Source Of Drinking Water Supply Research Articles

Sanitary and biological condition of open sources is a determining factor in the reconstruction of elements of water supply systems

The results of the analysis of monitoring data of the Kuibyshev reservoir, as a source of domestic and drinking water supply, for the period 2000-2018 are presented. It has been established that in summer, during the period of massive development of cyanobacteria, biological pollution of the reservoir is observed, the quality of water deteriorates in terms of smell, color, pH, and dissolved oxygen content. During the period of deterioration in the quality of water in the water supply source in large Volga cities, problems arise in purifying natural water to meet the requirements of the drinking water supply of the population. To solve the problem, recommendations have been developed to improve the technological scheme for purifying Volga water from organic and toxic substances.

Modern radiation-hygienic state of the territories of the Globus-4 and Gorizont-1 peaceful nuclear explosions in the Komi Republic

The article presents results of a study of the radiation environment on territories adjacent to the sites of the “Globus-4” and “Gorizont-1” peaceful nuclear explosions in the Komi Republic. Field survey was carried out in July 2021. The work provides an assessment of the radiation situation in terms of the main indicators: ambient dose equivalent rate, the content of anthropogenic radionuclides in soil, tritium in the water of water bodies and drinking water supply sources in the settlements nearest to the sites of the peaceful nuclear explosions. The values of gamma radiation ambient dose equivalent rate in all the surveyed territories are at the level of fluctuations of natural regional radiation background and amounted to 0.03 – 0.07 µSv/h in the territory of peaceful nuclear explosion “Globus-4”, 0.01 – 0.05 µSv/h in the territory of “Gorizont-1”. No contaminated soil areas with anthropogenicradionuclides were detected. Tritium activity concentration in water samples does not exceed 5 Bq/kg, which is typical for global levels of this radionuclide in water bodies. The study has shown that the radiation situation in the territory of peaceful nuclear explosions “Globus-4” and “Gorizont-1” meets the requirements of SanPiN 2.6.1.2819-10 “Ensuring radiation safety of the population living in the areas of (1965 – 1988) nuclear explosions for peaceful aims” and currently poses no threat to public health. A conservative dose estimate of additional anthropogenic exposure of individuals from the population from tritium intake with water from centralised water supply sources was 0.065 µSv/year. Longterm radiation safety of the researched territories requires organisation of radiation monitoring, determination of protected zone boundaries and installation of readable information signs warning about radiation hazard and prohibition of economic activities.

Magnetite-ferrocyanide-copper sorbents for recovery of cesium ions from low-activity liquid radioactive waters

The article is devoted to the development of nanoscale sorbents based on copper ferrocyanide and magnetites for the removal of cesium, strontium, and heavy metal ions in their simultaneous presence in a multicomponent two-phase low-level radioactive solution containing complexing agents and surfactants. It they noted that the highest values of cesium ion removal from low-level radioactive water - 99.96% and 99.62% - are obtained with sorbents based on 100% copper ferrocyanide and a mixture of copper ferrocyanide and industrial magnetite in a ratio of 2 to 1. The efficiency of the sorbents in terms of the distribution coefficient is 2394 and 1589.7 ml/g, which ensures the purification of radioactive water from trace concentrations of cesium ions to values of 2394 and 265.11. These sorbents provide water purification to values less than 2 Bq/cm3, which is typical for 1-4 classes of water quality in terms of radiation safety of groundwater and surface water as sources of centralised drinking water supply. It is noted that sorption of cesium ions on copper ferrocyanide and magnetite is carried out in the presence of water molecules and hydroxo groups. It is shown that artificial magnetite in its pure form exceeds the sorption capacity of industrial magnetite. This is due to the difference in the phase composition and particle size of the crystals. The results obtained will be use as components of the technological process in the Plasma-Sorb technology developed at the State Institution "The Institute of Environmental Geochemistry" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the treatment of low- and intermediate-level radioactive water from Ukrainian nuclear power plants.

