Power Supply Source Research Articles

Power Supply Fluctuation and Sales Performance of Frozen Foods Business: A Study of ABA Metropolis. Nigeria

One of the essential requirements for output growth in the frozen food business is adequate electricity supply. The electricity supply bane has brought about the acquisition of expensive power back up facilities in the form of plants, generators, and inverters to augment stable electricity supply. The study therefore, investigated power supply fluctuation and sales performance of frozen foods in Nigeria. In line with the objectives of the study, two hypotheses were formulated. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised of twenty (20) frozen food firms in Aba with a sample size of sixty (60) respondents which was conveniently drawn from our population of interest. A structured questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale was used in data collection. Frequency and percentages were used in analysing both the personal data of the respondents. While Kendall tau_b was employed in analyzing the hypotheses formulated. The findings revealed that a significant relationship exists between erratic power supply and profitability; alternative source of power supply and profitability. We therefore, recommended amongst others that, Government should encourage competition in the power sector, rather than the monopoly the electricity company is currently enjoying. They need to be proactive and embrace the renewable energy which would lead to decentralization of power supply, create more jobs, lead to lower costs, and cleaner environments. Keywords: Power, supply, fluctuation, erratic power supply, alternative power supply, profitability, sales performance DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-15-02 Publication date: August 31 st 2021

Study of Partial-Phase Steady-State Operation Modes of Phase-Shift Transformer with Hexagonal Circuit and Regulating Autotransformer

The scope of the work was the study of the phase failure operating for the new FACT’s type phase-shifting device, intended for the flexible connection of AC power systems. The mathamatical model has been developed for conducting this study. The device contains the main phase-shifting transformer based on hexagon circuit with additional regulating autotransformer, this creates the possibility of circular regulation of phase shift angle between connected systems. The model includes two 6-winding three-legs transformers, for which two sets of parameters can be independently set based on the data for the short circuit and no-load modes. The data for the direct sequence parameters is usually provided by the transformer manufacturers, and the data for the zero sequence parameters could be obtained upon additional request. As a result of modeling, the vectors of the voltages and currents were obtained in all windings in the investigated modes with supply source phase failure. This makes it possible to analyze the admissibility of such modes and estimate the need for taking special measures of protection against them. It is shown that the voltages on the windings of the main transformer insignificantly depend on the connection mode of the regulating autotransformer, while the pattern of currents distribution in the windings of the main and regulating transformers to a large extent is determined by said connection mode of the autotransformer. The presence of perceptible zero-sequence current flowing through the grounded neutrals of the power supply source and load is noticed. This fact is connected with the release of insignificant magnetic flux from the magnetic circuit in the surrounding space

Monitoring System for Railway Automation Devices Based on the Industrial Internet of Things

The features of monitoring systems for railway infrastructure and rolling stock are considered. The main approaches to organisation of monitoring of railway infrastructure and rolling stock objects are described, their advantages and disadvantages are noted. The main objective of this work is to present to the reader a conceptual vision of a system for monitoring devices and systems for ensuring train traffic safety, using technologies for transmitting diagnostic information over a radio channel. The methods of the theory of technical diagnostics and monitoring were used. Attention is focused on the use of wireless data transmission technologies and the use of autonomous industrial automation sensors for monitoring systems for railway automation devices.The architecture of the monitoring system is presented. The description of the system itself and the monitoring technology is given, the main advantages of the presented approach are noted, which, first, are linked to reduction of the volume of design work and of energy consumption of the system as a whole. The disadvantages are associated with the need to replace autonomous power supply sources, ensure security of the data transmission network, to proceed with periodic verification and calibration of measuring instruments. The basic diagrams of connecting sensors for measuring physical quantities to the circuit units of railway automation are presented. A list of parameters necessary for high-quality and effective monitoring of railway automation devices is given. The need is noted for both the control of mechanical and geometric parameters of devices and the accounting of data from interconnected objects of railway infrastructure and rolling stock. The proposed approach can find its application in the field of railway automation and, first of all, at those facilities that are located in premises with limited area (e.g. at subway facilities).

