Source Of Legitimacy Research Articles

Managerial power bases and its relationship to influence tactics and conflict management styles: Bedside nurses' perspective.

Having robust power sources and employing effective influence tactics are essential leadership skills for nurse managers in managing human resources, providing quality care, and managing workplace conflict among nurses. The present study aimed to investigate how bedside nurses perceived their nurse managers' power bases, influence tactics, and conflict management styles. Furthermore, the study investigated the relationship among power bases, influence tactics, and conflict management styles. A descriptive correlational study was conducted at the inpatient care unit of a Saudi hospital. A convenient sample of n = 230 nurses completed the Power Base scale, Influence Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ-R), and Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II). Nurses believed their managers were most likely to use referent, legitimate, and expert sources to exercise their power; appreciation and consultation tactics to influence others; and an integrative style to manage conflict. Significant positive correlations were found between the perceived overall power bases and each of the influence behaviors and conflict management styles (r = .466, r = .383, p < .05, respectively). The values of the regression coefficient of power bases significantly contribute to the prediction of 67.8% and 42.2% of the explained variance of influence behaviors and conflict management styles, respectively. In addition, influence behaviors can play a mediating role in this prediction. Nurse managers should be able to demonstrate the benefit of controlling a wide range of power bases and know how to use influence behaviors and conflict management styles skillfully in each situation to achieve desired goals.

CANASTA: Controller Area Network Authentication Schedulability Timing Analysis

The Controller Area Network (CAN) dominates in-vehicle networking systems in modern vehicles. CAN was designed with low-latency and reliability as key features. Authenticity of a CAN frame was not considered in the design, thus, most in-vehicle network nodes inherently trust received messages as coming from a legitimate source. As a result, it is trivial to program (or hack) a network node to spoof traffic. Authentication is challenging for CAN and related protocols, such as SAE J1939, due to limited frame sizes and high bus utilization. Adding a message authentication code (MAC) as a separate message can unduly stress the real-time delivery of safety-critical messages. Although this stressor is well-known, the impact of authentication protocols on real-time message delivery in CAN has not yet been thoroughly examined. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of realtime schedulability analysis applied to authentication schemes for CAN, CAN Flexible Data-rate (CAN FD), and CAN extra long payload (CAN XL). We formulate the response time analysis for addition of MACs and periodic transmission of MACs, and we examine their impact on two case studies and through evaluation with randomized schedulability experiments over a wide range of message sets.

Management of Bio‐Medical Wastes during COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Haryana State

AbstractManagement of biomedical waste (BMW) is important for a healthy and safe environment. In order to guarantee cleanliness and hygiene, BMW must be collected, disposed of, and handled appropriately. The world is being affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic, which has spread to various countries. The COVID‐19 pandemic has increased the volume of BMW production, created challenges for both the central and state pollution control boards (SPCB). During this pandemic, the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Climate Change (CPCB) devised and implemented various guidelines and standards for proper BMW management. The number of common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBMWTFs) has risen, and several states and private institutions have built their own BMW treatment facilities. Despite this, some countries do not have enough infrastructures for biomedical waste management (BMWM). Haryana is responsible for a significant percentage of the COVID‐related BMW generation. Despite the fact that the state possesses 11 CBMWTFs, it is unable to handle this BMW properly. Thus, the finding of this study showed that in some Indian states including Haryana, there are insufficient institutional systems for managing biomedical and hazardous wastes during pandemic situations. The study is based on the examination of data on BMW generation and management. The data have been collected from legitimate sources including scientific literatures and annual reported from government websites. The findings are expected to provide the reader with relevant information on the suitability and efficiency of the whole BMW management framework in India.

The Source of Legitimacy of Political Power in John Locke and David Hume

Bu çalışmada Hume’un siyasi iktidarın varlığı ve devamlılığıyla alakalı Locke’’un toplum sözleşmesi kuramına yönelik karşıtlığı bağlamında iki filozofun devlet anlayışları karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde analiz edilecektir. Bu karşıtlığın geri planında onun siyaset felsefesi problemlerine yaklaşırken tarihsel metodolojiyi kullanması ve genel olarak siyasal düzenin oluşmasında fayda kavramını esas alması ana nedenler olarak ortaya konacaktır. Bununla beraber Hume’un Locke toplum sözleşmesi karşıtlığına rağmen, siyasi iktidarın var oluş gayesi söz konusu olduğunda onunla hem fikir olduğu gösterilecektir. Siyasi iktidarın var oluş gayesinin bilhassa mülkiyeti korumak olduğu hususunda her iki filozofta aynı kanaattedir. Hume için özel mülkiyet genelin ortak çıkarlarının temel bir bileşenidir ve devlet tarafından kişilerin özel mülkiyeti korunmalıdır. Bundan dolayı Hume Locke’un öne sürdüğü toplum sözleşmesi karşıtı bir siyaset felsefesi yapmaktan ziyade hem ona eleştirel duran hem de bazı konularda ona katılan bir filozoftur.

Bridging online and offline dynamics of the face mask infodemic

BackgroundOnline infodemics have represented a major obstacle to the offline success of public health interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Offline contexts have likewise fueled public susceptibility to online infodemics. We combine a large-scale dataset of Twitter conversations about face masks with high-performance machine learning tools to detect low-credibility information, bot activity, and stance toward face masks in online conversations. We match these digital analytics with offline data regarding mask-wearing and COVID-19 cases to investigate the bidirectional online-offline dynamics of the face mask infodemic in the United States.ResultsOnline prevalence of anti-mask over pro-mask stance predicts decreased offline mask-wearing behavior and subsequently increased COVID-19 infections. These effects are partially influenced by low-credibility information and automated bot activity, which consistently feature greater anti-mask stance online. Despite their purported controversy, mask mandates generally decrease anti-mask stance online and increase mask-wearing offline, thus reducing future COVID-19 infections. Notable asymmetries are observed, however, between states run by Democratic and Republican governors: the latter tend to see higher levels of low-credibility information and anti-mask stance online, and thus lower mask-wearing and higher infection rates offline.ConclusionsThese findings contribute new insights around collective vulnerabilities to online infodemics and their links to evolving offline crises. We highlight the need to synergize and sustain targeted online campaigns from legitimate information sources alongside offline interventions in and beyond the pandemic.

Stein’s Phenomenology of Grace

Stein’s Freedom and Grace (Freiheit und Gnade) phenomenologically describes the experience of grace as the desire, communication, or acceptance of God’s Spirit of Love, accessed in the act of faith motivated by the soul’s otherwise unfulfilled desire for self-mastery. This article first discusses the affordances of Stein’s phenomenology which equip her to see grace as a fulfilment of the natural life of the soul, which is experienced as coming from beyond itself. It then addresses how the individual, personal I fails to satisfy its implicit desire for rational and free action in the natural life of the soul and how, in contrast, its opposite, the graced, liberated life of the soul, allows it to, but not on its own, only through union with God’s Spirit. It proceeds from this existential alternative to show how the treatise unfolds as an investigation of the various a priori possibilities for grace to be experienced and why it makes sense to acknowledge faith as a legitimate source of knowledge, as Stein does in work postdating Freedom and Grace. Finally, it is argued that the treatise is phenomenological in nature and that it does not presuppose either metaphysics or Christian doctrine but instead contributes to underpinning both. This argument simultaneously explains Stein’s own subsequent engagement as a Christian philosopher.

Measuring and misrepresenting the missing millions: the OECD’s assessment of out-of-school youth in PISA for Development

ABSTRACT PISA for Development (PISA-D) was a pioneering pilot project designed to make PISA, which compares the performance of 15-year-olds in school, more suitable for low- and middle-income countries. This would allow the OECD to move beyond its traditional focus on more affluent nations and to play a central role in monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals. PISA-D was declared a success by the OECD, and its most innovative feature was that, unlike PISA, its assessment included out-of-school youth (OOSY). We analyse that strand of the assessment focussing on who was assessed. We argue that the inclusion of OOSY has been misrepresented by the OECD. Building on the literature on the OECD’s sources of legitimacy and applying Suchman’s framework for analysing organisational legitimacy, we portray its shifting definitions of OOSY as a tactical move that allowed it to ensure the project’s success and resolve problems that challenged its sources of legitimacy.

Pemekaran Nagari: Transformasi Desa Adat di Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

This article discusses the changes and continuities in the structure and function of nagari, Minangkabau “traditional” village. Many scholars consider nagari as an autonomic “village republic” which was ruled by local leaders based on customary law. Even though nagari has been incorporated into the national administrative structure during colonial and post-independence of Indonesia, nagari is still regarded as the source of legitimacy on customary law. Especially in the 2000s, nagari has given more authority in the national legal system in Indonesia. In this article, I describe how nagari in Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatra is divided into smaller units. In order to get more budgets for village management from central government, local leaders and village heads chose to divide the nagari into smaller villages administratively but maintained large nagari informally as a single community bound by customary law. Interestingly, the new administrative villages are also called “nagari” and are given authority on customary law. This created a situation in which formal smaller but administrative nagari co-exists with larger yet informal nagari. What are the consequences of this dualism? By analyzing the process of nagari division, I describe how several different notions of “nagari” have developed in one village.

DAMPAK TINDAK PIDANA PENCUCIAN UANG TERHADAP EKONOMI MAKRO

Money laundering is an illegal method of generating large sums of money from criminal activities, such as drug trafficking, corruption or other criminal activities. The process of money laundering generally goes through three stages of activity, namely the placement stage, the distribution stage and the collection stage with the aim of making it appear as if it comes from a legitimate source, in order to make it look clean. The emergence of losses that are reflected in the presence of victims is the adverse impact of money laundering activities which today in fact money laundering does not only have a direct impact on the individual who is harmed but the effect will be felt on national and even global economic stability. The characteristics of the crime of money laundering must be known in advance before developing a strategy to prevent and then deal with the crime of money laundering.

A comprehensive dual-layer architecture for phishing and spam email detection

The widespread use of email communication for sharing personal, professional, and financial data has rendered it vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Detecting untrustworthy emails with minimal errors is crucial to counter these threats. This research paper focuses on classifying spam and phishing emails, commonly employed to steal confidential information by impersonating legitimate sources. The scale of such attacks is alarmingly high, causing substantial financial losses across sectors like banking, healthcare, technology, and other businesses. This research aims to classify both spam and phishing emails, addressing the limitations of existing studies that only focus on one type and consider either the email body or content for feature selection. This research incorporates features from both the email body and content during model training. The authors propose a novel approach that ensures highly accurate classification while effectively handling the common issue of data imbalance in email phishing and spam classification. The approach utilizes a dual-layer architecture, with each layer containing a trained or pre-trained model that classifies data instances into their respective classes. Layer 1 classifies the phishing class, while Layer 2 classifies the spam class. Building upon the proven effectiveness of deep learning techniques for text classification and analysis, the proposed architecture employs models like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Experimental evaluation demonstrates the approach’s remarkable accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score, achieving 99.51%, 99.68%, 99.5%, and 99.52%, respectively. This signifies its high efficacy in detecting and classifying malicious emails with minimal errors, thus holding great promise in enhancing system security against cyber-attacks in email communication.

Technologies of abjection: The possessive logics and performative sovereignty of drug dog operations in New South Wales, Australia

This article considers the alarming escalation in the use of strip-searching on the part of the New South Wales police over the past decade and its connection with street-level drug policing including drug dog operations. These strategies mobilise a technology of detection which draws police ever more intently into the orbit of the sexual and sexual violation and in ever-closer proximity to the genital, the vaginal and the anal cavities of those it forcibly produces as suspects. I am especially interested in the symbolic, spectacular, gendered and performative dimensions of these ‘devices of sexual saturation’; their opportunistic deployment to patrol minoritarian populations (Aboriginal people, young people/minors, sexual and racial minorities) and cast aspersions on their self-sovereign capacities. Framed by the law as technologies of drug detection, these operations are better conceptualised as technologies of abjection devoted to the production of violable subjects as part of brutal ongoing efforts to shore up the authority of self-asserted, stolen sovereignty. A narcofeminist lens brings these gendered dimensions of drug policing into better view. Here, the ‘possessive logics’ that Aileen Moreton-Robinson implicates in the performativity of patriarchal white sovereignty on the part of the ‘postcolonising’ Australian state find their pretext and source of legitimation in the rhetoric of drugs and the fantasised sovereign subject it maintains as a requirement for the general functioning of the law: the ‘master of her intentions and desires’, in Derrida’s words. This mobilisation of technologies of abjection under the guise of drug enforcement is part of a longer story about the racialisation of sexuality and the sexualisation of race as biopolitical trajectories that naturalise and maintain settler-colonialism and its worlds. Countering their violence entails forging new solidarities among minoritarian constituencies that articulate, affirm and reactivate the non-sovereign potentials/performatives that inhere in our mutual vulnerability and relationally-constituted capacity for endurance.

