Source Of Hazard Research Articles

Recent Advances and Challenges in the Valorization of α‐Pinene toward Value‐Added Chemicals

AbstractThe transformation of abundantly available bioresources into specialty chemicals, particularly as consumer products, remains an important pursuit in chemical research. In this sense, the valorization of bio‐oil strategies that utilize stable and easy‐to‐handle chemical entity not only creates application‐oriented products but also helps in avoiding the usage of toxic and hazardous chemical sources. Recently, the valorization of α‐pinene (readily/naturally available terpenic compounds) has been explored to prepare a wide range of processes to access perfumery products and remains fast‐growing research for industrial and societal applications. Considering the valorization of α‐pinene, challenges for the synthetic and selective preparation of perfumery chemicals are centered around the design of the catalyst and the setting up of the precise reaction conditions. Extensive research is employed using diverse catalytic approaches to utilize α‐pinene to prepare important perfumery intermediates. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art, recent advances and challenges in the utilization of α‐pinene are reviewed, emphasizing two main products, i.e., α‐campholenic aldehyde and carveol via α‐pinene oxide isomerization, and discussed the pertinent role of various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems.

The mechanism for legal regulation of business entities' tortious obligations in Ukraine

This study seeks to build a theoretical concept of the mechanism for the legal regulation of business entities' tortious obligations in Ukraine. To achieve the objective of the study described below, the following scientific cognition methods have been used: analysis, analogy, deduction, induction, synthesis, legal and historical, systematic and functional methods. The mechanism for legal regulation of business entities' tortious obligations constitutes a set of legal tools (civil law means, ways and forms), the coordinated interaction of which can regulate relations in tort. The mechanism for legal regulation of business entities' tortious obligations includes tort law provisions, jural facts, business entities' tortious obligations, exercising subjective rights and fulfilling obligations by business entities liable for torts. Based on the analysed Ukrainian legislation, the following types of business entities' tortious obligations have been distinguished: the obligation to reimburse the affected party for damages caused by the source of major hazard; the obligation of an individual and legal entity (business entity) to reimburse the affected party for damages caused by their/its employee; the obligation of a business entity to reimburse its employee for damages caused to their life and health; and the obligation to reimburse the affected party for damages caused by defective goods and services.

Ecological footprint model of heavy metal pollution in water environment based on the potential ecological risk index

Social heavy metal pollution poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals are easily adsorbed by sediments and have cumulative effects on aquatic organisms, which is different with the hypothesis of the conventional ecological footprint model that the pollutants are independently degraded by water bodies. To solve this problem, an ecological footprint for heavy metal pollution (EFHM) is constructed based on the potential ecological risk index (PERI). EFHM is defined as the sediment area to control the cumulative ecological risk of heavy metals within the allowable limit. And then, EFHM uses ecological footprint index (EFI) and ecological footprint contribution rate (EFCR) to quantify the hazard of social heavy metal load and recognize the key risk factor. EFHM is applied for assessing the heavy metal pollution of Central China. The results show that (i) the EFHM model can effectively evaluate the cumulative ecological hazards of heavy metals in sediment. (ii) The EFHM values of Central China in 2015 and 2020 are 20,764.56 and 17,358.59 km2, respectively. (iii) Compared with 2015, the EFI values of Hunan Province and Jiangxi Province in 2020 decrease from 1.53 to 0.87 to 1.23 and 0.39, respectively, both of which are improved by one grade. The EFI values of Hubei Province increases from 0.42 to 1.34, which is deteriorated by one grade. (iv) In 2020, both of the key risk factors of Hunan Province and Hubei Province are Hg, and the crucial hazard source of Jiangxi Province is Cd. (v) The mine pollution control in Central China should be further consolidated, and the wastewater treatment of electronics and machinery industries should be strengthened.

Bagasse dust exposure and chronic respiratory symptoms among workers in the Metehara and Wonji sugar factories in Ethiopia: a longitudinal study design

BackgroundEthiopia’s sugar factories are growing by creating job opportunities for thousands of workers with varying educational, professional and socioeconomic backgrounds. These sugar factories are a source of several hazards that...

