Sources Of Organic Manures Research Articles

The Effect of Organic Manure and Days of Incorporation on the Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in Jos Plateau State. Nigeria

The experiment aimed to evaluate effect of organic manure on the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. The treatments used are organic manure source (Poultry dropping, Cow dung, goat manure, dung site and control) and time of inclusion (5, 10 and 15 days before transplanting) was adopted for the experiment. The experiment is laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications, with 12 plots in a block and 45 plots for the whole experiment. Data were collected from the following parameters, plant height, plant diameter, number of leaves, leaf area (LA), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), fresh weight, and dry weight. All the study parameters of lettuce were significantly different (P<0.05) on both organic manure, days of inclusion and season. Poultry droppings produce plant height (25.73), plant diameter (8.42), number of leaves (32.02), leaf area index (16.75), net assimilation rate (4.67), crop growth rate (3.20), fresh weight (6.65 ha-1), and dry weight (4.23 ha-1) when compared with other sources of nutrient. Similarly maximum plant height (23.32), plant diameter (6.66), number of leaves (31.86), leaf area (15.19), net assimilation rate (3.32), crop growth rate (3.54), fresh weight (5.79 ha-1), and dry weight (4.00 ha-1) was recorded in lettuce plant treated with organic manure of 5 days of inclusion. On seasons, higher plant height (25.83), plant diameter (8.23), number of leaves (31.34), leaf area (15.32), net assimilation rate (4.00), crop growth rate (3.61), fresh weight (7.01 ha-1), and dry weight (5.99 ha-1)  was obtained in 2021 as against 2020 season. Based on the results obtained, it can be recommended to lettuce farmers in the locality the use of poultry manure and 5 days of inclusion for optimum growth and yield of lettuce.

Effect of Organic Foliar Nutrition on Performance and Production Potential of Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.

Background: Foliar spray of nutrients offers a best way to accelerate crop growth and boost up productivity of mungbean under irrigated conditions to meet out the demand raised by ever increasing population of our country. The study was framed to investigate physiochemical and biological properties of fermented fish waste extract (FFWE) and its effects on productivity performance in mungbean. Methods: The organic liquid FFWE was characterized for its physiochemical and biological properties in the laboratory. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2019 and 2020 in mungbean to study the effect of FFWE as foliar spray on growth, yield, quality and economics. Treatments consisted of foliar spray of different concentrations of FFWE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) compared with 1% urea and control. The treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Result: Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm). The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively. Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%). Economics of foliar nutrition showed that foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.30. Thus, it could be concluded that foliar spray of 2.0% fermented fish waste extract could be considered as an excellent source of organic liquid manure for enhancing the productivity of mungbean.

Studies on application of graded levels of phosphorus through PROM and biofertilizers on irrigated blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Phosphorus is a major nutrient giving widespread response in different kinds of soil especially in legumes. In India, soils of nearly 46% of the area are in the low P category. Thus, there is a need for application of P for achieving higher yields in 98% of the soils of India. There is a vast scope for extension of area as well as increasing the productivity of blackgram. Besides bringing more area under pulses, yield maximization with agronomic practices such as phosphorus nutrient management through phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) source with biofertilizers to be adopted to increase the production of blackgram. Hence, there is a need to evaluate the appropriate nutrient management methods. The field experiment was conducted at Tiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu, India during June – August 2021 to study the graded levels of phosphorus and biofertilizers on irrigated blackgram. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four main plots (M1–Control, M2–20 kg P2O5/ha, M3–40 kg P2O5/ha and M4–60 kg P2O5/ha through PROM) and six sub-plots (S1–Control, S2–Seed treatment and soil application with Rhizobium, S3–Seed treatment and soil application with Phosphobacteria, S4–Seed treatment and soil application with Rhizophos, S5–Seed treatment and soil application with AM fungi and S6–Seed treatment and soil application with AM fungi + Rhizophos replicated thrice. Application of P2O5 @ 40 kg/ha through PROM along with seed treatment and soil application of AM fungi + Rhizophos was found to be superior to other treatments by producing higher number of branches (9.96), seed yield (1198 kg/ha), haulm yield (1685 kg/ha) and harvest index (41.55) and achieved the higher productivity and profitability.

Effects of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) manure as organic fertilizer on plant growth, feed quality, and soil bacterial community.