Gender communication: Gender mainstreaming and gender differences in the age of gender equality

The implementation of Gender Mainstreaming (Pengarusutamaan Gender, PUG) policies in Indonesia has had a problematic impact on the advancement of women's resources. This is due to a discrepancy between the value system from the West (secular) which is the essence of PUG policy and the value system in Indonesian society. This study was conducted to provide an explanation of the impact of PUG policy implementation in producing a transformation of women's gender identities and roles that are becoming more modern towards the phenomenon of gender communication. This study uses critical discourse analysis from Van Dijk which includes 3 (three) dimensions, namely discourse, cognition, and society, with a micro-macro and power analysis approach. This study found that there is a potential for abuse of power in the interpersonal communication practices of men and women. There are 3 things that become factors: the structure of the mind, the structure of the text (conversation), and the meaning of the message. The operation of gender differences in gender communication practices is supported by sources of legitimacy of cultural belief systems and interpretations of religious teachings. Understanding gender differences and how they operate is beneficial in equal and comfortable communication practices. Gender intelligence will form subjectivity based on the meaning of the coherence or togetherness of the relation pair.

Comparison Analysis of Baptist and Lutheran Christian Teachings on Salvation Based on the Study of the Text of Mark 16:16

Baptist and Lutheran are Christian teachings that have developed to date. Mark 16:16 is one of the Bible verses that is often used to understand the fandango of salvation in Christianity. In this research, a comparison and analysis of Baptist and Lutheran Christian interpretations of this chapter are carried out, and how this influences their view of salvation. This research will discuss how Baptist and Lutheran Christian teachings integrate Mark 16:16 into their teachings about salvation by discussing Baptist Christian teachings of understanding salvation through sanctification and Lutheran teachings of understanding salvation through faith. This study also discusses how these teachings influence the views of each teaching about sin, repentance, and the hope of salvation. By using qualitative methods with objective analysis and legitimate sources, the implications of the differences between Baptist and Lutheran Christian teachings are identified for society. This study discusses the differences in these teachings that affect relations between religions and tolerance for differences. The purpose of this research is to help readers understand the differences between Baptist and Lutheran Christian teachings and how this affects their views of salvation. It is hoped that this research can help readers understand differences in teachings and promote understanding and tolerance among Christian theologies. Therefore, this research contributes to the development of Christian theology and inter-religious discussion

An institutional perspective on fundraising by Italian YICs

ABSTRACT Young Innovative Companies have received considerable attention in the last decade in entrepreneurship and management literature. These firms need financial resources to develop but lack legitimacy in the eyes of investors. This paper empirically explores the determinants of fundraising by analysing 545 Italian innovative start-ups, as defined by the Law 221/2012. In an institutional perspective we propose a model that considers the effect of three different sources of legitimacy. Results show that team educational and professional diversity, incubation and IPRs play a significant role in legitimating the company in the fundraising process.

Charismatic Mimicry: Innovation and Imitation in the Case of Volodymyr Zelensky

Moving beyond frameworks of charisma scholarship that stress antagonism between charisma and establishment society, this article discerns and theoretically accounts for more mutualistic forms of influence between charismatic leaders and elite representatives of traditional or rational-legal institutions. Specifically, we combine contemporary work in the cultural sociology of charisma with Girard’s notion of mimesis to provide a theory of charismatic mimicry; we explain situations where, rather than opposing the charismatic leader, elites align themselves with the new sources of legitimacy being proffered by the charismatic leader. At times, these institutional elites even co-opt new charismatic protocols into their own vocabularies of leadership. We demonstrate the usefulness of our model for interpreting the case of the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky and his encounters with European leaders.

Sustainability as a Symbolic Resource at the Local Level, and Its Strategic Uses: A Study in Northern Italy

This article focuses on sustainability understood as a source of political legitimation. I explore political imaginaries and the future as a cognitive resource among two small farming communities in Northern Italy, discussing what transformation towards sustainability means at a concrete level and how this definition may be used strategically in political negotiations to access resources. Ethnographically rooted, this study uses reflexivity and researcher’s positioning as a tool to better understand the farmer’s social and cultural frameworks, related conflicts, and strategies for surviving. Rhetoric and practices about sustainability establish a symbolic resource that allows gaining new agency spaces. Temporalities regimes are examined here, in order to grasp the identity-making and the self-differentiation processes among the farmers.