ANALISIS KESEHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA BAGIAN PRODUKSI ROTI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE HAZARD AND OPERABILITY Studi Kasus : UMKM LAZIZA BAKERY & CAKE

UMKM Laziza Bakery & Cake is a company that produces various types of bread. Based on work accident data collection in this study, the company was faced with several problems in the production department, one of which was that the hands were exposed to heat from the oven. This happens due to several factors, including human factors and machine factors. the design of recommendations or proposed improvements is made based on the hazard (potential hazard) that occurs. The Hazard And Operability method aims to overcome this problem, with the hope that it can reduce the risk of work accidents at the UMKM Laziza Bakery & Cake. We can see that the hazard sources for the production machine category from the 6 production machines used have a medium risk level of 4 on mixer machines, mixing machines, packing machines, and cutting machines. For hazard sources for facility design, there are 2 factors that have a medium risk level, namely PPE posters and equipment arrangement. Then for the source of hazard the attitude of workers has a risk level extreme with the category of potential hazards caused by potential hazards (hazard) extreme risk and worksheets in the use of PPE in the work area so that workers can immediately read what are the potential hazards they will experience if not using PPE

Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Determining Control (HIRADC) Method for Shoe Cutting Dies Production

Along with high orders from customers for shoe products in apparel companies, the production department must also support productivity results. The production process has experienced several problems, including the number of work accidents and potential levels of work accidents, and the absence of safe work accident control measures in the cutting die area for the shoe production process. The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of work accidents and provide recommendations for controlling sources of hazard to reduce or eliminate the level of risk involved in the shoe molding process. The method used in this study uses the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Determining Control (HIRADC) method combined with the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method. The findings of this study have obtained data before repair with 16 hazard potentials consisting of 6 medium hazard potentials and 10 low hazard potentials. Improvements that have been made in accident risk control for each potential hazard include technical controls, administrative controls, and document controls. The results of this study resulted in a reduction in the risk of work accidents after repairs to 16 low hazard potentials and no moderate hazard potentials. So from these results, it can be concluded that the decrease in risk level from medium risk to low risk proves the success of corrective actions.

The Impact of Fireworks Noise on the Acoustic Climate in Urban Areas

New Year’s Eve is an example of a situation in which urban residents are exposed to an almost continuous and increased noise level from the impulsive sounds sources – fireworks. This custom has become a source of many controversies related to the protection of human and animal health or environmental pollution. However, current legal regulations only slightly affect the subject of noise of fireworks and its harmfulness. Currently, it does not seem possible to completely prohibit the use of fireworks in urban areas, but this does not mean that it is not possible to decrease the degree of their annoyance. The paper consists the issues of identification, analysis and assessment of impulsive noise of fireworks and acoustic climate during New Year’s Eve. Material presented refers to measurements of time series, frequency spectrum and values of noise parameters of selected fireworks. It was presented, among others, that the measured values exceed the criteria for occupational noise (LCpeak), due to the direct hazard of hearing loss, from 1.8 dB at a distance of 25 m and 6.2 dB at a distance of 15 m. Also this work discusses results of impulsive noise measurements of fireworks recorded during New Year’s Eve in years 2016–2017. Material refers to measurements at three measurement points spread over the city of Krakow. Obtained results were compared with typical noise levels for night time in urban area, indicating also the main sources of annoyance and hazard from this type of noise.

Watershed‐scale mapping of on‐site sanitation‐related environmental issue zones—Case study of Lys River (France and Belgium)

AbstractIn application of the European Water Framework Directive, the water development and management plan, Schéma d'aménagement et de gestion des eaux (Sage) for the Lys (Lily) watershed area sets out general objectives for the use, development, and quantitative and qualitative protection of water resources and aquatic environments. The Lys Sage issues include the pollution of aquatic media and a provision for reducing the impact of discharges from on‐site sanitation devices. The prioritization of public authority action on on‐site sanitation requires the definition and identification of zones with environmental issues. The objective is to identify priority areas for the rehabilitation of noncompliant on‐site sanitation devices in case of a proven risk of pollution. These zones have been identified and mapped following the development and application of a methodology based on current regulations, feedback, and an innovative approach. It is based on the risk assessment of on‐site sanitation. To do this, a hazard (source hydraulic flow) was crossed with the vulnerability of the environment (target flow impact on stream quality). In addition to vulnerability assessed by the chemical quality of watercourses, the concept of zones of ecological interest was introduced.