Geochemical evolution along regional groundwater flow in a semi-arid closed basin using a multi-tracing approach

Groundwater is the main source for domestic drinking water supply, irrigation, and industrial activities in Zacatecas in central Mexico, a good example for numerous semiarid regions worldwide, however, there is insufficient information about characterization and evolution of the baseline water quality to create hydrogeological conceptual models, fundamentals for the future planning of new sources of groundwater supply for the population, especially under ongoing global climate change conditions. By a multi-method analysis that included geological, geophysical, hydrochemical and isotopic tools this investigation allowed the identification of: a) local flows, represented by shallow groundwater and shallow wells, hosted over basin fill sediments with low average temperatures (≈ 23.3 °C), variation in water types related to anthropogenic activities, low trace elements concentrations, δ18O and δ2H signatures indicating surface water and tritium being present in this system, b) intermediate flows (25 °C), identified in wells with depths of 100 to 200 m, water circulating through the basin fill sediments and the sequence of volcanic rocks characterized by intermediate concentrations of trace elements, and groundwater ages calculated for this system vary from 1,000 to 6,000 years, c) regional flows in volcanic rocks, characterized by groundwater from wells with depths of more than 200 m, high temperatures (up to 31.5 °C) and elevated concentrations of trace elements. The δ18O and δ2H signals are more homogenous and the 14C residence times for this flow system are greater than 8,000 years, and d) regional flows in Cretaceous rocks, with depths greater than 400 m, the highest temperatures (≈ 43.7 °C) and intermediate concentrations of trace elements. The δ18O and δ2H signals are homogenous and δ13C can widely be associated with carbonate shales. The hydrogeochemical evolution has been documented along a 62 km flow line to develop a robust conceptual model, reflecting the water–rock interaction in the system. Physicochemical parameters, as well as major and trace element concentrations, reflect a distinct evolution according to the flow paths and their increase is generally proportional to the residence time. Likewise, processes of dissolution of feldspars and some clay minerals from initial weathering in the basin fill sediments, as well as devitrification of the glassy matrix in the volcanic rocks are taking place in the evolution of the system.The results obtained through the analysis of water–rock interaction in this research can be applied to other semi-arid regions with geogenically impacted aquifers, due to the geological and climatic similarity with numerous volcano-sedimentary basins around the world.

Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Groundwater Samples in Rada'a City, Yemen

Groundwater is an important source of domestic drinking water supply, and groundwater quality assessment is necessary to reduce pollution to acceptable levels. Therefore, this study aims to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (HM) (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Zn) in the groundwater of Rada'a City and to evaluate the health risk. Groundwater samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The following average concentrations (mg/l) were determined in the groundwater 0.01035, 0.01702, 0.043718, and 0.03652 for Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn were concentration values lower than the World Health Organization acceptable limit (WHO) 2, 0,07,0.4, and 4 for Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn, respectively, but at some locations in the study area, concentration values were found to be above the acceptable limit 0.3 (mg/l) for Fe, the average concentrations were 0.42567 (mg/l). Based on the HM concentrations, the health risk was classified as non-carcinogenic. The health risk indices (HRI) were < 1 for all HMs in the groundwater samples, indicating no health risk. In addition, a high carcinogenic risk (Probability of Cancer Risk, PCR) of 4.42 × 10−4 on average was found from drinking water consumption, while the acceptable range for cancer risk is ≤ 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4.

Investigating the Residue of Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, and Dichlorvos in Urban Drinking Water Supply Sources and Determining the Water Quality Index in Tirano-Korun in 2020

Introduction: Contamination of water sources with toxins is an environmental problem and a serious threat to the health of societies. This study aimed to ascertain the remaining levels of toxins in urban drinking water networks and compute the water quality index.
 Materials and Methods: To examine the residual concentration of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and dichlorvos in urban drinking water distribution networks, 35 underground and surface water sources were sampled in Tiran-o-Korun in Isfahan province, Iran. GC-ECD device was used to analyze the samples.
 Results: Diazinon was not observed in any of the sampling seasons. The maximum concentration of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos was 61 and 100 ppb, respectively. Although chlorpyrifos was seen more in the hot season and dichlorvos in the cold season, the mean concentration of these toxins in different seasons was lower than the guidelines of Iran and the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean concentration of nitrate, and hardness, in wet and dry seasons was 46.23 and 46.42, and 343.7 and 338.8 mg/l, respectively.
 Conclusion: The mean and standard deviation of quality index of Iran's water resources (IRWQI) in wet and dry seasons were 52.16 ± 45.3 and 50.69 ± 15.8, respectively. The residual concentration of toxins in some water sources of this city exceeded the guidelines of Iran and the WHO in summer and spring.

