Source Of Income Generation Research Articles

PROBLEM ISSUES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF PUBLIC FINANCES DURING THE WAR

The article highlights the current issues of planning and budget development during the war, the functioning of state finances, the components of the military economy as a multi-sectoral complex, and the mechanisms of financing the military economy in modern conditions. The main modern trends in the sphere of public finances of Ukraine are considered. A comparison is made with the world experience of the functioning of military state finances. The financial consequences in the countries affected by the war are analyzed.
 Military finance is a special part of state finances, the main link of which is the military budget. The military budget is part of the State budget of the country. The article examines the world experience of the budgetary process during the war.
 The structure of military finances and its main elements are analyzed: the military budget, sources of income generation and spending, military borrowing, military purchases, finances of interstate military groups, foreign military aid, military defense orders, military levies, and others.
 The classification of military costs, which are divided into direct, indirect and hidden, is generalized. In turn, direct military expenses are divided into current and capital expenses.
 The article emphasizes that there are three main sources of funding for military spending: printing money, increasing taxes, and borrowing. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these sources of financing are analyzed. Analysis of the functioning of military finances in the leading countries of the world during the wars of the 20th century revealed the main trends. Most countries increased the tax rates of individuals, did not use the provision of state grants to support small businesses, tried to keep the share of monetary emission among sources of financing no more than 20%, used internal state borrowing to attract funds.
 Military bonds are considered as a kind of investment tool to support the state budget. Military bonds are separate issues of domestic state loan bonds from the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine during martial law. The conditions for issuing state military bonds are summarized.

EFFECT OF FoCT TRAINING ON ADOPTION OF COCONUT TREE CLIMBING DEVICE FOR HARVESTING COCONUTS

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important and versatile tree crop with diverse uses, supporting the livelihood of many farm families in the primary sector, grown in many states of India. Coconuts are known for their great versatility as evidenced by many traditional uses ranging from food to cosmetics. Assamese people prepare different types of edible items from coconut fruit in many festivals. Now, the majority of the coconut growers in Assam were facing the problems of shortage of skilled labour for nut harvesting. The traditional method of harvesting the nuts is quite risky and accident-prone. To overcome this problem, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barpeta, Assam conducted training for unemployed rural youths in collaboration with Coconut Development Board, Guwahati. The objectives of the FoCT training were to impart training to a group of unemployed youths in developing their technical skills for harvesting of coconuts, to mitigate the problem of non-availability of coconut tree climbers for coconut harvesting. The present study was conducted at KVK, Barpeta (Assam) with an attempt to know the effect of friends of coconut tree (FoCT) training on the adoption of coconut tree climbing devices. For the present study, 40 trainees were selected purposively. The majority 45% of the trainees use the coconut climbing device only for plucking of their own coconut tree followed by 35% who use the coconut climbing device as a source of income generation and 20% of trainees do not at all use the device. Among the two methods of climbing, the advanced method of coconut tree climber takes less time (3-5 minutes) to climb than the traditional method (7-10 minutes). On the other hand, among the two methods of climbing, the advanced method of coconut tree climber harvested a greater number of nuts and many numbers of harvesting trees over the traditional method.

Entrepreneurial Orientation and the Performance of the Agro-allied Enterprises in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

It is widely recognized that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the major drivers of sustainable economic growth, sources of income generation and panacea for poverty reduction in developing countries. Unfortunately, they are faced with numerous challenges that threaten their existence and survival. This precarity of small entrepreneurial organizations in entrepreneurial ecosystem has prompted widespread attention by scholars and researchers. Hence, it is critical to take into consideration examining the performance of the enterprises. This study analyzed the effect of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions, personal and institutional characteristics on the performance of small and medium agro allied enterprises. Through the multistage sampling procedure, a total of 198 SMEs were selected for the study and data were collected with the aid of questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that among the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions, only risking taking and innovativeness significantly and positively affected the performance of SMEs agro allied enterprises. Furthermore, findings showed that except for size of business which was negatively related to the growth of SMEs, educational level of entrepreneurs, managerial and business experience positively and significantly impacted on the performance of SMEs. Policies to encourage SMEs invest in risky investments and create new product and services should be pursued.

Entrepreneurial Orientation and the Performance of the Agro-allied Enterprises in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

It is widely recognized that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the major drivers of sustainable economic growth, sources of income generation and panacea for poverty reduction in developing countries. Unfortunately, they are faced with numerous challenges that threaten their existence and survival. This precarity of small entrepreneurial organizations in entrepreneurial ecosystem has prompted widespread attention by scholars and researchers. Hence, it is critical to take into consideration examining the performance of the enterprises. This study analyzed the effect of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions, personal and institutional characteristics on the performance of small and medium agro allied enterprises. Through the multistage sampling procedure, a total of 198 SMEs were selected for the study and data were collected with the aid of questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that among the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions, only risking taking and innovativeness significantly and positively affected the performance of SMEs agro allied enterprises. Furthermore, findings showed that except for size of business which was negatively related to the growth of SMEs, educational level of entrepreneurs, managerial and business experience positively and significantly impacted on the performance of SMEs. Policies to encourage SMEs invest in risky investments and create new product and services should be pursued.

A model to determine soiling, shading and thermal losses from PV yield data

Abstract Apart from being a clean source of energy, photovoltaic (PV) power plants are also a source of income generation for its investors and lenders. Therefore, mitigation of system losses is crucial for economic operation of PV plants. Combined losses due to soiling, shading and temperature in PV plants go as high as 50%. Much of these losses are unaccounted initially, which can jeopardize the economic viability of PV projects. This paper aims to provide a model to determine losses due to soiling, shading and temperature using quantities like irradiance, cell temperature, DC power and current, which are readily available in PV yield data captured by the remote monitoring system, without involving any additional sensors or equipment. In this study, soiling, shading and thermal losses were calculated using PV yield data obtained from a 30-kWp PV plant located in Kharagpur, India. The results showed soiling and shading losses as high as 25.7% and 9.7%, respectively, in the month of December. Soiling loss was verified by measuring transmittance loss of coupon glasses installed in the vicinity of the plant. Shading loss was verified by shadow simulation using an architectural tool (SketchUp). Array thermal loss obtained using the proposed methodology was found to be in line with the estimated value obtained from PVsyst simulation. Additionally, using time-series data, the energy losses corresponding to soiling, shading and temperature effects were calculated by a numerical-integration technique. The monetary loss due to these energy losses thus obtained provides criteria for deciding when to mitigate the sources of these losses.

Production trend of coffee in Nigeria: A review

The introduction of coffee into Nigeria was as far back as the 1920 s but the crop has been growing in Nigeria since the late 1890 s. Large-scale production of coffee started in the 1940 s but increased in the early to mid-1950 s. Coffee is known to be a source of income generation, adds to the socio-economic value of the household and also led to the development of the producing states especially Kogi state which is one of the major producers of Robusta coffee in Nigeria. Coffee demand is rising globally, while output in Nigeria has decreased from 1961 to 2019. This study aims to examine coffee production trends in Nigeria, factors mitigating its production and recommend possible solutions to improve the production. Previous research has showed a declining trend in coffee output, which has been linked to: poor pricing and marketing; old coffee trees; lack of training on good agricultural practices; lack of government support in the coffee sector; lack of input; climate change; lack of capital or access to credit and lack of improved technology which has led to poor productivity and abandoned farmlands. To improve coffee production; rehabilitation of old trees and implementation of improved technology should be encouraged, an improvement on processing technique that can increase the quality of the coffee thereby increasing the market value. Farmers should be given priority in terms of finance and quick access to loans.

A study on the domain of passive income strategies in architecture and how the confluence of entrepreneurship and architecture can transform the design practice

Purpose of the study: Currently, in India, there is high growth in real estate and marketing in the urban sector. Architecture as a profession is still under-recognition and it is growing albeit slowly. Hence, there is a need towards developing a more interdisciplinary approach of merging entrepreneurship with the practice of architecture and other allied disciplines to create a passive source of income generation. Previous research looked at passive income as merely a source of retirement income generation strategy. This research aims to understand how passive income can be used as a branding tool and a means of active income generator.
 Methodology: Various expert interviews were conducted to understand how passive income strategies fare in the real world and the gaps between the theory and implementation of these strategies. Successful case models, national and international, were also analysed.
 Main Findings: There is a limited understanding regarding the opportunities which a passive source of income can offer. It is merely considered an additional source of income, overlooking the branding opportunities it entails. Apart from time and money, identifying one’s strengths and skills is an important component in deciding on the kind of passive strategy one want’s to invest in.
 Implications: Passive source of income allows a person to explore a certain field and go an extra mile to analyze and choose the field to best of his/her opportunities. It is a revenue stream with one-time investment with time, money, skill and marketing which enables it as a passive and long term income. With the current generation dwelling more and more into a secondary source of income, this study may help understand the overall process undergoing a passive income strategy.

Income Sustainability Of Private Universities In A Sub-Saharan African Country: Ghana

Tertiary institutions, both public and private, play a vital role in global socio-economic development through the production of human capacity. However, an area of research that has gotten relatively little academic attention in the Ghanaian higher education milieu is private universities' strategic responses to their financial sustainability. The purpose of this study, which used an exploratory research methodology, was to examine the various sources of income generation by private universities and strategic responses adopted to sustain their financing in Ghana. With an incorporated case study design, the study used a qualitative research methodology. The main findings, which were supported by data from semi-structured interviews conducted in five private universities and documentary evidence, showed that the primary source of pressure on private tertiary institutions comes from the limited funding that prevents them from achieving their missions. The findings also showed that private universities had taken certain strategic steps to counteract the effects of their restricted funding. The options highlighted included sustaining tuition fees through an aggressive admission strategy, income diversification strategy by expanding non-traditional sources of income, commercialising, and research. For the universities, cost-cutting through increased budgetary efficiency also represented a more important strategy. Although private universities in Ghana continue to haphazardly rely on inadequate funding, the survey found that they are actively engaged in numerous varied and alternative income-generating activities in order to survive.

Soil Seed Bank Study and Propagation Methods of Selected Gums and Resin Producing Tree Species in Wachile District of Borana Zone

Gum and resin bearing tree species were one of the very important resources in Ethiopia. Particularly, Borana pastoralists were used these resources as a source of income generation for their livelihoods. However, the resource was declining over a time due to different natural and human made problems. Therefore, it is important to study for its future sustainability through soil seed bank, seed germinations, vegetative propagations and analyzing its natural regeneration status.<i> Commiphora myrrha, Boswelia neglecta, Boswellia microphylla</i> and<i> Acacia senegal</i> were gum and resin bearing tree species selected for this study. With this; soil seed bank samples were collected from under and outside the canopy of selected tree species. Five tree species of each tree were used to collect soil seed bank sample at two canopy cover and three different soil depth, and 120 soil seed bank samples were taken from all types of tree species and evaluated for its germination. Seeds of selected species were also collected and evaluated for their germination. Moreover, stems and branches of those species were cut, planted and evaluated for their sprout. As a result, the absence of seeds of those species both inside and outside the canopy of trees in all soil depth layers was confirmed. This may be due to seed losses through (fire, degradation and over grazing), improper settlement, over logging, debarking, human over use for food, improper tapping. The result of analysis of variance also showed that, seedling germination percentage, survival percentage, shoot height and root height were highly significant different at (p<0.001) among all the treatments. The observed mean value of germination percentage were 99%, 46%, 40% and 25% for <i>Acacia senegal</i>, <i>Boswellia microphylla, Boswelia neglecta </i>and<i> Commiphora myrrha </i>respectively. Thus, the seed of those species doesn’t have dormancy and all healthy and filled seeds had high germination rates. About 60% of<i> Boswellia microphylla </i>and <i>50% </i>of both<i> Commiphora myrrha</i> and<i> Boswelia neglecta</i> were sprouted in the fourth year of the studies. Hence, it is advisable to use stem propagations for any conservation purposes incase seeds of those species fail to germinate except for <i>Acacia senegal</i> as it is naturally not propagated by stem cutting. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the regenerations of those species by reducing overgrazing, avoiding burning of those species and reduce land degradations and also using seeds and vegetative propagations if any management aims for conservations.

Assessment of Alternative Energy Sources to Charcoal in NTCHEU District, MALAWI

Alternative sources of energy are highly recommended in most parts of the world including Malawi. The purpose of this study was to assess the alternative sources of energy to charcoal. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used and purposive and random sampling techniques were applied in two different stages respectively. The first phase was a selection of the village which produce and use charcoal, and the second phase was the selection of charcoal producers. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 21 and MS Excel. About three-quarters of forest cover has been depleted due to charcoal production. Results also revealed that only 32% of the respondents use alternative sources of energy: briquettes (8%), biogas (2%), solar (1%), electricity (20%), and coal (1%). In addition, 42% of the respondents produce charcoal as the main source of income while 58% have other sources of income generation. The main alternative source of energy include; energy produced from farm waste, and biogas in addition to hydroelectricity which is expensive. It is concluded that increased charcoal production and use constitutes a serious setback to transitioning to alternative sources of energy. There is a need for government and policymakers to provide favourable environment for small charcoal producers and provision of subsidies for alternative sources of energy like hydroelectricity.

Medicinal plant business in Bangladesh: Exploring the performance of supply chain actors

Since and prior to the initialization of civilizations, humankind hunted and gathered while plants and herbs were the mainstays of treatment. Like many other countries, in many rural and tribal areas of Bangladesh, people relied on nature and natural remedies to heal and prevent diseases due to the immense abundance of medicinal plants. Nonetheless, these medicinal plants are also a great source of income generation, employment creation, entrepreneurship. This study concentrated on the marketing system and value addition process by understanding market actor's performance through the efficiency of the supply chain nodes in the medicinal plants business. The constraints and possible remedies were illustrated with SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis to depict the medicinal plants' business environment. Seed suppliers were the highest value-adding actor for Tulsi ( Ocimum tenuiflorum ), while processors were the least value creator for Basok ( Justicia adhatoda ). On the other hand, lack of modern production and business techniques, financial backwardness of medicinal plant farmers, minimum or no training and extension support, unstable market price, and demand hinders the full marketing system of medicinal plants. Land suitability, input abundancy, and history of acceptance are major strengths of the medicinal plant business, while minimum support, government non-responsiveness, calamitic hazards, and poor quality inputs pose potential threats to this enterprise. However, with appropriate planning and development of a suitable environment for medicinal plant production, processing, and marketing, this sector may flourish in the long run. • Medicinal plant seed suppliers are the highest value-adding actors. • MP production and marketing are highly profitable in southern Asia. • Medicinal plants could be a potential economic crop for any country.

Distribution pattern of Rhododendron arboreum in mountainous region of India: A review for possible adaptation against the climate change and anthropogenic drivers

Rhododendron is an economically and ecologically one of the most important plants of India. Of the many species, Rhododendron arboreum Sm. is the only one to be found in the Western Ghats and in the Indian Himalayan Regions. Due to rise in temperature and change in climatic conditions, this species, like others, is also experiencing a change in its habitat. Therefore, the study of this species becomes more important as it, besides being a keystone species, is also a source of income generation to the people residing in the Indian Himalayan Regions. It is threatened not only from climate change but also from forest fire and over-exploitation. Through Habitat Niche Modelling of Rhododendron arboreum we can predict its distribution, thus helping us in understanding its future condition. This will also provide us an insight to its mitigations measures to the threats imposed by changing climate and/or over-exploitation. This review is a small effort in this direction.

HARNESSING DIGITAL AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

Agriculture in India faces an unprecedented challenge. As a signatory to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), India must end hunger by 2030. Achievement of this goal hinges on finding viable solutions to make farming a sustainable source of income generation by adopting sustainable agricultural practices. A survey of the literature reveals that digital technologies offer promising results to farmers globally. However, India lags in the adoption of digital technologies in agriculture. The paper identifies opportunities in promoting the development and adoption of digital agriculture technologies. It analyses policy interventions of the Government of India, such as Digital Agriculture and Precision Agriculture, to make the agriculture sector more sustainable in terms of economic, environmental, and societal perspectives. This research paper discusses barriers to their adoption and provides policy suggestions. It is an analytical paper based on a survey of literature that is secondary sources such as books, research articles, and policy documents, reports published by various government and non-government organizations, online databases, and discussion papers. Thematic analysis was used to identify sustainable agriculture dimensions and discover opportunities and challenges in using digital agriculture technologies.