The development of organic manure from livestock excreta is a useful source for sustainable crop production in environment-friendly agriculture. Organic manure increases soil microbial activity and organic matter (OM) supply. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers (CFs) leads to air and water pollution caused by toxic chemicals and gases, and soil quality degradation via nutrient imbalance due to supplying specific chemical components. Thus, the use of organic manure will serve as a long-term supply of various nutrients in soil via OM decomposition reaction as well as the maintenance of environment. In this study, we aimed to analyze the diverse effects of Hanwoo manure (HM) on plant growth, feed quality, and soil bacterial communities in comparison with CFs, commercial poultry manure (CM), and the combined use of chemical fertilizer and Hanwoo manure (HM+CF). We analyzed the contents of crude matter (protein, fat, fiber, and ash), P, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) through feed quality analysis, and the contents or activities of total phenol, total flavonoid, ABTS, nitrite scavenging, and reducing power via the antioxidant assay. Furthermore, the soil microbial communities were determined using 16S rRNA sequencing. We compared the soil bacteria among different soil samples by using amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis. We observed increased OM in the soil of the HM group compared to that of the CF and non-treated groups over a period of two years. Moreover, HM+CF treatment enormously improved plant growth. Organic manure, especially HM, caused an increase in the content of crude ash and phosphorus in plants. There were no significant differences in total polyphenol, total flavonoid, ABTS, nitrite scavenging, and reducing power in plants between HM and CF groups. Finally, we detected 13 soil bacteria (Acidibacter, Algisphaera, Cystobacter, Microvirga, Ohtaekwangia, Panacagrimonas, Pseudarthrobacter, Reryanella, Rhodoligotrophos, Solirubrobacter, Stenotrophobacter, Tellurimicrobium, and Thermomarinilinea) that were considerably correlated with OM and available phosphorus, and three considerably correlated bacteria were specifically distributed in CF or organic manure. The results suggest that HM is a valuable source of organic manure that can replace CF for sustainable crop production.

Effect of Temporal Variation in Mineralization of Nutrients through Sewage Sludge, Farm Yard Manure and Vermicompost in Soil

Soil amendment by organic matter (O.M.) has been widely accepted as an efficient nutrient-management technique in agriculture. The study was conducted as pot culture experiment at the Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.) Mirzapur, which is located in the Vindhyan zone of Mirzapur district at 25º 10” latitude, 82º 37” longitude with an altitude of 427 meters above the sea level. The soils of the study region are mostly having poor fertility and shallow depth. Different sources of organic manures Sewage Sludge (S.S), Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Vermi-Compost (V.C.) with different doses (10, 20 and 30 grams) were applied in pot along with soil and were incubated for 90 days. Required amount of water was added to soil in order to keep it moist as and when required. pH, electrical conductivity(E.C) , O.M. and nutrient content (N, P, K and S) had shown significant changes due to different treatments applied in soil. Applications of organic amendments in this study indicated considerable changes in the basic soil physio-chemical properties, different levels of available nutrient and their release pattern. With increase in doses of S.S and V.C. soil pH also increased but, it was decreased with increase in doses of FYM. Increase in the dose of S.S., F.Y.M. and V.C. had increased the E.C. and O.M. of soil. The available N content decreased with increase in the incubation interval. The available P increased from 30 Days After Incubation (DAI) to 60 DAI but it decreased at 90 DAI. Availability of S content increased with increase in duration of incubation period.

The effect of organic manure on the growth and yield of carrot (Daucus carota.) grown in Jos, and Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria

The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of organic manure on the growth and yield of carrots (Daucus carota L.) grown in Jos and Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria. The treatments used were organic manure sources (Poultry dropping (20t/ha), Cow dung (20t/ha), Goat manure (20t/ha), dung site (20t/ha) and control (zero application and) the spacing used between plants and rows were 15 and 75cm, respectively. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. During the investigation, some physiological variables, such as plant height and the number of leaves were measured. Other characteristics like aerial weight, root weight, root length, rot diameter, harvest index and over-all yield were also recorded. The results of the investigation revealed that carrot responded to nutrient sources with poultry dropping and Jos producing better in both growth and yield parameters. All the parameters studied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) responded to nutrient source with poultry dropping been superior in both growth and yield-related characters such as plant height at 8WAT (32.20), the number of leaves 8WAT(122.20), aerial weight (10.27g), root weight (18.02g), root length(12.81cm), root diameter (4.00mm), harvest index (0.71) and over-all yield (5.10t/ha). Carrot grown in Jos outgrows those cultivated in Makurdi in both growth and yield-related character. Based on the results obtained it could be suggested that the use of poultry dropping which is better in both growth and yield characteristics will lead to optimum yield in carrot cultivation in the study areas. Keywords: Carrot Manure, growth, Organic nutrient and yield