Organic Geochemistry of Peat Deposits in southwest Rwanda

Rwanda hosts million tons of peat deposits and that of western province is of great importance as it close to Kivu Lake. The discovery of methane gas in Kivu Lake has attracted investors in methane gas utilization as source of power supply and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Researchers identified Kivu Lake and adjacent area as an area of interest for hydrocarbon exploration. However, organic geochemical prospecting for hydrocarbon and energy content assessment is inadequate for the identified areas. The study aimed at determining the organic geochemistry of peat deposits in southwest, Rwanda. Forty (40) subsurface peat samples (1 to 10 m depth) were collected, air-dried and pulverized and screened. Five (5) samples with high organic matter content were subjected to biomarkers analysis using GC-GCMS. The n-alkanes distribution comprised mainly n-C11 to n-C 37. The Pr/Ph ratios (3.3-10.4, the waxiness index (0.09-0.87), CPI (3.6-7.8), OEP (3.5-6.0), C29 steranes (63.0–100.0%), C28 (0.0–28.0%), C27 (0.0–18.0%) and C27/ C29 sterane ratios (0.0-0.28). The ββ/ (ββ + αα) and 20S/ (20S + 20R) are 0.5 and 0.46 respectively. The C30 -moretane/ C30 -hopane ratios ranged from 1.56 to 2.42, while the oleanane index ranged from 0.07 to 0.26. The Ts/ (Ts + Tm) ratios ranged from 0.13 to 1.05. The dominance of C-29 sterols and C29/C27 sterane ratio which ranged from 3.5 to 100 indicating derivation from terrigenous higher plant material. The Pr/Ph ratio (>3) reflect the oxic to sub-oxic environmental condition during peat deposition. The peat deposits in Western Province, Rwanda are very rich in organic matter of mainly terrestrial precursor deposited in dry and cold climate.

The Future of Renewable Energy Policy: Adapting to the Rise of Low-Cost Renewables

Th is article presents a novel framework to help understand the evolution of renewable energy policy. In the process, it outlines a number of potential pathways to adapt to the rise of lowcost renewable energy technologies. For decades one of the primary aims of renewable energy policy has been to bridge the cost gap between conventional and renewable energy sources. With this cost gap narrowing and even disappearing in certain cases, the role of renewable energy policy is changing, away from traditional subsidies and toward providing a set of framework conditions that reduce key investment risks and provide investment certainty. Th is article provides a new lens through which to understand this transition: even in a world where renewable energy technologies are the least-cost sources of new power supply, they will still need a stable policy framework, one that supports project bankability, encourages investment in more system flexibility, and that establishes a clear long-term vision for the energy system.

On High-Temperature Galvanic Elements of Stand­by Power Supply Sources based on Energy Condensed Systems

Study of ignition, combustion and electrochemical processes occurring in thin multilayer high-temperature galvanic elements derived from low-gas energy condensed systems was carried out. The research results made it possible to design a wide range of multifunctional standby power supply sources with improved performance, differing in application types, initiation modes, activation and operation times, overall dimensions and shape.

Hybrid Solar Energy System as Alternative Power Supply in Mindanao State University-Sulu: Impact on Quality Services