Dissociation and ignition of methane hydrate when in contact with typical sources of fire hazard

With their unique properties and structure, gas hydrates are a highly promising energy resource. In this research, we have experimentally studied the methane hydrate dissociation behavior when exposed to various sources of fire hazard. The experiments involved the ignition schemes most commonly identified as causes of fires: an open flame, a massive heated surface, a short circuit, and a local source of fire hazard. We have for the first time explored the impact of the following combination of the key factors on the ignition behavior: gas hydrate dissociation rate, heat flux, coverage of the free surface of the sample, gas diffusion rate, CO2 hydrate dissociation time during the combined methane hydrate and CO2 hydrate dissociation, as well as the background of the thermal field evolution in the gas hydrate. The experimental findings have become a foundation for a model predicting the critical conditions of hydrate ignition.

Проблемы оптимизации затрат на снижение риска аварий

With the development of production, the costs of investments in safety are growing, which requires the use of more efficient technologies to reduce risk. It is shown that already in the USSR in the normative legal acts they tried to take into account that safety is both a social and economic problem. The legislation of the Russian Federation implements two approaches to solving the problem of safety based on risk analysis. In accordance with the first approach, the rules are mandatory, but deviation from their requirements is allowed by a Safety Case based on a risk assessment. In the second, the rules are voluntary and the risk analysis is performed in order to justify the sufficiency of the applied safety solutions, as the absence of an unacceptable risk. The basis for comparison when establishing an acceptable risk can be the background risk created by people, the environment, property and other recipients from sources of hazard existing in the region where the hazardous production facility is located, independent of the hazardous production facility under consideration. If the risk, created by sources of hazard independent of the hazardous production facility, is higher than the risk created by the hazardous production facility itself, then further costs for its reduction do not affect the total risk of the recipient. It is shown that in this case, risk reduction decisions can be made in accordance with the ALARP principle. The purpose of applying the ALARP principle, combined with the search for new and better solutions, is to continuously identify best practices as they emerge, to ensure that they become the good practice of tomorrow. The more effective and less costly decisions made can be used to continuously improve safety standards (set of rules). In the process of quantitative risk assessment using the fault tree (FTA) and event tree (ETA), taking into account the cost of the selected safety systems and the expected damage in accordance with the ALARP principle, real optimization dependencies can be built for optimizing safety costs.

Disaster risk analysis of technological failure of industrial estate: a case study

The world has agreed on reducing disaster risks through Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030. Efforts to reduce disaster risks are one way to attain Sustainable Development Goals related to "sustainable cities and communities." The first points of disaster risk reduction priorities inscribed in the SFDRR 2015–2030 incorporate disaster risk studies. While studies on natural disaster risks have been widely conducted, non-natural (manmade) disaster risk studies are relatively scant, parti­cularly for technological failure disasters. In this paper, the author investigates the levels of technological failure disaster risks in Gresik Regency, Indonesia, one of the National Strategic Areas in East Java Province. This study employs a disaster risk analysis encompassing aspects of hazard and vulnerability through map overlays with the help of a Geo­graphical Information System (GIS) to identify areas with risks of techno­logical failure. Results illustrate that a high risk is predominantly spread in areas with high hazards, which is 60 m radius of the industrial area. The findings in this study may help shed light on the hazards that may arise due to technological failures that span not only around the source of hazard, i.e., the industrial areas, but also beyond them, and also conclude that the higher the disaster risk is, the higher the vulnerability of an area will be.