Productivity of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) as affected by organic manure and varieties grown in Jos Plateau State. Nigeria

The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of organic manure and variety on the growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) grown in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The experiment is laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments used are organic manure sources (Poultry dropping, Cow dung, goat manure, dung site, and control), a varieties used where (Copenhagen and Gloria) and the spacing of 50cm by 50cm was adopted for the experiment. During the investigation, some physiological variables, such as growth, plant height and the number of leaves were measured. Other characteristics like dry weight, plant girth, root length, head diameter, head length and overall yield were also recorded. The results of the investigation revealed that cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) generally responded to nutrient sources. All the parameter studies have significantly (P ≤ 0.05) responded to the nutrient source with poultry dropping been superior in both growth and yield-related character such, as plant height (10.00), the number of leaves(20.11), dry weight (10.17), girth weight (48.22), root length (8.61), head diameter (15.40), head length (28.71) and yield (30.10). On verities Gloria out performed Copenhagen in both growth, yield and yield related characters such as plant height (9.45), the number of leaves(20.91), dry weight (10.92), girth weight (42.27), root length (10.23), head diameter (14.91), head length (31.71) and yield (32.22). Based on the results obtained it can be suggested that the use of poultry dropping which is better in both growth and yield characteristics will lead to optimum yield in cabbage cultivation in the study areas. Keywords: Cabbage, Organic nutrient and Variety

Economics and fertility status of organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied soil in sweet corn (Zea mays) cultivation

A rainfed field experiment was laid out during the rainy season of 2019 at the Research farm of Raj Mohini Devi College of Agriculture and Research Station, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on economic viability and residual nutrient status of soil in sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata). The experiment comprised 2 sources of organic manures, viz. vermicompost and FYM together with no organic manure and 3 levels of fertilizers, viz. 50%, 75% and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (120, 60 & 40 kg N, P and K/ha respectively) and replicated trice. The result showed that, the application of 3 t vermicompost/ha resulted in the highest growth and yield attributes as well as cob and fodder yields, followed by 5 t FYM/ha and both these treatments proved significantly superior to no organic manure. However, 100% RDF recorded higher value of these parameters and was found significantly superior to 75% and 50% RDF. The highest dehusked cob yield (14.9 t/ha) and net returns (` 147,265.2/ha) were obtained with 3.0 t vermicompost/ha + 100% RDF. Different organic sources did not cause any significant effect on available N, P and K but significantly enhanced organic carbon content of the soil. Nutrient levels had significant effect on available N, P and K of the soil at harvesting.

Nutrient contents in different sources of organic manures used in different farms of Bhaktapur district, Nepal

Organic manure contributes carbonaceous matter to soil, which when decomposed, offers mineral nutrients to plants, also acts as a base exchange material, and helps to improve the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of soil. This study was conducted to assess the amount of total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium, pH, under various organic manure sources. Collected organic matter samples were tested for total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil organic matter, and pH at the soil laboratory of Nepal Polytechnic College, Bharatpur-11, Chitwan, using the NARC, Soil Science Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur standard rating. The overall nitrogen concentration of goat dung was 1.667%, whereas buffalo manure had the lowest at 0.665%. The available phosphorus content of organic manure in the research area ranged from 0.732% in vermi-compost to 0.432% in compost, with substantial differences amongst manure samples. The goat manure had the highest potassium level (0.853%), whereas buffalo manure had the lowest (0.513%). The pH value of goat manure was 8.4 while the pH content of compost manure was 7.567. The maximum amount of organic matter (54.8) was found in buffalo manure, while the lowest (46.3) was found in vermi compost. The maximum amount of organic matter (54.8%) was found in buffalo manure, while the lowest (46.3%) was found in vermi compost. Modern technology must be adapted for successful and improved manure production. To increase the availability and maintenance of nutrients in organic manure, methods such as covering the manure to protect it from rain and sun, avoiding waterlogged conditions, and correct manure decomposition can be implemented.