To ascertain the hybrid solar energy system as alternative power supply in Mindanao State University-Sulu and its impact to quality service, This study aims to investigate the extent of benefits of hybrid solar power in terms of a) cost, b) availability, and c.)sustainability, moreover, it also investigate its preferability of hybrid solar power over traditional electricity, while it identifies the significant impact of Hybrid Solar power as a source of power supply to the quality of service of MSU-Sulu Administration, significant correlation between the preferability level and the impact of Hybrid Solar power.
 The quantitative data was analysed and interpreted using statistical tools weighted arithmetic mean and correlation and for qualitative data which is the interview, thematic analysis was utilized. The researcher was able to analyzed the gathered data through Mix Method for the preferability of hybrid solar power over traditional electricity and hybrid solar power its impact to quality service were obtained. The respondents of this study were the forty eight (48) teaching personnel and thirty eight (38) non-teaching personnel and an expert on solar panels. Purposive and random Sampling was used in the selection of the respondents. The instruments of the study were Guided Interview Questions and survey questionnaire. The qualitative data were obtained from the interview by the expert on solar panels. The quantitative data checklist questionnaire were obtained personally by the researcher and validated by three (3) Experts.
 The study revealed that the use of hybrid solar energy system as an alternative power supply has an impact to the quality service of Mindanao State University-Sulu, thus, both teaching and non-teaching personnel preferred the use of Hybrid solar energy system over traditional electricity. The extent of benefits of hybrid solar power in term costs is feasible for the costs of its installation will be treated as an investment for its 5 or more years of use of its naturally free electric power supply. In the long run, the Hybrid Solar energy will ensure a return of investment in its electric consumption. In terms of availability, it is guaranteed available by the partner company and in terms of its sustainability, it can support the entire university for 5 year’s or more with quality solar equipment that it turns, the university will be able to provide quality service to its clientele.
 Hence, the following are the recommendations of the study. on research agenda, the school administrator should consider this study as beneficial to the school, the adaption of the Hybrid Solar Energy power to the electric supply of the Mindanao State University-Sulu, Quality service entails the need of uninterrupted power supply and this hybrid solar energy power is the solution, and Quality service rendered by both teaching and non-teaching personnel would be maximized with the help of this hybrid power energy system. On this note, the following are the recommended policy: School administrator must look into ways on the adaptation of the hybrid power energy system into the university, Rigorous planning and careful assessment on the applicability of hybrid solar energy power on each college as well as administrative offices, pioneered application among key services provider of the university like registrar and cashier’s office, gradual use of hybrid Solar Energy power among colleges, mainly on the enrolment process to the releasing of grades, and School administrator should conduct a seminar to its constituents on the cognizance on the benefits of using solar power and raising an awareness on how to conserve Energy and use it in a proper way.

Energy Community Flexibility Solutions to Improve Users’ Wellbeing

Energy communities, mostly microgrid based, are a key stakeholder of modern electrical power grids. Operating a microgrid based energy community is a challenging topic due to the involved uncertainties, complexities and often conflicting objectives. The aim of this paper is to present a novel methodology demonstrating that energy community flexibility can contribute to each community member’s wellbeing when a grid fault occurs. A three-house energy community will be modelled considering as consumption sources non-controllable and controllable devices in each house. As power supply sources, PV systems installed in a community’s houses are considered, as well as the power obtained from main grid. Each house’s flexibility inside the community will be studied to improve the management of loads during a fault occurrence. Moreover, three different scenarios will be considered with different available power in the community. With these simulations, it was possible to understand that houses’ energy flexibility can be used under a fault situation, either to maintain the users’ wellbeing or to change the energy flow. Furthermore, energy flexibility can be used to create better energy price markets, to improve the resilience of the grid, or even to consider electrical vehicles’ connection to a community’s grid.

Remote Monitoring Application for Automatic Power Supply System in Telecommunication Network

The source of backup power supply at telecommunication BTS is only temporary because its power only depends on the generator and battery capacity used. However, on the other hand, the backup power system is rarely monitored due to a lack of resources such as human resources and the remote location of the equipment/site. Meanwhile, the use of Android which is open source is now widely used by the public for many things, but there are still not many Android applications used to control the power supply system. The purpose of this research is to design and analyze the automatic backup power system on the integrated power system in the telecommunication network by adding an Android application to monitor the occurrence of faults in the system. The communication used in this research is the connection of the automatic backup power control circuit, the microcontroller, the webserver, and the android application itself. Automatic backup power control circuit in the form of a main power transfer control circuit, for example, the power from State Electricity Company (PLN), if a problem occurs it will switch to the back-up power in the form of a generator and battery. The results show that the design of the automatic power system device can work properly.

