Funding Source Research Articles

Sustainable Energy Sources and Financial Development Nexus—Perspective of European Union Countries in 2013–2021

The focus of this paper is the relationship between sustainable energy sources and financial development. The main research hypothesis assumes a positive link between these areas, with inevitable differences across countries and business sectors. The following research questions were asked: Is the impact of financial development on sustainable energy resources the same in different EU countries advanced in green transition processes? How is transition towards renewable energy sources progressing in different economic sectors? Does financial development influence sectoral transition in particular countries? This study uses the TOPSIS method and 25 variables for EU countries from 2013 to 2021. Key findings reveal that the link between sustainable energy sources and financial development varies across EU countries, country size affects energy autonomy, and the transition also differs by business sector. Surprisingly, higher financial development correlates with less progress in sustainable energy initiatives. The results of our research may be useful for government decision-makers in the process of designing and controlling the country’s transition to sustainable energy. The original contribution of the study is expressed in its the diagnosis of the relationship between financial development and sustainable energy sources, while most studies have focused on the relationship between the energy market and financial development.

Sustainable Energy Sources and Financial Development Nexus—Perspective of European Union Countries in 2013–2021

The focus of this paper is the relationship between sustainable energy sources and financial development. The main research hypothesis assumes a positive link between these areas, with inevitable differences across countries and business sectors. The following research questions were asked: Is the impact of financial development on sustainable energy resources the same in different EU countries advanced in green transition processes? How is transition towards renewable energy sources progressing in different economic sectors? Does financial development influence sectoral transition in particular countries? This study uses the TOPSIS method and 25 variables for EU countries from 2013 to 2021. Key findings reveal that the link between sustainable energy sources and financial development varies across EU countries, country size affects energy autonomy, and the transition also differs by business sector. Surprisingly, higher financial development correlates with less progress in sustainable energy initiatives. The results of our research may be useful for government decision-makers in the process of designing and controlling the country’s transition to sustainable energy. The original contribution of the study is expressed in its the diagnosis of the relationship between financial development and sustainable energy sources, while most studies have focused on the relationship between the energy market and financial development.

The Pivotal Role of Auditor in the Arena of Corporate Governance: - Acritical Analysis in Light of Accounting Fraud

Corporate governance is the system where policies and rules are enforce by statutory body to manage the transparency, security and accountability in the organization. Basically principles of corporate governance are the recognized of its major sources of funding for business purpose like as shareholder and stakeholder.

Financing practices of labeled startups

The research investigates the formal and informal financing practices utilized by labeled startups in Algeria, emphasizing their essential role in economic development. Despite the recent dynamism observed in the Algerian startup ecosystem, these enterprises face substantial growth challenges due to limited access to financing, a critical factor for their success. To address this issue, a study was conducted involving 129 owners of labeled startups as of June 2023, employing a questionnaire for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. The findings confirm the prevalence of personal financing/love money as the dominant source of funding, with venture capital also identified as a significant financing method. Additionally, 28% of startups resorted to informal financing practices due to inadequate bank financing and difficulties in accessing other funding sources. The study also reveals that support structures have no significant impact on startup financing. This research provides valuable insights into the financing challenges faced by labeled startups and offers directions for future, more comprehensive research.

The Swiss National MD-PhD Grants Programme: an analysis of the career trajectories of grant recipients between 1992 and 2021.

The aim of this study is to provide an analysis of the career trajectory of the recipients of a Swiss National MD-PhD grant thirty years after the creation of the Swiss interuniversity MD-PhD programme. The study surveyed 277 recipients of a Swiss National MD-PhD grant using an online questionnaire in April 2022. There were twenty questions about participants' demographics, the duration of their MD-PhD training, their career trajectory, current position, research and clinical activity, the impact of the support on the recipients' careers, and their satisfaction with various aspects of the grant. The study showed that 141 out of the 277 grant recipients contacted returned the survey (51% response rate). The gender distribution of the participants was 33% women, 63% men, 4% unknown, which is almost the same as that of all grantees (35% women, 65% men). One hundred and fourteen (81%) respondents had completed their MD-PhD thesis and were graduates, while 27 (19%) were still MD-PhD students. The mean duration of the MD-PhD training was 4.27 years, with a slight upward trend over time. A large proportion of graduates, 81%, remained scientifically active after the grant, most of them in academic settings. Of the grantees who had completed their MD-PhD at least eight years before the survey, 55% had a paid research position with 40% combining research and clinical roles, and 15% doing research only. Seventy-six per cent remained clinically active, 54% occupied leadership positions, and 25% were professors. Most grantees believed that the grant had had a positive impact on their career trajectory. The main challenges included a delay in clinical training, a limited number of clinical positions with dedicated research time after the MD-PhD period, and sub-optimal recognition by hospital hierarchies. The data collected for this study confirm that the competitive Swiss National MD-PhD Grants Programme excels in supporting promising physician scientists who remain active in both research and clinical contexts in the long term. The individual grants are perceived as a distinction that acts as the basis for a successful career in academic medicine. Continued support and alternative funding sources, however, will be essential to ensure the programme's sustainability.