Multi-decadal observations in the Alps reveal less and wetter snow, with increasing variability

Snowpack is an important temporal water storage for downstream areas, a potential source of natural hazards (avalanches or floods) and a prerequisite for winter tourism. Here, we use thousands of manual measurements of the water equivalent of the snow cover (SWE) from almost 30 stations between 1,200 and 2,900 m a.s.l. from four long-term monitoring programs (earliest start in 1937) in the center of the European Alps to derive daily SWE based on snow depth data for each station. The inferred long-term daily SWE time series were analyzed regarding spatial differences, as well as potential temporal changes in variability and seasonal averages during the last 7 decades (1957–2022). The investigation based on important hydro-climatological SWE indicators demonstrates significant decreasing trends for mean SWE (Nov-Apr) and for maximum SWE, as well as a significantly earlier occurrence of the maximum SWE and earlier disappearance of the continuous snow cover. The anomalies of mean SWE revealed that the series of low-snow winters since the 1990s is unprecedented since the beginning of measurements. Increased melting during the accumulation period below 2000 m a.s.l is also observed–especially in the most recent years–as well as slower melt rates in spring, and higher day-to-day variability. For these trends no regional differences were found despite the climatological variability of the investigated stations. This indicates that the results are transferable to other regions of the Alps.

Solar wind with Hydrogen Ion charge Exchange and Large-Scale Dynamics (SHIELD) DRIVE Science Center

Most stars generate winds and move through the interstellar medium that surrounds them. This movement creates a cocoon formed by the deflection of these winds that envelops and protects the stars. We call these “cocoons” astrospheres. The Sun has its own cocoon, the heliosphere. The heliosphere is an immense shield that protects the Solar System from harsh, galactic radiation. The radiation that enters the heliosphere affects life on Earth as well as human space exploration. Galactic cosmic rays are the dominant source of radiation and principal hazard affecting space missions within our Solar System. Current global heliosphere models do not successfully predict the radiation environment at all locations or under different solar conditions. To understand the heliosphere’s shielding properties, we need to understand its structure and large-scale dynamics. A fortunate confluence of missions has provided the scientific community with a treasury of heliospheric data. However, fundamental features remain unknown. The vision of the Solar wind with Hydrogen Ion charge Exchange and Large-Scale Dynamics (SHIELD) DRIVE Science Center is to understand the nature and structure of the heliosphere. Through four integrated research thrusts leading to the global model, SHIELD will: 1) determine the global nature of the heliosphere; 2) determine how pickup ions evolve from “cradle to grave” and affect heliospheric processes; 3) establish how the heliosphere interacts with and influences the Local Interstellar Medium (LISM); and 4) establish how cosmic rays are filtered by and transported through the heliosphere. The key deliverable is a comprehensive, self-consistent, global model of the heliosphere that explains data from all relevant in situ and remote observations and predicts the radiation environment. SHIELD will develop a “digital twin” of the heliosphere capable of: (a) predicting how changing solar and LISM conditions affect life on Earth, (b) understanding the radiation environment to support long-duration space travel, and (c) contributing toward finding life elsewhere in the Galaxy. SHIELD also will train the next-generation of heliophysicists, a diverse community fluent in team science and skilled working in highly transdisciplinary collaborative environments.

Aligning the Sharp End and The Blunt End in Construction Projects: Planning for Safety as Case

Purpose: The construction industry is one of the most hazardous work sectors in Norway according to Statistics Norway. The purpose of this study was to study planning at various levels of construction projects, including planning of lifting operations, to assess how safety can be optimised.
 Methodology: This qualitative interview study was based on a thorough review of safety literature. Fifteen interviews were conducted with workers in the sharp and blunt end, i.e., close to, or removed from, hazard sources on construction projects. The participants in this study were skilled workers, construction supervisors, and managers.
 Findings: The current study found that proactive planning is crucial for safety. The current study also investigated the cruial role of project management as an important factor for safety. It was also identified that project management is a key in setting and maitaining safety in construct projects. However, this is dependent on communication and co- operation and alignment of the sharp end and the blunt end in projects.
 Originality: The current study goes into deep in construction projects and demonstrating the importance of close link between planning and execution and identifies prerequistes for good social interaction and thereby taking care of the safety.