Availability and Utilization of E-Learning Technologies in Teaching Agricultural Science in Senior Schools in Ilorin South L.G.A, Kwara State

E-learning technologies are necessary to meet the challenges of the contemporary world education competitiveness in scientific and technological advancement. This study investigated the Availability and utilization of e-learning technologies in teaching agricultural science in senior schools in Ilorin South L.G.A, Kwara State. 60 Agricultural science teachers participated in the study. A researcher-developed forty-five-items questionnaire was used to collect data. Four research questions and two research hypotheses guided the conduct of the study. Data were analyzed using frequency, mean, standard deviation and t-test. Results show that some of the listed e-learning technologies were available for teaching agricultural science in senior schools to a high extent. Some of these include printers, tablets and laptop computers while some like public address system, projectors, interactive whiteboards among others are not available. Results also, revealed that agricultural science teachers use e-learning technologies to a moderate extent. The benefits of e-learning technologies as revealed by the study include for effective classroom management, makes teaching interesting and encourages individual learning among others. Challenges include: lack of functional computer laboratories, inadequate finance, irregular power supply, high cost of e-learning facilities among others. The researchers recommended (among others) that ICT training should be made compulsory for teachers and it should be subsidized by governments, government should incorporate e-learning education into school syllabus, there should be an alternative source of power supply in E-learning libraries in schools. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-16-01 Publication date: June 30 th 2021

Permanent magnet generator with axial magnetic flow for wind plants

The results of numerical and experimental studies of an electric generator with permanent magnets and axial magnetic flux for low-power wind turbines are presented. In order for wind turbines to successfully compete with sources of autonomous power supply based on solar energy, it is necessary to reduce the specific cost of electric generators. One of the possible ways to reduce the cost of a wind turbine is to replace a quiet-running multi-pole generator with a high-speed one, which is paired with a magnetic step-up gear. In this case, the electric generator can be designed for rotation frequency n = 1000 ÷ 3000 rpm. It is for this range of rotational speed that the optimal configuration and dimensions of the magnetic system of the electric generator have been determined, at which the maximum power value is reached. Comparisons of the calculated and experimental characteristics of the generator are carried out, the good coincidence of which confirms the adequacy of the developed mathematical models. These computer models are then used to study the dependence of the specific power of the generator on the height of the stator slots and the section of the winding wire made of copper tape. It is shown that for optimal geometrical parameters the magnetomotive force of the stator winding must be matched with the magnetomotive force of permanent magnets. Only for a certain range of slot heights is the maximum power at the rated current ensured. The characteristics of the investigated generators were calculated using the Simcenter MagNet software package.

Design features of negative feedback and power smoothing filter of the DC / DC converter with pulse loads for transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays

The fundamental difference of the voltage converter of the secondary power supply source for the transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays with impulse load and variable duty cycle from traditional voltage converters that constantly consume power from the primary network is shown. Methods for improving the quality of transient processes in voltage converter with constant power consumption during start-up by soft start are not applicable to improve the quality of transients in periodic current pulses caused by a pulsed load. Since any ripples, noises, instabilities in the power supply of the transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays operating in a linear mode lead to parasitic amplitude modulation of the emitted signal and to a deterioration in the quality of selection and target tracking, very strict requirements are imposed on the quality of the transmitter-receiver modules supply voltage (voltage ripple kп ≤ 0,5 %, the amount of overshoot of the output voltage sU ≤ 2 %, etc.). The article shows that such a quality of the output voltage with a pulsed load of the transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays can be obtained using a lower-type voltage converter, with a double-circuit negative feedback for the output voltage and current of the inductor, with a storage capacitor and with a power smoothing filter with the characteristics of Chebyshev and Butterworth. The work investigated the influence of the negative feedback depth on the output voltage and current of the smoothing filter choke, the value of the storage capacitor capacity, the type and parameters of the smoothing filter, and recommendations were given to select their optimal values, at which the required quality of the supply voltage for the transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays was ensured, taking into account the minimization of their dimensions.