Studies on Various Levels of Organic Sources and Major Nutrients on Growth and Yield of Sprouting Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck)

A field experiment was carried out at the Vegetable Research Farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) during Rabi season 2021-22. The experiment consists of twenty-four treatment combinations of six sources of organic manure and four levels of major nutrients. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with replicated three times. Palam samridhi variety of broccoli was transplanted at spacing of 45x45 cm. Results of the experiment revealed that the growth characters of broccoli like plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, plant spread, stem diameter and Yield attributes viz total head yield per plot(kg) and total head yield (q/ha) were significantly higher under M6 (FYM 20t + Vermicompost 5 t + Poultry manure 5 t ha-1) source of manure which was at par application of M4 (Vermicompost 5 t ha-1) whereas in case of major nutrients it was significantly higher under application of (140:80:80 kg NPK ha-1) but it was at par with (120:60:60 kg NPK ha-1) and significantly superior to rest sources of organic manure.

Effect of integration of chemical fertilizers with organic manures on growth, yield and nutrient uptake in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) ​ ​

Maize (Zea mays L.) becoming very popular cereal crop in India because of high production potential of hybrid varieties and it requires heavy doses of fertilizers. But the excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers has damaged the soil health, at the same time, the sole use of organic manure cannot compensate the produce obtained by inorganic application. Hence, it is important to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers and supplementing the same through organic manures. Therefore, field experiment was conducted in Experimental Farm of Annamalai University during 2020 to evaluate the effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers with different sources of organic manures on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake in hybrid maize. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments viz., 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF + Seaweed granules @ 20 kg/ha, 100% RDF + Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha, 100% RDF + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, 100% RDF + Urban waste compost @ 10 t/ha, 75% RDF + Seaweed granules @ 20 kg/ha, 75% RDF + Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha, 75% RDF + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, 75% RDF + Urban waste compost @ 10 t/ha and replicated thrice. The results revealed that plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production, grain and stover yield and benefit : cost ratio were favourably influenced by the application of 100% RDF+Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha. In nutrient status, uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus was found to be significantly higher with application of 100% RDF+Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha, whereas potassium uptake was higher under application of 100% RDF+Pressmud granules @ 125 kg/ha. Thus, for achieving higher productivity, integrated application of 100% RDF with poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha may be preferred to the hybrid maize cultivating farmers.

Effect of Organic Manures and Boron Application on Yield Attributes and Yield of Mustard (Brassica junciea L.) under Jammu Region

ABSTRACT Boron (B) is a critical micronutrient for mustard’s normal growth and development. After zinc (Zn), this is one of the most critical deficient micronutrients in Indian soil. During the consecutive years 2018–19 and 2019–20, an experiment was carried out using three sources of organic manures and four levels of boron in a factorial randomized block design at experimental field, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, India, during rabi season. The three appication sources of organic manures, viz., OM0 (control), OM2 (10 ton per hectare Farmyard manure) and OM3 (5 ton per hectare Farmyard manure +2.5 ton per hectare Vermicompost), with five levels of boron, i.e. B1 (control), B2 (soil application 5 kg borax per hectare), B3 (soil application 10 kg borax per hectare), B4 (foliar spray 0.1% boric acid solution) and B5 (foliar spray 0.2% boric acid solution). Based on the field experiment, the best treatment combination was the application of OM3 (5 ton per hectare Farmyard manure +2.5 ton per hectare Vermicompost) combined with BS-10 (10 kg borax per hectare). This combination produced the best results based on metric characters like plant dry matter (at 30, 60 and harvest), number of silique per branches, number of seeds per silique, length of silique, number of branch per plant, occurrence of 50% flowering, test weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index.