A review of authorship in herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) research conducted in low-income and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2020

IntroductionEquitable inclusion of low-income and middle-income country (LMIC) researchers and women in research authorship is a priority. A review of progress in addressing WHO-identified priorities provided an opportunity to examine...

Determinants of Share Prices of Agriculture Listed Firms

The stock market plays an important role in economic development by promoting capital formation and enhancing economic growth. The stock market is among the main sources of financing in the critical sector of the economy. Trading of securities on the Zimbabwe stock exchange facilitates savers and users of capital by fund pooling, risk sharing and transferring wealth. One of the important sectors of the Zimbabwean economy devoid of adequate financing is the agricultural sector. This sector has been experiencing several challenges over the period 2002 -2022 mostly from lack of sustainable finance especially from private investment. It is assumed that lack of funding is due to volatility of stock prices. The objective of the study is to analyze different factors affecting share price of agriculture sector listed firm on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange using the panel regression model. Based on the random effect the study established that share prices are determined by earnings per share, price earnings ratio and return on equity positively impacts stock prices in Zimbabwe. The government should control inflation to ensure price stability to aid in easy financial planning. Further the governments should promote agricultural growth initiatives and strategies which would stimulate demand for agricultural oriented stocks.

Publication Bias in Clinical Trials in Cataract Therapies: Implications for Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Publication Bias in Clinical Trials in Cataract Therapies.

Evidence-based decision-making is generally based on published evidence. Therefore, if the published evidence is biased, so will the decision-making. One possible bias is the "positive-results" publication bias. This study attempts to characterize this phenomenon in cataract therapy trials. Studies were categorized as "positive" if their results were congruent with the hypothesis and "negative" if not. Secondary outcomes included the influence of funding source and differences in publication metrics between "positive" and "negative" publications. The US NLM Clinical Trials database was reviewed for cataract trials, yielding 248 trials. Trials with less than 2 treatment arms, less than 5 participants, or insufficient reporting were excluded. Data was collected on intervention, treatment arms, funding type, publication rates, citation rate, and the impact factor/H-index of journals. Of the 132 trials included, there were 69 positive and 63 negative results. Publication rate for positive results (71%) was significantly greater than negative results (17%), (p<0.01), with no significant difference in the other publication metrics. In conclusion, "negative" result trials are published less frequently, but are equally valued, if published. There are implications for evidence-based medicine with these findings.

Implementation of the Rantang Kasih Program in Ensuring the Welfare of Poor Elderly Alone

The elderly are a vulnerable group who cannot carry out productive activities in their lives. Decreased physical condition, loss of social influence and function, and increased dependence on others, encourage the Elderly group as a target in social protection programs. Social protection serves as a guardian of the welfare of the elderly from poverty and hunger. The Rantang Kasih Program of Banyuwangi Regency is a food program for the elderly. This research aims to explain how the implementation of the Rantang Kasih policy/program in Pengatigan Village, Rogojampi District, Banyuwangi Regency. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. It was carried out for one month (May) by involving village officials and program target communities as informants, and literature study activities. This research is measured by Merilee S. Grindle's policy implementation theory. The results showed that the implementation of the Rantang Kasih program in Pengatigan Village in the year used funding sources from the Pengatigan Village budget (APBDes). The amount/ration of rantang food is once a day, the food is made from stalls closest to the homes of the elderly program recipients, and delivered by village officials and / or stall managers. The implementation of the Rantang Kasih program in Pengatigan Village has been in accordance with the guidelines regulated through the Regent Regulation.