Investigation of the electro-technical complex with alternative energy sources

The article considers hybrid electric power complexes. The prospects of their development are shown. The expediency of using alternative energy sources for sustainable electricity and heat supply to consumers is proven. A mathematical model of an autonomous electrical complex with a fuel cell and a photovoltaic station as power supply sources is presented. The necessity of taking into account mutual influence of individual subsystems of the electrical complex, as well as their influence on the complex as a whole is reasoned.

Phase shift control and controller area network assisted proportional resonant control for grid integration of single phase voltage source inverters

Grid integration of inverters using renewable sources of energy is essential for providing a secure and clean source of power supply. Many techniques developed so far control the grid current to realize the regulation of power flow to the power grid. However, implementation of communication assisted synchronization methods for single-phase full-bridge inverters is not found to be discussed in the literature. The focus of this research is to conceptualize, simulate, and implement two control techniques, namely Phase Shift Control (PSC) and Controller Area Network Assisted Proportional Resonant Control (CANAPRC) for single-phase inverters. In the PSC method, the inverter injects the desired real power into the grid by controlling the phase angle between converter and grid voltages. A low complexity synchronization procedure was adopted using single-phase PLL to generate a reference voltage signal using the PSC method. In contrast, the CANAPRC method outputs a current reference created by the resonant controller using a communication network. The inverter can pump the required real and reactive power to the grid with reduced harmonics, enhanced power-sharing and transient stability using the two strategies. Simulations in MATLAB R2016a analyze the two models out effectively. Prototype models validate the proposed control strategies.

The Influence of a Photovoltaic Micro-Installation on the Low-Frequency Parameters of Electricity at PCC and Its Impact on the Thermal Characteristics of Selected Devices

This manuscript illustrates the measurement results of parameters describing the quality of energy at the PCC (point of common coupling) of a photovoltaic micro-installation that can significantly affect devices in the same power grid. The analyses reflecting heating of selected devices used in domestic installations, which were performed in an isolated laboratory environment, are also indicated. The conducted study aimed at checking the thermal characteristics of the chosen equipment, i.e., AC/DC power supply, LED and fluorescent light sources, a step-down transformer at synergistically higher voltage harmonics and constant component in the network voltage. The tests were carried out at the disturbance levels recorded at the site of the photovoltaic micro-installation. The conducted tests aimed at indicating the presence of an increased level of synergetic disturbances in the vicinity of micro-photovoltaic installations. Based on the research, recommendations were made for photovoltaic micro-installations.

Thermionic Electron Beam Current and Accelerating Voltage Controller for Gas Ion Sources

Thermionic emission sources are key components of electron impact gas ion sources used in measuring instruments, such as mass spectrometers, ionization gauges, and apparatus for ionization cross-section measurements. The repeatability of the measurements taken with such instruments depends on the stability of the ion current, which is a function, among other things, of the electron beam current and electron accelerating voltage. In this paper, a laboratory thermionic electron beam current and accelerating voltage controller is presented, based on digital algorithm implementation. The average value of the percentage standard deviation of the emission current is 0.021%, and the maximum electron accelerating voltage change versus the emission current is smaller than 0.011% in the full operating range of the emission current. Its application as a trap current or emission current-regulated ion source power supply could be useful in many measuring instruments, such as in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mass spectrometers as universal gas sensors, where a stable emission current and electron energy are needed.