Sustaining crop yield and water quality under climate change in intensively managed agricultural watersheds—the need for both adaptive and conservation measures

The projected near-future climate (2031–2059) of wetter springs and drier summers may negatively affect agricultural production in the US Midwest, mostly through reduced aeration of the root zone due to excess soil water and frequent loss of nutrients such as nitrate (NO3-N) and total phosphorus. Several agricultural adaptations—such as adding tile drains and increasing fertilizer rates—may be deployed to mitigate potential reductions in crop yield. However, these adaptations (generally driven by economic benefits) may have a severe impact on water quality, which is already under stress due to excess nutrient runoff from agricultural fields causing hypoxia in inland and coastal waters. Here, we evaluate the crop yield and water quality consequences of such adaptations under future climate with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool in a testbed watershed located in central Illinois. We show that additional tile drains and increased fertilizers can help achieve baseline (2003–2018) corn yields but with a nearly two-fold increase in riverine NO3-N yield affecting a major drinking water supply source. However, a shift to spring-only fertilizer application may not require additional fertilizer and reduces the increase in NO3-N loss to 1.25 times above the baseline. We also show that water quality may improve (better than baseline) with conservation measures such as cover crops and switchgrass. Our findings highlight the need to develop efficient climate change adaptation and conservation strategies for sustainable agriculture and water quality.

DESIGN OF SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES FOR UNDERGROUND WATER INTAKES USING GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

The article reveals the features of designing sanitary protection zones for underground water intakes for oil fields in Western Siberia using GIS technologies.Sanitary protection zones (SPZs) shall be organized in accordance with the requirements of [1-4] to create and ensure the sanitary protection regime for drinking water supply sources and their accompanying water supply facilities. The purpose of the SPZ organization is sanitary protection of both the source of water supply itself and the adjacent territory from biological and chemical pollution. A special management mode is established in each of the three SPZ belts, and a certain set of security measures is developed for each belt to prevent deterioration of water quality [3, 10]. The purpose of the first SPZ belt is to protect water wells and structures from accidental or intentional contamination and damage, therefore, the first SPZ belt is limited to the territory of the site of water wells, treatment and water supply facilities.The size of the second SPZ belt was determined provided that bacterial contamination entering the captive aquifer beyond the border of the second belt does not reach the water intake during the survival time of microorganisms Tm, and the size of the third SPZ belt — based on the conditions of stable composition of pollutants in the water for the entire period of operation of the water intake.The task of establishing three zones of the water intake SPZ is to calculate the dimensions of the SPZ boundaries and apply these boundaries to the topobase of the area taking into account the general plan of the designed construction object.The article contains several examples of solving practical problems for determining the boundaries of sanitary protection of underground water intakes, in cases where there is no natural groundwater flow (i = 0), there is (i > 0) and where it is necessary to determine the direction of groundwater flow and natural flow rate as a function of the pressure gradient i.

Rationale for alternative water sources for mining regions with high environmental footprint on the example of Levikha village of the Sverdlovsk region