Productivity and Profitability of Sprouting Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) under Nutrient Management with Different Organic Sources

A field experiment was carried out at the present experiment entitled “Productivity and profitability of sprouting broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) under different major nutrient management with organic sources” was conducted at Vegetable farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University Of Agriculture And Technology, Kanpur during rabi season 2021-22.The experiment consists of twenty-four treatment combinations of six sources of organic manure and four levels of major nutrients. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD design and replicated three times. Palam samridhi variety of broccoli was transplanted at spacing of 45x45 cm. Results of the experiment revealed that the total head yield (q/ha) was significantly higher under M6 (FYM 20 t +Vermicompost 5 t + Poultry manure 5 t ha-1 ) source of manure which was at par application of M4 (Vermicompost 5 t ha-1) whereas in case of major nutrients it was significantly higher under application of (140:80:80 kg NPK ha-1) but it was at par with (120:60:60 kg NPK ha-1) and significantly superior to rest sources of organic manure. Maximum cost of cultivation, gross return as well as net return was associated with F3 (140:80:80 kg NPK ha-1) level of major nutrient but higher benefit cost ratio was noted under M3 (Poultry manure 5t/ha) source of manure and combination of M6 sources of manure along with F2 level of major nutrient fetches maximum net return of 9.71 which was followed by rest treatment combinations.

Influence of Ipomoea muricata (L)Jacq. Weed Manure on The Aerial Biomass of Maize Crop

In India agriculture was traditionally organic till the 1950. The green revolution was ushered in country during sixty and transformed the stage of food deficiency to self-sufficiency. Fertilizers no doubt increased the quantity of yield and reduced diseases but continuous use of chemical fertilizers causes several side effects on soil. Soil becomes hard and impervious to water. Maintenance of soil fertility is now prerequisite. Organic farming is the solution. There are several organic components which are the good source of organic manure. Weed biomass available abundantly. Weeds are considered as unwanted plants and are competitors to the crop plants. There are several methods to control the weed. The best way to control weed is to make use of it. Ipomoea muricata (L). Jacq. is large herbaceous twiner commonly called as Bhowari in Marathi. It is common weed grow luxuriously on waste land. Present investigation deals with utilization of Ipomoea muricata weed as a source of organic manure and its influence on the aerial biomass of maize. various types of Ipomoea muricata weed manures like Compost, Dry Leaf manure, Green Leaf manure, Mixed manure (equal amount of Ipomoea muricata +Euphorbia prunifolia+Trianthema portulacastrum) are prepared and compared with NPK and Control treatment to maize crop field. Crop was harvested after 87 days of sowing. Samples from each treated plots collected and analysed as total aerial biomass, Dry weight, Reducing Sugar, Nitrogen, Crude protein and nitrogen efficiency ratio. All the nutrient contents show high amounts in weed manure amended samples of Maize as compared to NPK and control treatment.

EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF COWPEA IN CHITWAN, NEPAL

The experiment was carried out at the field of Nepal Polytechnic Institute (NPI), Bharatpur, Chitwan. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of different sources of organic manure in the growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) and the chemical properties of soil. The experiment was laid out by using 5 treatments and four replications in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). There was a total of 20 plots each of 2 x 2 m2. The variety used was Malepatan-1. Poultry manure, goat manure, Farmyard Manure (FYM), mustard cake, and RDF, were tested as treatments. The soil of the experimental plot was acidic (pH 6.1) containing low total nitrogen (0.7), low available potassium (90.32), low available phosphorous (13.99), and medium organic manure (2.9). The data on vegetative parameters (plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant), yield attributing parameters (number of flowers per plant, number of pods per branches, and yield), and soil chemical properties (total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH and organic matter) were taken and entered in Ms-Excel which were then subjected of analysis of variance using Genstat and means were separated using DMRT. Out of 5 treatments treatment poultry (2.620kg/plot) was superior and significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, number of pods, and yield. While mustard oil cake was ineffective to give optimum yield and yield attributing characters. The highest yield was obtained from treatment poultry manure i.e. (8.438 ton/ha) while the lowest yield was obtained from the treatment mustard oil cake (2.906 ton/ha).

Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on dry matter yield, soil and plant nutrient content in onion (Allium cepa)

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different sources of organic manures [Farmyard manure (FYM),Vermicompost (VC) and Jeevamrut] and inorganic fertilizers (Urea, SSP and MOP) on soil and plant nutrient content in onion (Allium cepa L.) during 2017–18 and 2018–19 at Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments replicated thrice. Soil samples from all the treatments during both the years were collected from 0–15 cm depth. At the end of the experiment, significantly high post-harvest fertility status of macronutrients (NPK), viz. 386, 1566 and 384.1 kg/ha, respectively, were recorded under recommended nutrient management practice (RDF) i.e. 125 N: 75 P: 60 K kg/ha + FYM @250 q/ha. Similarly, significantly highest concentration of bulb and leaf macronutrients and biomass yield of bulbs and leaves were recorded under RDF. The purely organic module besides excelling at par with RDF in build-up of macronutrients in soil also registered maximum organic carbon content in soil. From the study, it can be inferred that RDF + FYM @250 q/ha can be used for maintaining the soil fertility.