Assessment of weld bead geometry in modified shortcircuiting gas metal arc welding process for low alloy steel

ABSTRACT Ever-growing needs in pipeline welding relating to quality, frequent usage of advanced, heat-sensitive, and corrosion-resistant materials alongside high production costs encourage the evaluation of a welding process thoroughly. The only way to overcome those problems is the adaptation of technically evolved welding methods that combine the goodness of cutting-edge power supply sources and advanced software configuration. One such technique is Regulated Metal Deposition (RMDTM) welding. In this context, the current study explores the influence of the regulated metal deposition (RMDTM) welding variables on ASME SA387-11-2 steels. Current (A), voltage (V), and gas flow rate (GFR) are preferred regulated metal deposition (RMD™) welding variables, and at the same time the depth of penetration (DOP), heat-affected zone (HAZ), bead height (BH), and bead width (BW) are incorporated as performance evaluation attributes. Furthermore, the exploration of Rao algorithms is presented to evaluate the optimal welding settings. The obtained optimal welding settings is current = 92 A, voltage = 13 V, and gas flow rate = 21 litre/min. The results are also compared with the JAYA, and teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) approaches to show the efficacy of the intended approach.

Development of a Small Hydropower Plant (SHP); A Review Study of Erin-Ijesa Water Fall, Erin-ijesa, Osun State, Nigeria

Energy demand has been on the increase globally due to the increase in population, urbanization and industrialization. In developing countries, while the rate of energy consumption is increasing, supply which is usually produced from fossil fuels is depleting resulting in energy shortage and pollution. Hence the need to explore alternative or renewable sources of energy to meet current and future energy demand. This paper examines the potential of Erin-Ijesa waterfall as a possible source of power supply to Erin-Ijesa community. The erratic supply of electricity in Nigeria, Erin-Ijesa community inclusive makes it paramount to consider generating electricity from the waterfall. Towards achieving this, the waterfalls data were obtained from Osun State Water Corporation Board Secretariat in Osogbo and a survey was conducted on site at Erin-Ijesa water falls where the flow and the head parameters were collected. The falls gives gross head of 200m with water flow rate of 0.85m3/s. These two parameters were used in the standard hydroelectric power (SHP) equations. The results obtained gave a theoretical power of 1.4MW, compared with the required power consumption of 1MW by the inhabitants of Erin-Ijesa community. A deviation of +0.4 from the required power consumption. It was also observed that the generated power from the falls will be sufficient to supply the entire community. The viability of small hydropower plant and the reduction in design time were established. Small hydropower plant will perform well if explored and executed in Erin-Ijesa, and in Nigeria at large.

One-step synthesis of CuInS2 nanoparticles using aqueous chelated metal complexes as a starting material

Thin film compound semiconductor solar cells, including copper indium sulfide (CIS), have potential as next-generation power supply sources. However, recent fabrication processes include gas phase reactions, which consume much energy and generate abundant loss of material resources. Therefore, the development of alternative eco-friendly methods without a gas phase reaction has been actively researched. Herein, we synthesize CIS nanoparticles via a liquid phase reaction using iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and glycine (Gly) as the complex reagent to homogenize copper and indium complexes. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles of the as-synthesized nanoparticles in a buffer solution exhibit broad peaks, which nearly correspond to CIS. These peaks grow sharply after annealing. Selected area electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopies indicate the presence of the (112) phase of CIS but the crystallinity of our CIS with IDA and Gly differs. The results indicate that maintaining a homogenized condition of metal complexes by pH stabilization using a buffer solution might be maybe important for aqueous synthesis of CIS.

Assessment and prospects of biogas use

This article reveals the relevance of the use and development of an alternative source of heat and power supply, which is biogas. The potential of such a clean energy source is very great. The demand of countries for biogas is different, but it is constantly increasing every year. It opens up a platform for a variety of services that depend on economic and political priorities. Biogas can provide energy and heat as well as clean cooking fuels to get rid of traditional energy sources. Biogas production solves the problem of growing volumes of organic waste, which contributes to the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions.