and total phytic acid levels had positive correlations (p < 0.005) with TGC whereas raffinose (p = 0.086) had a negative correlation with TGC. Results of this work indicates phosphorous, phosphorous in phytic acid and total phytic acid and raffinose are important components in SBM that may have significant effects on the growth performances of pacific white shrimp.

Oven drying of ileal digesta from growing pigs reduces the concentration of AA compared with freeze drying and results in reduced calculated values for endogenous losses and elevated estimates for ileal digestibility of AA.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of drying method on the composition of ileal digesta and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in feed ingredients fed to pigs. The hypothesis was that oven drying of ileal digesta samples results in loss of N and AA, and therefore, in greater calculated values for SID of CP and AA compared with lyophilized samples. In Exp. 1, eight barrows (13.8 ± 0.5 kg BW) were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four diets and four periods, for a total of eight replicate pigs per diet. Three diets containing three different sources of soybean meal as the sole source of AA and an N-free diet were used. In Exp. 2, 18 cannulated growing barrows (72.5 ± 9.2 kg BW) were allotted to a completely randomized design with three diets and six replicate pigs per diet. The three diets included two diets based on two sources of distillers dried grains with solubles and an N-free diet. In both experiments, ileal digesta samples were collected for 8 h on days 6 and 7 of the 7-d feeding period. At the conclusion, two representative sub-samples were collected from each ileal digesta sample. One sub-sample was lyophilized and the other was oven dried at 60 °C using a forced air oven. Results indicated that in both experiments, DM was greater (P < 0.05) in lyophilized samples than in oven dried samples. There was no difference in the SID of CP between the two drying methods. However, except for Ala and Val in Exp. 1, the concentration of AA (88% DM-basis) was greater (P < 0.05) in lyophilized samples than in oven dried samples, which resulted in reduced calculated values for basal endogenous losses of AA. Therefore, values for the SID of AA (except for Ala in Exp. 1 and Trp and Gly in Exp. 2) were greater (P < 0.05) when calculated from oven dried samples than from lyophilized samples. In conclusion, regardless of the diet, oven drying of ileal digesta samples does not result in loss of N, but appears to damage or convert AA to other N-containing compounds, which results in reduced estimates for basal endogenous losses and greater calculated values for SID of AA. Thus, freeze drying of ileal digesta samples is recommended when data for the SID of AA are calculated for feed ingredients fed to pigs.

Amino acid digestibility by weanling pigs of processed ingredients originating from soybeans, 00-rapeseeds, or a fermented mixture of plant ingredients.

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in 4 sources of processed soybean products, in conventional dehulled soybean meal (SBM-CV), in conventional 00-rapeseed expellers (RSE), and in a fermented coproduct mixture (FCM) that contained rapeseed meal, wheat, soy molasses, and potato peel fed to weanling pigs. The 4 processed soybean products included 2 sources of enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM-1 and ESBM-2), extruded soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate (SPC). Twenty-seven weanling barrows (9.29 ± 0.58 kg initial BW) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were randomly allotted to three 9 × 5 Youden squares with 9 pigs and five 7-d periods in each square. Seven cornstarch-based diets were prepared using each of the protein sources as the sole source of CP and AA. A N-free diet was prepared to calculate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA, and this diet was fed to 2 groups of pigs, which resulted in a total of 9 dietary treatments. Results indicate that the SID of CP was greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, RSE, or FCM. The SID of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Met, and Phe were greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, and the SID of Lys was greater ( < 0.05) in SBM-CV than in ESBM-2. The SID of Thr, Trp, Val, and total indispensable AA were not different among the soybean products, but the SID of total dispensable AA in ESBM-1 was greater ( < 0.05) than in SPC. Therefore, the SID of total AA was greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, but no other differences were observed among soybean meal (SBM) products. The SID of most AA in RSE and the SID of all AA in FCM were less ( < 0.05) than in all the SBM products, but the SID of all AA in RSE were greater ( < 0.05) than in FCM. Results of this research indicate that although processing of SBM results in increased concentration of CP, processing may also reduce the digestibility of AA, which is likely due to heat damage during processing. There are, however, differences among processed soy products, with some products having greater SID of AA than others. Results also indicate that fermentation of a mixture of rapeseed meal, wheat, and relatively low quality coproducts does not result in SID values that are similar to those of unfermented 00-rapeseed expellers or soybean products.

Effects of graded levels of microbial phytase on apparent total tract digestibility of calcium and phosphorus and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in four sources of canola meal and in soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

One hundred twenty pigs were used to determine effects of graded levels of microbial phytase on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in 4 sources of canola meal and in 1 source of soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. The 4 sources of canola meal were produced from 1 source of high-protein canola seeds and 2 sources of conventional canola seeds with 1 of the conventional canola seeds being divided into 2 separate batches before crushing. Pigs (16.2 ± 5.3 kg initial BW) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were randomly allotted to 1 of 20 diets in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments with 5 ingredients and 4 levels of phytase. There were 6 replicate pigs per diet. Five basal diets based on high-protein canola meal (CM-HP), high-temperature processed canola meal (CM-HT), low-temperature processed canola meal (CM-LT), conventional canola meal (CM-CV), or SBM were formulated. The basal diets contained no phytase. Fifteen additional diets were prepared by adding approximately 500, 1,500, or 2,500 phytase units/kg to each of the 5 basal diets. Feces were quantitatively collected for 5 d based on the marker-to-marker approach after a 7-d adaptation period. Results indicated that supplementation of microbial phytase increased (linear, < 0.05) the ATTD of Ca in diets containing CM-HP, CM-HT, CM-CV, and SBM but not in diets containing CM-LT. Microbial phytase also increased (linear and quadratic, < 0.05) the ATTD and STTD of P in all 5 ingredients. Compared with the CM-CV diets, the CM-HP diets had greater ( < 0.05) ATTD of Ca. The ATTD of Ca in the SBM diet was greater ( < 0.05) than in all canola meal diets, but no differences were observed in ATTD of Ca between CM-HT and CM-LT diets. The ATTD and the STTD of P were less ( < 0.05) in CM-HP, CM-HT, CM-LT, or CM-CV than in SBM if no microbial phytase was added, but no differences were observed in the ATTD and STTD of P in SBM, CM-HP, CM-HT, or CM-CV if the highest amount of phytase were added (interaction, < 0.05). Regression equations were developed to calculate the response to microbial phytase on the STTD of P in CM-HP, CM-HT, CM-LT, CM-CV, and SBM. In conclusion, inclusion of graded levels of microbial phytase increased the ATTD and STTD of P in CM-HP, CM-HT, CM-LT, CM-CV, and SBM and the response to microbial phytase added to each ingredient can be predicted by regression equations.

Oligosaccharides are a key factor in prediction of amino acid digestibility in soybean meal of different origins when fed to growing pigs.

ObjectiveThe objective of this experiment was to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in 15 sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced from soybeans from different countries and subsequently to establish equations for predicting the AID and SID in SBM based on their chemical composition.MethodsEighteen barrows (57.9±6.1 kg) fitted with a simple T-cannula were allotted into three 6×6 Latin square designs. Each period comprised a 6-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The 15 test diets included SBM as a sole source of AA in the diet. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet.ResultsThe AID of lysine in SBM from China and USA tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). The SID of valine and proline in SBM from China was greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.05). The SID of lysine, threonine, cysteine and glycine in SBM from China tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). From a stepwise regression analysis, a series of AID and SID prediction equations were generated. The best fit equations for lysine in SBM were: AID lysine = 1.16 sucrose−1.81 raffinose+82.10 (R2 = 0.69, p<0.01) and SID lysine = 1.14 sucrose−1.93 raffinose−0.99 ether extract (EE)+85.26 (R2 = 0.77, p<0.01).ConclusionIt was concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the oligosaccharides (such as sucrose and raffinose) can be used to predict the AID and SID of AA in SBM with reasonable accuracy.

Chemical composition and amino acid digestibility of soybean meal produced in the United States, China, Argentina, Brazil, or India.

An experiment was conducted to compare nutritional composition of soybean meal (SBM) produced in China, Argentina, Brazil, the U.S., or India and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in these SBM when fed to growing pigs. Five sources of SBM from China, Argentina, Brazil, and the U.S., and 4 sources from India were collected for a total of 24 sources of SBM. All samples were analyzed for energy, DM, and nutrients, and each source was included in a cornstarch based diet in which SBM was the only AA contributing ingredient. An N-free diet was also formulated. Twenty-five barrows (initial BW: 30.53 ± 1.73 kg) were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a 25 × 8 Youden square design with 25 diets and 8 periods. Results indicate that the concentration of CP was greater ( < 0.05) in SBM from Brazil and India (49.3 and 49.5%, respectively) than in SBM from China, Argentina, or the U.S. (45.1, 46.7, and 47.3%, respectively, as-fed basis). The concentration of most indispensable AA followed the same pattern as CP with the exception that SBM from the U.S. contained more ( < 0.05) indispensable AA than SBM from China or Argentina. However, SBM from India contained more ( < 0.05) trypsin inhibitors than SBM from the other countries. A greater ( < 0.05) AID and SID of CP and most AA was observed in SBM from the U.S. compared with SBM from Brazil, Argentina, and India, but there were no differences between SBM from the U.S. and SBM from China. However, because of the lower concentration of AA in SBM from China, the concentration of standardized ileal digestible AA in SBM from China was less ( < 0.05) than in SBM from the U.S. Soybean meal from the U.S. or Brazil had less ( < 0.05) variability in SID values than SBM from Argentina, China, or India. In conclusion, the SID of CP and AA is dependent on the country where the SBM is produced. This difference and the variability within each country should be evaluated when formulating diets for pigs.

Determination and prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in byproduct feed ingredients fed to growing pigs.

ObjectiveAn experiment was conducted to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of different byproduct feed ingredients fed to growing pigs, and to generate prediction equations for the DE and ME in feed ingredients.MethodsTwelve barrows with an initial mean body weight of 31.8 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A 12×10 incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 dietary treatments, 10 periods, and 12 animals. A basal diet was prepared to mainly contain the corn and soybean meal (SBM). Eleven additional diets were formulated to contain 30% of each test ingredient. All diets contained the same proportion of corn:SBM ratio at 4.14:1. The difference procedure was used to calculate the DE and ME in experimental ingredients. The in vitro dry matter disappearance for each test ingredient was determined.ResultsThe DE and ME values in the SBM sources were greater (p<0.05) than those in other ingredients except high-protein distillers dried grains. However, DE and ME values in tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG) were the lowest (p<0.05). The most suitable regression equations for the DE and ME concentrations (kcal/kg on the dry matter [DM] basis) in the test ingredients were: DE = 5,528–(156×ash)–(32.4×neutral detergent fiber [NDF]) with root mean square error = 232, R2 = 0.958, and p<0.001; ME = 5,243–(153 ash)–(30.7×NDF) with root mean square error = 277, R2 = 0.936, and p<0.001. All independent variables are in % on the DM basis.ConclusionThe energy concentrations were greater in the SBM sources and were the least in the TDDG. The ash and NDF concentrations can be used to estimate the energy concentrations in the byproducts from oil-extraction and distillation processes.

Energy and nutrient utilisation of broilers fed soybean meal from two different Brazilian production areas with an exogenous protease

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an exogenous protease added to diets having soybean meal (SBM) from two geographic areas in Brazil (South or North). Evaluation was conducted on energy utilisation and nutrient digestibility using 224 slow feathering Cobb×Cobb 500 male broilers. Birds were fed a common starter diet to d 15. Semi-purified experimental diets containing 555g/kg SBM and 408g/kg maize starch plus minerals and vitamins were provided afterwards until 24 d. Diets had 0.1g/kg phytase and 10g/kg Celite (indigestible marker). Birds were randomly distributed in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of the two SBM with or without protease supplementations (0 or 15,000 protease units/kg) from 17 to 24 d. Excreta were collected from 21 to 23 d and ileal content was collected from all birds. Samples of feed, excreta, and ileal content were analysed for determination of total tract retention and ileal apparent digestibility. No interactions between SBM and protease were observed. Broilers fed semi-purified diets formulated with South SBM had lower (P<0.05) ileal digestibility of crude protein and also from most amino acids (AA) when compared with birds fed North SBM. Ileal digestible energy was increased (P<0.01) by 0.51MJ/kg when birds were fed the diet supplemented with protease. Indispensable and dispensable AA digestibility also increased (P<0.05) with protease supplementation. Ileal digestibility coefficients of Met, Lys, Thr and Val were increased (P<0.05) by 3.1%, 3.1%, 4.8%, and 3.3%, respectively when birds were fed the diet supplemented with protease. Results from this experiment show that utilisation of energy and AA from SBM depends on its origin, but protease supplementation improved their utilisation regardless of the SBM source.