Introduction. Mine drainage has always been one of the main threats to the hydrosphere of mining areas, both during and after active mining. The most common method of mine water neutralization is associated with the slaked lime. On the abandoned Levikha copper-sulphide mine territory (Sverdlovsk region), acid mine drainage discharge reaches 3,000 m³/day. To neutralize acid waters, more than 400 m³/day of water with a neutral pH is required (to produce the slaked lime). Due to the worn out state of water pipe from the river Tagil, heavy losses, and frequent accidents, the neutralization station receives no more than half of the required amount of water. As a result, the neutralization technology is violated, acid mine drainage is not properly cleaned, the regulatory requirements for wastewater are not achieved, and sulfate waters with increased mineralization and metal concentrations are discharged into the river Tagil. Research objective is to substantiate the possibility of finding sources of drinking, household and process water supply for Levikha village and acid mine drainage neutralization stations by applying groundwater. Methods of research include a comprehensive approach containing research results analysis and field and laboratory research data processing. Results and discussion. Promising areas have been identified representing private catchment areas of potential water intakes with the most favorable conditions for underground runoff. A combination of the following factors was the criterion for promising areas and load points: favorable geological and tectonic conditions (the presence of tectonic faults); groundwater inflow testing results (relatively high specific flow rates of wells); geomorphological position (confinement to low relief areas, location near surface sources of groundwater recharge); hydrochemical sampling data (satisfactory chemical composition of groundwater); sanitary and hygienic situation (absence of potential sources of pollution in the local catchment area). Conclusions. The total resources of the five promising sites are 1,340 m3 /day, including 282 m3 /day for drinking purposes. Exploration and development of promising areas no. II (favorable geological and tectonic conditions within it are confirmed by the groundwater inflow testing results) and no. III (favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions) seem to be the most reasonable. These sites might cover half of the village water needs for drinking and household purposes.

Formation of water behavior as an element of lifestyle

Water behavior is a series of simple and complex actions related to the use of water and depending on the knowledge of the norms and rules of behavior in the environment, on the ratio of motivational and emotional components in a persons life. Water behavior, participating in the formation of ecological culture, is an indicator and the most important tool for ensuring the environmental safety of the population and pharmaceutical production, which needs high quality water. It is noted that if drinking water is used in pharmaceutical production directly at individual stages or as a starting material, then regular checks of its quality at the production site are necessary. A certain optimism is brought by the measures that the leadership of Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation has recently taken, aimed at improving the laboratory support of the service by equipping it with high-tech equipment to determine the safety and quality indicators of environmental elements, including water. One of the manifestations characteristic of most subjects of water behavior is the optimistic level of assessment of the state of drinking water supply sources and the quality of drinking water. The authors propose, when building the water behavior of a pharmaceutical production manager, to take into account a number of circumstances related to the chemical safety of drinking water: conducting an inventory and clarifying the list of chemicals that are in circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation and are potentially dangerous toxicants; creation of a federal database on the quality and safety of food products (water) produced and sold in the Russian Federation, including those containing priority chemical pollutants. The consideration of water behavior as an element of lifestyle allows, when modeling the water behavior of pharmaceutical production managers, to orient them towards taking measures to improve the chemical safety of the water factor by improving both water treatment and the laboratory control system.

Water Scarcity Risk Index: A Tool for Strategic Drought Risk Management

Drought events have affected many regions of the world, having negative economic, environmental and social impacts. When accompanied by increasing water demands, these events can lead to water scarcity. Since droughts can significantly vary in each geographic area, several indices have been developed around the world. Hazard indexes are commonly used to predict meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts. These indexes intend to predict hazards, but they do not provide information on when and where deficits can have negative consequences. This study presents a new planning and decision-support tool for monitoring water scarcity situations in a given region. This tool, called the Water Scarcity Risk Index (W-ScaRI), is formed by two subindices, which are proposed to describe a hazard and its consequences. Each subindex was constructed using a group of indicators and indices selected from the technical literature or originally proposed in this work. The W-ScaRI was applied to the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region (RJMR), supplied with water by the Guandu/Lajes/Acari system. The RJMR is one of the most densely populated regions in Brazil, located in an area that has no natural water bodies capable of meeting its supply needs. Therefore, the Guandu River, which, in fact, is formed by two discharge transpositions from the Paraíba do Sul River, is the main drinking water supply source for this region. The RJMR suffered the consequences of unexpected, prolonged droughts in the Southeast region in 2003 and 2014–2015, leading the local authorities to implement temporary emergency measures in the management system of Paraíba do Sul and Guandu Basins, avoiding water shortage but showing the urgent need for planning and management support tools to anticipate possible future problems. The results of the study show that the formulation of the W-ScaRI can represent the water scarcity risk in a relatively simple way and, at the same time, with adequate conceptual and methodological consistency.