Micro Fast Food Outfits Operations and Economic Empowerment of the People (Through Income Generation) in Calabar Urban, Cross River State, Nigeria

This study examined Micro fast food outfits operations and economic empowerment of the people through income generation in Calabar urban, Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were identified and related literature were reviewed. Data for this research were derived from a 20 items questionnaire. Survey research design was adopted for the study with 600 respondents randomly selected from Calabar urban. Data generated were presented using simple percentage analysis. The findings of the study revealed that; micro - fast food outfits operations can serve as a source of income generation to people in Calabar urban, Cross River State; micro - fast food outfits operations can serve as a source of business empowerment for the people in Calabar urban, and that, micro - fast food outfits operations relate with economic wellbeing of the people in Calabar urban, Cross River State. The study recommended that Government should create a favourable business atmosphere for fast food outfits and Micro fast food outfits operators should be motivated so that they will understand their role in economic empowerment in the State and Soft loan should be provided to micro fast food operators to enhance their operations and invest on a large scale fast food outfits operations. Keywords: Micro, outfits, operations, economic empowerment, urban dwellers, income generation. DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/76-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

Wind Energy Potential by the Weibull Distribution at High-Altitude Peruvian Highlands

Alternative sources of energy are highly recommended in most parts of the world including Malawi. The purpose of this study was to assess the alternative sources of energy to charcoal. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used and purposive and random sampling techniques were applied in two different stages respectively. The first phase was a selection of the village which produce and use charcoal, and the second phase was the selection of charcoal producers. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 21 and MS Excel. About three-quarters of forest cover has been depleted due to charcoal production. Results also revealed that only 32% of the respondents use alternative sources of energy: briquettes (8%), biogas (2%), solar (1%), electricity (20%), and coal (1%). In addition, 42% of the respondents produce charcoal as the main source of income while 58% have other sources of income generation. The main alternative source of energy include; energy produced from farm waste, and biogas in addition to hydroelectricity which is expensive. It is concluded that increased charcoal production and use constitutes a serious setback to transitioning to alternative sources of energy. There is a need for government and policymakers to provide favourable environment for small charcoal producers and provision of subsidies for alternative sources of energy like hydroelectricity.

The Role of Radio Surveillance in the Fight Against Deforestation in Rufiji, Tanzania

This paper examines the role of radio surveillance in the fight against deforestation in Rufiji, Tanzania. It presents the findings of a study that was guided by three research questions: (i) What techniques are used by radio programme producers in alerting people on the dangers of deforestation in Tanzania? (ii) How useful and helpful is forest information communicated through the radio to Rufiji community members? (iii) To what extent does the radio influence forest conservation behaviour among community members in Rufiji? Data were collected from a series of Urithi Wetu programme on TBC Taifa, and its content was analysed qualitatively to yield input that depicts the perceived role of radio surveillance. Complementary data were collected using questionnaires and focus group discussions. The findings reveal that the radio has largely failed to use instrumental surveillance function of the environment to empower community members find alternative sources of income generation and refrain from actions that are detrimental to forest conservation efforts. In fact, the findings expose the relative limitation of the success of the radio in both scope and intensity in using several techniques to make its audiences aware of impending and prevailing threats associated with TBC-Taifa tree-felling. Thus, remedial measures would include a shift in focus to solution-based programmes and integration of the views of the community members in radio programmes to optimise the impact on the target audiences.

Socio-economic status, resilience, and vulnerability of households under COVID-19: Case of village-level data in Sichuan province.

This paper investigates economic impacts of COVID-19 on households based on differences in the socio-economic status (SES). We determine the household-level effects of the COVID-19 shock using income sources, types of industries, communities’ resilience, household susceptibility, and relevant policy measures. For this purpose, we used primary data of 555 households collected through snowball sampling technique using an online survey questionnaire from different villages mostly located in Sichuan Province, China. Using step-wise binary logistic regression analysis, we estimated and validated the model. Results suggest the use of SES as a better measure for understanding the impacts of COVID-19 on different households. We find that households with low SES tend to depend more on farmland income and transfer payments from the government. Contrarily, high SES households focus more on business and local employment as sources of income generation. Poor households were less resilient and more likely to fall back into poverty due to COVID-19, while the opposite stands true for non-poor households with high SES. Based on the estimations, policies encouraging employment and businesses complemented with loans on lower interest rates are recommended, which may increase the SES, thus minimizing vulnerability and enhancing the households’ resilience towards poverty alleviation and economic shocks.