Two-sided legitimation strategies: informal groups at the World Trade Organization

Abstract Who engages in legitimation strategies in global governance and why and how do they do it? This article studies the legitimation strategies and legitimacy-generating capacity of low-authority institutions, specifically informal groups within formal international organizations (IOs). It argues that informal groups seek legitimation and they can also be a source of legitimation for formal IOs. In doing so, the article makes three contributions to recent legitimation literature: 1) contra recent arguments, it shows why not only high-authority, but also low-authority institutions have special incentives to engage in legitimation; 2) it expands our understanding of the reasons why institutions engage in legitimation, showing why authority-deficits can motivate legitimation; 3) it studies legitimation strategies to show when they are likely to be audience- or agent-driven. A case-study of informal groups at the World Trade Organization yields three policy implications. First, developing countries could invest greater resources in legitimizing informal groups in order to boost their representation and voice opportunities within IOs. Second, formal IOs can increase their own legitimacy by supporting informal groups that enhance the representation of marginalized members. Third, however, to the extent that these strategies deflect pressure for formal rule changes, increasing investments in informal groups may be a long-term liability for developing countries.

Natural fiber composites as sustainable resources for emerging applications- a review

Since synthetic fibers have been polluting the environment for a long time, researchers are searching for better environmentally friendly replacements like natural fibers. Natural fibers refer to the fibers obtained from plants and animals. Natural fibers such as bamboo, hemp, jute and oil palm can potentially replace synthetic fibers to produce biodegradable and lightweight composites with improved mechanical properties. These mechanical properties can be enhanced using certain chemical modifications. Also, the morphology of these fibers can be modified using various chemical treatments that promote better mechanical interlocking. This review describes the properties of natural fibers such as jute, bamboo, oil palm, and hemp along with the latest potential applications to develop sustainability and commercial values. The production of green composites from natural fibers is a promising area, and their uses in 3D and 4D printing are also characterized here. Through this paper, we have analysed the importance of choosing a more sustainable solution like a natural fiber than opting for a non-biodegradable synthetic fiber that causes inevitable hazards to the environment and their applications. In order to improve environmentally friendly products and replace synthetic fibres with effective and affordable alternatives, this study discusses the diverse properties and most recent prospective applications of natural fibres in various commercial industries. This demonstrates that natural fibers, which are a non-polluting, safe, renewable, and legitimate source of fiber, will be widely employed for the manufacturing of composites in the upcoming years.

Building Legitimacy in the Global Political Economic Order: China’s Efforts and Its Legitimacy Challenges

This article conducts a discussion on the questions: how does global political economic order generate legitimacy? Of which, this article wishes to shed some lights on the mechanism of legitimacy construction at the international level and provides theoretical explanation of how newly growing powers participate in the current construction of the global political economic order and establish legitimacy of the global order they advocate. This article uses "legitimacy" and "global order" or "world order" or "international order" as the keywords and conducts search on datasets of Google Scholar, Jstor, Tylor &amp; Francis, Elsevier to researches since 2000 onward to gain as wide scope as possible. After screening, 17 articles are included to review the source of legitimacy. This literature review thus concludes that compellence, substantial interests, and value as three sources of legitimacy. Then this article investigates "Belt and Road Initiative" as the case and the English School of International Relations theory to provide a path of building legitimacy of the global political economic order via common interests and value shared. Furthermore, by utilising the English school's perspective, common interests and common values generate legitimacy of the order, this article also finds that China's participation in constructing and shaping global order through the "Belt and Road" Initiative encounters two major legitimacy challenges: performance challenge and value challenge. This article then argues that China needs to consider the interest convergence path and value convergence path of generating legitimacy for global order China advocates.

Money Laundering: A Review

Money laundering is a major global issue, influencing the economy of pretty much every nation including India. This term has become a buzzword nowadays. Money laundering is an illegal process of concealing the origin of the money which is obtained from unlawful activities, but this is converted and is shown to be obtained from a legitimate source. Understanding the concept of money laundering and its nature is essential to combat it. There are different types and methods that money launderers use to disguise their illicit funds. This illegal activity has the simple purpose of converting black money to white money. This is done through activities like drug trafficking, corruption, or gambling. The real estate sector as a target, is the largest, most vulnerable, and easiest sector for money laundering. To deal with this worldwide issue, countries from everywhere implemented laws and regulations and are coming up with newer techniques.