LOGICAL METHODS OF FORECASTING ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE HANDLING OF TECHNOSPHERE OBJECTS

The relevance of research in the field of environmental protection, ensuring the environmental safety of the life support of settlements, incl. construction and urban economy, as well as energy and resource saving, rational, eco-nomical, careful use of natural resources is predetermined by the modern course of the Russian state and society to-wards sustainable socio-economic development. The purpose of this study was the formation of necessary and suffi-cient conditions, predictive parameters and indicators of the transition of the life support system of technosphere ter-ritories to a resource-saving technological mode of environmentally safe life. To achieve this goal, for the first time the methods of logical and mathematical analysis were applied, which, according to the author's intention, implement the function of transition from the managerial and organizational and technical formulation of the problem to its mathematical formalization. The paper uses a new conceptual author's approach to the identification of technosphere objects not as sources of environmental and sanitary hazard, but as resource and raw material components of the re-production of material goods, taking into account the implementation of the strategic tasks of preserving the non-renewable strategic reserve of natural resources of the Russian Federation, protecting the population, components of natural environment and territories from unfavorable technospheric factors and environmental threats, possible emergency situations of a man-caused nature. Based on the results of the research, the paper solves the problem of logical analysis and forecasting of the parameters of environmentally safe life on the basis of resource-saving princi-ples of re-use of construction and other products that have completed their service life, were in use. The results of the work can be used in the formation of strategies, concepts, programs for sustainable socio-economic, environmental, industrial-technological, scientific and technical development of various sectors of the economy, municipalities and regions based on the transition to a resource-saving technological mode of environmentally safe life support for terri-tories.

Likelihood of Primary Surface Faulting: Updating of Empirical Regressions

Abstract Surface faulting is a common phenomenon for crustal earthquakes and is an important source of localized hazard to buildings and infrastructure. Nevertheless, not all earthquakes of a given magnitude generate surface faulting. To correctly assess the hazard posed by surface fault displacement, it is critical to use reliable regressions of the likelihood of surface faulting. Such regressions are derived from empirical data and the ones currently used in engineering practice are based on datasets acquired several years ago. The aim of this work is to update the regressions characterizing the likelihood of primary surface faulting (i.e., P(Slip|m)). We systematically analyze Mw≥5.5 earthquakes that occurred in 1992–2018, with hypocentral depths lower than 20 km and epicenter onshore. We obtain information on the occurrence or non-occurrence of primary surface faulting for 363 earthquakes (87 with primary surface faulting and 276 without). We derive empirical regressions of P(Slip|m) from the entire dataset as well as for normal, strike-slip, and reverse earthquakes, and discuss the potential sources of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. A sensitivity analysis shows that the P(Slip|m) term has a significant impact on the hazard curve expressed as the annual frequency of exceeding a given displacement value. We argue that the regressions presented in this work can be incorporated in models for probabilistic fault displacement hazard assessment, ultimately providing a better evaluation of the hazard.

Distribution Characteristics of the Geoelectric Field in Waste Dump Slopes during the Evolution of Instability Sources under Rainfall Conditions

To study the evolution of geological hazard sources of waste dump slopes under rainfall conditions, a physical model of a rainfall-affected slope was designed. The apparent resistivity of the slope rock and soil mass at different rainfall times was measured via the high-density resistivity method, and the formation process of internal disaster sources of the rainfall-affected slope was obtained. The variation characteristics of the resistivity of the rain-affected slope were analyzed when it had a weak surface and crack development. Based on the three-water model and Maxwell conductivity formula, the evolution process of geological hazard sources of the rainfall-affected slope was summarized. A resistivity response mechanism equation for rainfall-induced slope hazard sources was derived and compared to the Archie formula, verifying the model rationality. The test results showed that the behavior of the rainfall-affected slope conforms to the saturated–unsaturated dynamic cycle process. The apparent resistivity was positively correlated with the development of slope pores and cracks and negatively correlated with the water content in the slope. The apparent resistivity increased during fracture development and decreased during water seepage. In the slope failure and disaster process, the apparent resistivity varies under the coupling effect of crack development and water seepage. During the formation of geological hazard sources, the apparent resistivity abruptly changes and fluctuates. Therefore, according to the abrupt changes and abnormal fluctuations in the apparent resistivity detected, the development of geological hazard sources of slopes can be determined.