Biodiversity Offset Mechanisms and Compensation for Loss from Exceptional to Popular: Rediscovering Environmental Law

The use of compensatory mechanisms for biodiversity conservation, also known as biodiversity offsets, has increased significantly in recent decades. The Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework mentions them as an innovative scheme in support of substantially and progressively increasing the level of financial resources for biodiversity conservation. This article traces the origin of compensatory mechanisms in international environmental law and their development in transnational biodiversity governance. The article points to the shifts in the application of the biodiversity offsets: from the context of wetlands to other habitats and ecosystems; from its use in intergovernmental conventions to an increasing number of transnational (business) networks; and from an instrument of last resort to a source of additional funding for biodiversity conservation. In the evolution, compensatory mechanisms have been decoupled from their original purpose as an exceptional mitigation measure and a strong focus of environmental law on the preventive function. The increased rhetoric of commitment to no net loss, net gain, restoration, and the mitigation hierarchy has not been matched by an improved status of wetlands and other ecosystems. The processes within the biodiversity conventions (Ramsar and CBD) have accepted an ongoing destruction of nature and limited the role of environmental law to minimizing harmful impacts on nature and consolidating the decline, rather than shaping socio-ecological outcomes. An ambiguous position about the spread of compensatory mechanisms has been part and parcel of this; biodiversity conventions have neither endorsed nor distanced themselves from the application, promotion, and justification of compensatory mechanisms. To maintain the integrity of environmental law, the rules that prevent biodiversity loss need to be emphasised and enforced.

Sources of funding and performance of microfinance institutions over the life cycle

Microfinance institutions (MFIs) typically rely on both commercial sources of funding like equity, debt, and deposits, and non-commercial sources, such as donations and grants. Profit incentive theory predicts that commercial sources of funding positively impact performance regardless of the life-cycle stage of an MFI. Life cycle theory proposes that the sources of funding and the performance outcomes associated with those sources vary by life cycle stage. We test both of these theories using an 18-year global MFI data set. We find evidence of an interplay between profit incentive and life cycle theories as equity funding is positively associated with financial and social performance metrics, but only in mature MFIs. Grant funding is negatively associated with financial performance and positively associated with operating expenses over the entire MFI life cycle. The findings suggest that analyses of funding should consider the lifecycle and that policymakers should expect variation in MFI performance across both the lifecycle and by funding source.

Reporting of Participant Race and Ethnicity in Cerebrovascular Randomized Controlled Trials

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide information on appropriate management protocols in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Despite growing evidence of race and ethnicity being independent predictors of outcomes, recent literature has drawn attention to inadequate reporting of these demographic profiles across RCTs. To our knowledge, the adherence to reporting race and/or ethnicity in cerebrovascular RCTs remains undescribed. Our study describes trends in the reporting of race and/or ethnicity across cerebrovascular RCTs. Web of Science was searched to identify the top 100-cited cerebrovascular RCTs. Additional articles were retrieved from guidelines issued by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the management of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess for factors influencing reporting of race/ ethnicity. 65% of cerebrovascular RCTs lacked reporting of participant race and/ or ethnicity. Multivariate regression revealed that studies from North America had a 14.74- fold higher odds (95% CI: 4.574- 47.519] of reporting race/ ethnicity. Impact factor of the journal was associated with a 1.007-fold odds of reporting race/ ethnicity [95% CI: 1.000- 1.013]. Reporting of race and/or ethnicity did not increase with time, or vary according to the number of participating centers, median number of study participants, source of funding or category of RCT. Among RCTs that reported race, Blacks and Asians were underrepresented compared to Whites. 65% of prominent cerebrovascular RCTs lack adequate reporting of participant race/ ethnicity. Reasons for inadequate reporting of these variables remain unclear and warrant additional investigation.