Soil Properties and Zinc Bio Availability as Affected by Zinc Sources, Organics and Microbial Inoculant in a Sandy Clay Loam Soil

The studyaimed to evaluate the efficiencyof different sources of Zinc and organic manures with and without microbial inoculants on the bioavailability of Zinc in soil. Four different zinc sources namely ZnSO4, ZnPO4, ZnO, and Zn-EDTA, and two organic manures viz., farm yard manure (FYM) and Vermicompost (VC) were evaluated in the presence and absence of Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria (ZSB). Among the different combinations of the above factors, ZnSO4+FYM+ZSB combination recorded a maximum reduction in pH (6.82) whereas, ZnSO4+Vermicompost+ZSB recorded the highest Electrical Conductivity (EC) (0.4 dSm-1). Regarding DTPA-Zn availability Zn-EDTA recorded the highest concentration in soil both as a sole and combined application with organic and microbes. The dehydrogenase activity was upsurged in organic applied treatments and was less in fertilizer applied treatments. Zinc oxide recorded maximum dissolution efficiency compared to other sources of Zinc.

Growth and Yield of Tomato in Response to Application of Different Organic Manures on an Alfisol in Mokwa Southern Guinea Savannah, Niger State, Nigeria

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of different organic manure sources to access the growth and yield of tomato in Mokwa Southern guinea savannah ecological zone of Nigeria. The study was carried out in Teaching and Research Farm of Niger State College of Agriculture in 2019 cropping season. Mokwa lies on Longitude 9.23940 N and latitude 5.31030E. The soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The treatment consisted of 20t/ha of each of kitchen waste, poultry droppings, cow dung and a control. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The result of this study revealed that some plant nutrient such as N and P are very low and hence they can be supplemented by some organic manure such as poultry droppings. The optimum yield can be obtained in Mokwa and other agro-ecological zone, if 20t/ha-1 of poultry droppings was applied to 1 hectare of land, the optimum yield can be obtained under good agronomic practices.

Efficacy of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) from Different Sources of Organic Manures

For the quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of Nitrogen through different plant nutrient sources in the growth and yield of radish, the field experiment was conducted from March 2020 to June 2020 in an Inceptisol with sandy loam soil of the research field of G. P. Koirala College of Agriculture and Research Centre, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with eight treatments (Biogas Byproduct, Poultry Manure, Goat Manure, Farmyard Manure, Vermicompost, Packaged Organic Manure, Recommended Dose of Chemical Fertilizer, and Control) and four replications. Forty Day (released in 1994 AD) variety of radish was used as a test crop. The recommended 100 kg N per hectare was supplied from each treatment, calculated based on the nitrogen content of each nutrient source. Results showed that there was a significant difference in almost all studied parameters from all treatments over control (P≤ 0.05). The highest total fresh biomass yield (123.415 Mt/ha) and highest delta fresh shoot yield (22.806 Mt/ha) were recorded from the application of a recommended dose of fertilizer, and the highest delta fresh root yield (30.127 Mt/ha) was obtained from the application of FYM. The experiment suggests that the application of FYM significantly increased root yield and was positively correlated with other parameters, which might be a good alternative for chemical fertilizers. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(3): 203-212.

The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Farm Animals: A Review

Livestock animal are important for agriculture economy and biomedical research. They are sources of Milk, meat, carcass, organic manure and other products. The development of genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas have revolutionized the generation of gene edited farm animals. In this review, we briefly introduce the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and highlight its application on livestock such as human disease modeling, disease resistant animal, and generation of hornless cattle, animal welfare and other agricultural and biomedical related traits which enhance the livestock production in order to meet the increasing demand of food worldwide. The ability to transfer sperm-producing stem cells or spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from a donor animal into the testes of a recipient male could have multiple applications. Production of BLG free milk in cattle provides a promising way to those who have allergy to cow milk. The knockdown of myostatin gene in different species like Sheep, Goat, Cattle and pig is very helpful in the economy of meat industry. Besides the several benefits of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, the risk factors and ethics issues related to this technology should be reconsidered before they enter into CRISPR era.