Hygienic assessment of manganese content in household and drinking water supply sources of the Vladimir region

Introduction. One of the most important tasks to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Vladimir region is to provide it with high-quality drinking water. Due to the territory of the region to be partially associated with known hydrogeochemical anomalies of excess manganese content in groundwater, a hygienic assessment of the water of economic and drinking sources was carried out according to the content of this element. Materials and methods. The paper presents the data of own research of the Department of Biology and Ecology of the Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletov for 2021. During this period, the authors of the work examined about 110 samples of water from the household and drinking centralized and non-centralized water supply of the Vladimir region. Water samples were taken in the largest settlements (these are district centers, regional cities and large district settlements) and from drinking water sources of individual farms located in the territory of the region in various districts. The manganese content in water was determined on the analyzer “Fluorat-02-5M” according to HDPE F 14.1:2:4.188-02. Results. The drinking water of the centralized water supply of the Vladimir region in terms of manganese content was established to meet regulatory requirements and be safe for the health of the resident population. In all samples of drinking water, the concentration of manganese is below 0.1 mg/dm3. At the same time, water from underground sources of non-centralized water supply has in some cases an excess of manganese (from 2 to 7 MPC), which is primarily due to the specifics of the geochemical composition of the water-bearing rocks of these territories. Conclusion in order to provide the population of territories using underground water with a high content of manganese, it is necessary to build local modular water treatment plants using modern methods of non-reactive de-ironing and demanganation and using effective modern equipment and filtering materials.

УРОВНИ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫХ РИСКОВ ЗДОРОВЬЮ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ГОРНОРУДНОЙ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ВОСТОЧНОГО ЗАБАЙКАЛЬЯ

The formation of geochemical anomalies in Zabaikalsky Krai is associated with the activities of mining enterprises. Over a long period of mining operations in Eastern Zabaikalsky Krai, a significant number of objects of accumulated environmental risk have formed, many of which are located in the vicinity of settlements. Mining wastes pose a potential hazard to the soil, underground and surface water sources, and atmospheric air pollution by a wide range of chemical elements. Arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, bismuth and tin are the most common chemical elements exceeding hygienic standards. As a result of a study of the water quality of surface water bodies, drinking water of centralized and non-centralized water supply systems, and the state of the soil cover in the territory of Klichka settlement (Priargunsky District), it was established that in the water of noncentralized and centralized drinking water supply sources the excess of hygienic standards for arsenic and chromium was 2.0 – 5.8 TLV and 1.2 TLV, respectively. The maximum excess of the normative values for arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc was detected in technosol, which are 200.5, 47.2, 14.0 and 5.5 times, respectively. An assessment of children’s health risk from chemical pollution of drinking water shows that the coefficient of non-carcinogenic hazard for most of the studied chemicals does not exceed the allowable value (HQ = 1.0) the exception is the hazard ratio associated with exposure to arsenic (HQ = 2.50). When calculating the total hazard index for the simultaneous ingestion of chemicals, it was found that for the child population the HQ was 4.12, with arsenic making the greatest contribution to the value of the index. The results obtained indicate the need for further study of environmental factors and in-depth biomedical research.

Numerical Modeling and Simulation of the Effectiveness of Groundwater Source Protection Management Plans: Riverbank Filtration Case Study in Serbia

The paper describes the establishment and testing of an algorithm for developing sustainable management plans associated with groundwater source protection against potential pollutants and discusses the effectiveness of individual systems. The applied methodology pertains to groundwater resource management, particularly those cases that involve riverbank filtration. Namely, groundwater (numerical) modeling is employed to examine the groundwater regime and balance, as well as to create protection systems and illustrate their effectiveness. Particle tracking analysis is used to study pollutants’ travel and residence time. On the other hand, PEST with regularization is employed to estimate the numerical model parameters. The proposed method is used in a real case study, which examines the application of the developed algorithm to the protection of a drinking water supply source from an industrial zone, which is a potential source of pollution. The research presented in the paper opens new avenues for future studies involving mathematical multicriteria optimization and decision making about optimal groundwater source protection management plans.