Reporting of Participant Race and Ethnicity in Cerebrovascular Randomized Controlled Trials

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide information on appropriate management protocols in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Despite growing evidence of race and ethnicity being independent predictors of outcomes, recent literature has drawn attention to inadequate reporting of these demographic profiles across RCTs. To our knowledge, the adherence to reporting race and/or ethnicity in cerebrovascular RCTs remains undescribed. Our study describes trends in the reporting of race and/or ethnicity across cerebrovascular RCTs. Web of Science was searched to identify the top 100-cited cerebrovascular RCTs. Additional articles were retrieved from guidelines issued by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the management of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess for factors influencing reporting of race/ ethnicity. 65% of cerebrovascular RCTs lacked reporting of participant race and/ or ethnicity. Multivariate regression revealed that studies from North America had a 14.74- fold higher odds (95% CI: 4.574- 47.519] of reporting race/ ethnicity. Impact factor of the journal was associated with a 1.007-fold odds of reporting race/ ethnicity [95% CI: 1.000- 1.013]. Reporting of race and/or ethnicity did not increase with time, or vary according to the number of participating centers, median number of study participants, source of funding or category of RCT. Among RCTs that reported race, Blacks and Asians were underrepresented compared to Whites. 65% of prominent cerebrovascular RCTs lack adequate reporting of participant race/ ethnicity. Reasons for inadequate reporting of these variables remain unclear and warrant additional investigation.

The role of gold in terrorism: Risk aversion or financing source?

Based on the perspective of terrorism, this study uses a bootstrap full-sample causality test and sub-sample rolling window estimations to explore the risk aversion capability and terrorist financing capability of gold's time-varying dimension. The results suggest that terrorist incidents (defined by the number of terrorist attacks) and terrorist brutality (measured by the number of fatalities produced by terrorist attacks) are important factors in explaining changes in gold prices, but their effects differ. With extensive media coverage, the cause of investors' panic has changed from terrorist incidents to terrorist brutality. The results from some sub-sample periods support the capital asset pricing model by showing that terrorist attacks push up gold prices through a “terror premium.” Considering reverse causality, gold price can be used as an early warning of terrorist attacks, but its terrorist financing function is not yet proven. In the context of increasingly serious terrorism, studying the interaction mechanism between terrorist attacks and gold prices can help investors reasonably plan investments and provide insights for the government on combatting terrorism and maintaining world peace.

Clan culture and corporate cash holdings: Are private companies supported by informal institutions?

In this paper, we empirically examine whether clan culture in China, an extant informal institution established 2000 years ago, affects corporate cash holdings. We use city-level pedigree density as a proxy for clan culture and find that private firms deeply entrenched in clan culture are less likely to hold cash. Our results hold after a series of robustness tests, including instrumental variable regression, alternative measures, and controlling for other influencing factors. Mechanism tests demonstrate that in places with strong clan culture, the cash holdings of private firms are less sensitive to the volatility of operating cash flow, and those non-state-owned enterprises are more likely to obtain alternative financing sources and less likely to carry out high-risk activities. Cross-sectional analyses show that the negative relationship between clan culture and corporate cash holdings is more prominent for firms located in areas with lower marketization or worse economic development. Furthermore, under the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic, firms with strong clan culture enjoy faster growth in trade credit rather than in interest-bearing liabilities. Overall, our findings provide evidence for the existence of sociocultural determinants of corporate cash holding decisions, as they demonstrate that clan culture secures corporate operations and thus reduces the precautionary motives for holding cash.

Challenges faced by the pre start ups in hilly areas of Uttarkhand

Abstract Start-ups is not the new terminology used now a days in India as there are tremendous number of start-ups are blooming in each and every small corners of villages and towns of India and Uttarkahand. The small Hilly state is also not far behind its performance in the star-up enterprises. Start ups means the new business started with some new ideas which are innovative and full of creativity. The start ups are those business units which are initially started with the financial help of their family, friends, relatives, acquaintances and through the government financial schemes mainly formulated for assisting the start up business units. Later on these start ups can grow their business with the financial help taken from the angel investors and from any other sources of finance. There are mainly three stages have been found for the business entrepreneurs such as existence, survival and success. This first stage is called the pre start up and second and third as start up. This paper states the present status and the problems faced by the pre start-ups of Uttarakhand to mobile towards start up and scale up their enterprises This paper also explain the suggestive measures to reduce these hindrances in order to enhance their scale of production and sale. Key Words: start up, scalable business, pre start up, challenges etc.