Risk Chain Mining of Hazard Sources in Metro Operation System Safety: A New Method to Mine and Control Risk for Safety Management

With the promotion of the major strategy of national transportation power, the super-large-scale metro operation network has become an inevitable trend, and operation safety has become increasingly prominent. Metro operation dispatch logs and accident reports were taken as the research object, the hazard sources were efficiently and accurately identified, the risk chains of hazard sources were mined, and the risk evolution mechanism was revealed. Firstly, the transportation lexicon was constructed to improve the accuracy of word segmentation, the text features were extracted based on the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) algorithm, and the key eigenvalues were mined to identify the key hazard sources. Secondly, pattern matching was used to extract explicit causality, and the Self-Attention BiLSTM extracted implicit causality and integrated event trigger word position identification to enhance the effectiveness of implicit causality extraction. Finally, an example was given to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the model, the experiments showed that the F value of extraction effect was increased by nearly 10%, the extraction accuracy was 87.53%, the identification of operational hazard sources was more accurate, and the visualization of risk evolution law was realized.

Use of Euphorbia balsamifera Extract in Precursor Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles for Efficient Removal of Bromocresol Green and Bromophenol Blue Toxic Dyes.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are attracting great attention for their use in various applications, along with methods for their green and facile production. In this study, we present a new eco-friendly approach based on the use of Euphorbia balsamifera extract (EBE) in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), which are then applied as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the efficient removal of water-based reactive dyes such as bromocresol green (BCG) and bromophenol blue (BPB). The as-prepared Ag-NPs are quasi-spherical in shape, with an average diameter of 20-34 nm. Diverse characterization methods, including X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, were used to analyze these Ag-NPs. The results reveal that water-soluble biomolecules in the Euphorbia balsamifera extract play an important role in the formation of the Ag-NPs. The removal of toxic dyes was studied under varied operational parameters such as Ag-NP dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, stirring time, and temperature. Under the optimum investigated conditions, nearly 99.12% and 97.25% of the bromocresol green and bromophenol blue dyes, respectively, were removed. Both BCG and BPB adsorption were found to adhere to pseudo-second-order kinetics (r22 = 1 and 0.995) and fit the Langmuir isotherm models well (R12 = 0.998 and 0.994), with maximal monolayer adsorption capacities of 20.40 and 41.03 mg/g, respectively. Their adsorption processes were observed to be intrinsically endothermic. The results confirm the potential of the Euphorbia balsamifera extract as a low-cost, nontoxic, and eco-friendly natural resource for the synthesis of Ag-NPs that may be useful in the remediation of hazardous dye-contaminated water sources.

Dynamic Monitoring System of Oil Pipeline Leakage for Oil and Gas Safety

The conventional oil pipeline leakage dynamic monitoring system has the problem of imperfect risk assessment link, which leads to the long alarm response time of the system. An oil and gas safety oriented oil pipeline leakage dynamic monitoring system is designed. Hardware part: select MLLD sensor as voltage acquisition device, and connect RS-485 serial standard bus and other circuit devices. Software part: identify the leakage hazard source of oil pipeline, capture the corresponding characteristic points of leakage negative pressure wave, determine the location of leakage point, build the risk assessment model based on oil and gas safety theory, design the safety management function of dynamic monitoring system software, and clarify the potential safety hazards of oil and gas pipeline. Experimental results: the average alarm response time of the oil pipeline leakage dynamic monitoring system based on data mining in this paper and the other two systems are 95.746s, 122.026s and 122.426s respectively, which proves that the oil pipeline leakage dynamic monitoring system integrating oil and gas safety theory has a higher value.