Potability assessment of some springs, boreholes and sachet water products in four-corners, Ikom Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria

This study was conducted to investigate the quality of some drinking water supply sources in Four-Corners, Ikom Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria using World Health Organization (WHO) recommended standards for drinking water. The supply sources (three springs, three boreholes and three different products of sachet water) were randomly selected for the study. The water samples were subjected to physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses. Temperature, pH and conductivity were determined using handheld meters at sampling sites while other parameters were determined in the laboratory. The bacteriological analysis was carried out through membrane filtration techniques. Results from the physico-chemical test showed that pH, conductivity, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc for all the water supply sources were compliant with WHO standard while temperature, total hardness, calcium, iron and magnesium were higher than WHO standard limits. Total dissolved solids and turbidity were not detected in all the water samples from the three different water supply sources. Faecal coliforms were found in all the water sources, which points to the fact that the three water sources were unsafe for human consumption. The findings of this study deduced that none of the water supply sources met the WHO standards for drinking. Considering the potential impacts of unsafe drinking water, recommendations to save the situation have been made.

A Resilient and Nature-Based Drinking Water Supply Source for Saline and Arsenic Prone Coastal Aquifers of the Bengal Delta

Salinity causes a hostile environmental impact throughout the year in the coastal region of Bangladesh, and its severity increases day by day. Because of upstream freshwater flow reduction and massive groundwater extraction, salinity has increased substantially over the last three decades. Moreover, arsenic contamination in shallow groundwater makes the groundwater unsuitable for potable use. Consequently, the coastal area suffers from acute storage of safe water supply. Salinity also negatively impacts human activities, livelihood, agricultural production, and the aquatic ecosystem. Though the shallow aquifer contains high salinity and a small amount of Arsenic (As), the very shallow aquifer (within 3m to 8m) contains fresh water in many areas in the rainy season due to the direct recharge of rainwater. However, rainfall recharge varies significantly depending on the geological and hydrogeological settings. Specifically, up to 50% of annual rainfall is stored in shallow aquifers of Quaternary sands through direct infiltration. The research’s principal objective is to identify the safe and sustainable drinking water source in the arsenic and saline-prone coastal region. Groundwater samples were collected from the different locations of the study area during both dry and wet seasons and examined seasonal variations in groundwater table and salinity levels. The chemical analyses and Physico-chemical parameters indicate that the groundwater samples are suitable for drinking. Except for some groundwater samples from the wet season, the salinity of all samples was under the allowable limit for Bangladesh (<2000 µS/cm), and the targeted aquifer was almost arsenic (50 µg/l) free. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis has been made to accomplish the study goals. Particularly, the groundwater’s electrical conductivity (EC) values of most samples were measured within the limit of fresh or brackish water (<2000 μS/cm). Overall, the results indicate the prospect of a very shallow aquifer as a source of freshwater for drinking purposes throughout the year, considering both arsenic and salinity, which effectively solve the freshwater shortage, especially in the saline-arsenic prone area.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Drinking Water Sources in Ardabil Province of Iran

Background and Objective: Antibiotic resistance is rapidly spreading among bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which have been discharged into water sources by humans and animals, in part due to genes carried by integrons. The goal of this study was to track and assess the pattern of antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from drinking water sources in Iran’s Ardabil province. Methods: Escherichia coli strains were isolated and identified using standard biochemical and microbiological techniques from Ardabil province’s water supply sources in 2019 and 2020. The class 1 integron gene was detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to determine antibiotic resistance and sensitivity. Results: The Int I gene was found in 47 out of 200 isolates (23.5%). The antibiotic streptomycin had the highest resistance (100%), whereas gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, tetracycline, cefipime, imipenem, meropenem, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxamide had the lowest resistance. Gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, tetracycline, cefipime, imipenem, meropenem, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, on the other hand, had the highest sensitivity of 100%, while streptomycin had the lowest (0%). Also, the highest level of pollution of Escherichia coli in drinking water supply sources in the province is in Parsabad city (42.86%), and the lowest level of pollution is in Kosar city (6.67%). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the high prevalence of Escherichia coli strains resistant to the antibiotic streptomycin circulating in water sources should be considered a major problem in terms of antibiotic resistance spreading among bacteria in water.