Performance analysis of stand‐alone solar photovoltaic thermal dryer for drying of green chili in hot‐humid weather conditions ofNorth‐EastIndia

AbstractIn the present study, an innovative stand‐alone solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT) dryer has been designed and tested in hot‐humid weather conditions of North‐East India for drying green chili. The electrical output of the hybrid PVT solar dryer has been utilized to operate the blower for the dryer making the system self‐sustained. A comparative analysis of the drying phenomena under the open sun and in the PVT based dryer is performed. Mathematical modeling is also done to investigate the drying kinetics of green chili for both drying conditions. Results indicate that the moisture content of 0.030 (d.b.) in the solar dryer and 0.035 (d.b.) in the open sun has been reduced for a span of 21 and 37 hr, respectively. Hybrid PVT solar dryer has achieved an average thermal efficiency of 31.37% and an average specific moisture extraction rate of 0.228 kg/kWh. The overall energy consumption for drying green chili is calculated to be 4.90 kWh/kg. Also, the overall thermal efficiency of 64.16%, thermal efficiency of 30.15%, and average electrical efficiency of 12.92% are secured. The results demonstrate the improved performance of the present PVT dryer for green chili drying in comparison to some of the conventional direct/indirect solar dryers.Practical ApplicationsThe present PVT solar dryer system can be utilized for drying the products using thermal energy produced by PVT air collector as well as generating electrical power in the decentralized off‐grid areas. Solar drying is not adequately popular in the North‐Eastern part of India due to the unavailability of solar drying systems for farmers. The agricultural products can be dried in the farming areas by installing this system. This PVT solar dryer provides a solution to the farmers for drying at zero energy cost and can be used as a source of income generation. This PVT solar drying system can be used to increase the storage life and reduce the spoilage and deterioration of agricultural commodities. Energy efficient solar drying process, high‐quality products, and faster drying rate compared to traditional drying method can be achieved with the help of using this system.

Evaluation of ecto and endo parasitic fauna of Schizothorax plagiostomus inhabitants of river Swat, Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Pakistan.

Fish is consumed as a rich and cheaper source of white meat and proteins all over the world. Fish farming is the leading source of income generation throughout the world. The present research study was conducted with aims to investigate the ecto and endo parasitic fauna of S. plagiostomus (snow trout) in River Swat. A total of 96 fish samples were collected on monthly basis from July-2018 to February-2019, from upper, middle and lower reaches. Fish samples were collected with the help of cast net, hand net and fishing rods. Local fishermen and experts help were also sought out for fish collection. 61 out of 96 fishes were found infected by helminth parasites. The total prevalence and intensity of 63.54% and 2.90 was observed respectively during data analysis. Highest monthly prevalence of 83.33% was recorded during July and August, while lowest prevalence of 33.33% was noted during February. Five species of helminths parasites were detected from S. plagiostomus, of which two were trematodes (Rhabdochona shizothoracis and Rhabdochona species), one species of Monogenia (Diplozoon paraddoxum), one species of Cestodes (Nippotaenia species), and one species of Acanthocephalan (Neoechynorhynchus devdevi). Highest parasite wise prevalence, intensity and relative density of 21.87%, 4.09 and 0.895 was noted for R. schizothoracis while the lowest prevalence, intensity and relative density of 4.16%, 1.25 and 0.052 was noted for N. devdevi. Highest infection of 76.08% was observed in adults host while lowest, 40% infestation rate was observed in young fish samples. 73.68% prevalence was observed in female hosts while only 56.90% prevalence was observed in male individuals. Higher infection (83.33%) was noticed during summer season, while lowest infection (44.44%) was observed during winter season. Similarly 71.79% fishes were found infected that were collected from lower reaches of the River Swat than the fish samples collected from upper reaches (52%).

An Analysis of Relationship Between Remittance and Inflation in Nepal: An Empirical Study

Remittance is the importance sources of income generation in the Nepal. It play vital role of the Nepalese national income as well as precipitate income. The study has analysis the role of the remittance to increase the inflation of the country. The main objective of the paper is to analysis the relationship between remittances and inflation in Nepal. In this research only secondary data were used from the different sources. The infernal statistics were used the data analysis like regression and correlation. By the applying of the regression model in difference variable result are not same. After the model fit explanatory variables like remittance, broad money supply and government expenditure has significant. The regression results suggest that that the remittances are positively associated with inflation. Like same the correlation coefficient between remittance and inflation is 0.6419. This is statistically significant at 5% level and moderate positive correlation, which means there is a tendency for high inflation with high remittance inflow.