Effects of production area and microbial phytase on the apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to determine if the area in which soybeans are grown influences the concentration of P, phytate, and macro- and microminerals in the soybean meal (SBM) produced from the beans and, therefore, also influences the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in SBM. The second objective was to test the hypothesis that inclusion of microbial phytase will increase the ATTD and STTD of P in SBM regardless of where the beans were grown. Twenty sources of SBM were procured from crushing facilities located in different regions of the United States that were separated into 3 zones: 1) the northern growing area (Michigan, Minnesota, and South Dakota), 2) the eastern growing area (Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio), and 3) the western growing area (Iowa, Missouri, and Nebraska). For each source of SBM, 2 diets based on cornstarch and SBM were formulated; one of these diets contained no microbial phytase and the other diet contained 500 units/kg of microbial phytase. Two hundred growing barrows (16.90 ± 1.79 kg initial BW) were individually placed in metabolism crates and allotted to a randomized complete block design with 40 diets and 5 replicate pigs per treatment. Feces were collected for 4 d after a 4-d adaptation period using the marker-to-marker procedure. Results indicated that there were no differences in concentration of Ca, P, phytate, and macro- and microminerals among SBM from the different zones. However, there was a tendency ( = 0.055) for an increase in concentration of nonphytate P in SBM from the western growing area (0.25%) compared with SBM from the northern growing area (0.23%) and the eastern growing area (0.23%). There were no differences in feed intake, absorbed P, ATTD of P, STTD of P, Ca intake, Ca output, or ATTD of Ca for pigs fed SBM from the 3 zones. However, there was a tendency (P = 0.066) for an increase in P intake and P output from pigs fed SBM from the western growing area compared with pigs fed SBM from the northern growing area. There was an increase ( < 0.05) in absorbed P, ATTD and STTD of P, and ATTD of Ca if microbial phytase was included in the diets, but the quantity of P and Ca that was excreted in the feces decreased ( < 0.001) if microbial phytase was used. Overall, no differences in ATTD and STTD of P exist among SBM produced in different areas of the United States, but microbial phytase will increase the digestibility of P in SBM.

Krill meal enhances performance of feed pellets through concentration-dependent prolongation of consumption by Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is often grown on feed containing 30–40% soybean meal or other sources of plant protein because of its favorable cost and availability compared to marine animal protein. However, plant material is relatively less attractive and palatable to shrimp compared to animal material. Consequently, the current practice is to include some marine animal meal to enhance the attractability and palatability of feeds containing high levels of plant protein. Our study examined mechanisms underlying krill meal's effects on feed consumption by L. vannamei. The first step required behavioral experiments to quantify in a concentration-dependent manner the effect of krill meal on attractability and palatability of feed using assays of groups of animals. We showed that an aqueous extract of krill meal is highly attractive, causing shrimp to alert, move toward, probe, and grab an airstone releasing it in a concentration-dependent manner and at concentrations as low as 13.3μg/ml. We then showed that krill meal added to feed pellets (with a base diet of 30% soybean meal, 27% poultry protein concentrate, 34% wheat flour, and additional minor components) enhanced the palatability (i.e., consumption) of pellets in a concentration-dependent fashion, with 6% krill meal being significantly effective. The second step required performing two experiments to characterize the mechanisms underlying the enhanced performance of krill-containing pellets. The first experiment tested the hypothesis that krill meal-containing pellets are more attractive than control pellets. Our results did not support this hypothesis for trials simulating short (5-min) feeding trials but did for long (60-min) trials. The second experiment tested the hypothesis that krill meal enhances the shrimps' rate of feeding on pellets, by examining the behavior of individual shrimp in a palatability assay in which individual animals were fed single pellets sequentially until it stopped feeding (defined as not completely consuming a pellet within 60min). This experiment showed that krill meal did not significantly increase the rate of feeding on a pellet, but rather it increased in a concentration-dependent manner the number of pellets eaten and the total time spent eating before shrimp stopped eating. Taken together, our results support the idea that krill meal is a chemostimulant whose major effect when added to feed pellets is to increase the pellets' palatability by prolonging the feeding bout and thus the amount eaten, but not affecting how quickly a shrimp eats each pellet. Our results might have practical implications on the composition and presentation of pellets to cultured shrimp, and they also could be used as a baseline for the development of non-animal based chemostimulatory additives and for the aquaculture of other species of shrimp.Statement of relevancePotential impact on the formulation of pellet feed for shrimp.