CHALLENGES RELIGIOUS TELEVISION, BETWEEN BUSINESS AND DA’WAH: STUDY OF TV9 NAHDLATUL ULAMA INDONESIA

Television has the advantage that it is audio-visual (seen and heard), it can depict reality and also present events that are happening. TV9 Nahdlatul Ulama is a television station based on religious values. This TV was founded by the largest religious organization in Indonesia. As an economic institution, television is not only used as a means to spread organizational ideologies, but also takes into account business aspects to do well. This study aims to examine the performance of a religious television station amidst the intense competition in the television industry in Indonesia, and how media performance is affected by financial sources. By conducting in-depth interviews with key informants and direct observation, this research found that TV9 practices management principles in media management, even though there are several considerations for Nahdlatul Ulama management, TV9 involves personnel from Nahdlatul Ulama members in aspects of its management so that ideological transformation can run well. From the aspect of broadcast media performance, TV9 benefits from the very large mass base of Nahdlatul Ulama members in Indonesia. TV9 focuses on including Kiayi and Bunyai as inspiration for television program design and also includes Islamic boarding schools. In the culture of NU, Kiayi and Bunyai have a strategic position in the religious tradition of Nahdlatul Ulama.

CHALLENGES RELIGIOUS TELEVISION, BETWEEN BUSINESS AND DA’WAH: STUDY OF TV9 NAHDLATUL ULAMA INDONESIA

Television has the advantage that it is audio-visual (seen and heard), it can depict reality and also present events that are happening. TV9 Nahdlatul Ulama is a television station based on religious values. This TV was founded by the largest religious organization in Indonesia. As an economic institution, television is not only used as a means to spread organizational ideologies, but also takes into account business aspects to do well. This study aims to examine the performance of a religious television station amidst the intense competition in the television industry in Indonesia, and how media performance is affected by financial sources. By conducting in-depth interviews with key informants and direct observation, this research found that TV9 practices management principles in media management, even though there are several considerations for Nahdlatul Ulama management, TV9 involves personnel from Nahdlatul Ulama members in aspects of its management so that ideological transformation can run well. From the aspect of broadcast media performance, TV9 benefits from the very large mass base of Nahdlatul Ulama members in Indonesia. TV9 focuses on including Kiayi and Bunyai as inspiration for television program design and also includes Islamic boarding schools. In the culture of NU, Kiayi and Bunyai have a strategic position in the religious tradition of Nahdlatul Ulama.

An Empirical Analysis on the Effect of Taxpayers' Educational Level and Marital Status Factor on Their Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Taxes

The primary source of funding for government expenditures is taxation. For this reason, it is crucial to understand what influences taxpayers' attitudes and behaviors about taxes and tax evasion. The reasons why taxpayers pay taxes or why they do not pay taxes can be brought to the desired level with the help of measures to be taken by the tax administration with the correct determination of these factors. This study is discussed within the framework of the positive or negative effects of taxpayers' personal situations on their attitudes and behaviours towards taxes. In this context, the attitudes and behaviours of taxpayers towards taxes are affected by many demographic variables. The study includes the findings of the research conducted by face-to-face surveys with 525 taxpayers operating in Istanbul. In this context, various analyses were applied with T-tests and ANOVA tests by taking into account the factors of education level and marital status of taxpayers. According to the findings of the study, it is concluded that marital status is a significant demographic variable regarding attitudes and behaviours towards taxes. Additionally, various differences have been identified in the attitudes and behaviours of taxpayers towards taxes in terms of educational level.

HRD Conducts Research Using Public Sector Banks and Private Sector Banks

The banking sector, which is reliant on the health of the public, was discussed in this article. Only people use its services, and they are also the only ones who directly influence productivity. Up until 1969, banking was still in some ways a traditional enterprise. when the Indian government took over major banks. Banks became a powerful force for social change after being nationalized and ceased to be the sole source of finance for industry. The assertion that the banking industry is increasing astronomically is supported by additional proof in the form of statistics. The Indian banking industry needs to be governed by banking professionals if it is to profit from the sector on a global scale. The goal of the study is to look at four important factors that have a big impact on how the banking industry develops in private sector banks: selection and recruitment policies, training, performance appraisal, and compensation. For this descriptive and exploratory analysis, the researcher used a standard random sampling technique. In the study, employee impressions of the HRD environment in the two largest banks are assessed. Additionally, it looks to examine if bank employees working for public and private sector banks have different perspectives on each facet of the HRD climate. The HRD climate is divided into three categories: General Climate, OCTAPACE, and HRD Mechanisms. 200 employees submitted the primary data using a standardized questionnaire with 40 items. KEY WORDS Performance review, bank employees, private banks, and methods of human resource management.