Prospective directions for innovative development strategies in pharmacy in the military health system of the Russian Federation

Strengthening the readiness of the medical service system of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to fulfill given tasks is possible only with innovative development, which constitutes the scientific and methodological basis for the modernization of military healthcare. In this connection, researchers at the pharmacy department of the Kirov Military medical Academy considered the development of kits and equipment, medical equipment, mobile and special medical equipment, and pharmaceutical technologies as the absolute priority of their scientific development. The requirements for the equipment of different units and military medical organizations both at present conditions and in future wars include high level of mobility, shortened deployment (curtailment) terms, autonomy, increased operational efficiency of units, etc. The realization of these requirements is possible if certain issues are solved, primarily aimed at the digitalization of medical supply system of military forces, improvement of basic equipment, and entering new developments in the field of pharmaceutical technology into the medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The article presents the perspective directions of the innovative development of the medical supply system of the Armed Forces, which is the most important element of military healthcare. Results of the activity such as creation and acceptance for the supply of mobile units for production, accumulation (storage), delivery, distribution of medical gaseous oxygen, registration of medicinal products (medical oxygen, 93%), and acceptance of the corresponding pharmacopoeial article are already represented. Still at the development stage, there are innovative sets of service equipment of airborne troops, sterilization, and distillation unit, allowing the use of water from natural surface sources of domestic and drinking water supply, etc.

Water Level Prediction through Hybrid SARIMA and ANN Models Based on Time Series Analysis: Red Hills Reservoir Case Study

Reservoir water level (RWL) prediction has become a challenging task due to spatio-temporal changes in climatic conditions and complicated physical process. The Red Hills Reservoir (RHR) is an important source of drinking and irrigation water supply in Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India, also expected to be converted into the other productive services in the future. However, climate change in the region is expected to have consequences over the RHR’s future prospects. As a result, accurate and reliable prediction of the RWL is crucial to develop an appropriate water release mechanism of RHR to satisfy the population’s water demand. In the current study, time series modelling technique was adopted for the RWL prediction in RHR using Box–Jenkins autoregressive seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and artificial neural network (ANN) hybrid models. In this research, the SARIMA model was obtained as SARIMA (0, 0, 1) (0, 3, 2)12 but the residual of the SARIMA model could not meet the autocorrelation requirement of the modelling approach. In order to overcome this weakness of the SARIMA model, a new SARIMA–ANN hybrid time series model was developed and demonstrated in this study. The average monthly RWL data from January 2004 to November 2020 was used for developing and testing the models. Several model assessment criteria were used to evaluate the performance of each model. The findings showed that the SARIMA–ANN hybrid model outperformed the remaining models considering all performance criteria for reservoir RWL prediction. Thus, this study conclusively proves that the SARIMA–ANN hybrid model could be a viable option for the accurate prediction of reservoir water level.

Peran Dinas Kesehatan Dalam Koordinasi Dan Pembangunan Penyediaan Air Minum Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat

The problem of clean water today is a concern in all regions including the Bungo Regency and this study aims to determine the role of the Health Office in the development of community-based water supply and sanitation. By using a descriptive method of qualitative approach and data collection techniques by interviewing informants as many as 17 people. With the results of the study of the Role of the Bungo District Health Office in the Regency of Bungo in evaluating the sources of community-based drinking water supply and the construction of Pamsimas. In accordance with the regulations and main tasks. There are still many community-based sources of drinking water whose quality is beyond the supervision of the Bungo District Health Office. In carrying out the implementation of supervising community-based drinking water supply the Bungo District Health Office is less than optimal, there are barriers such as inadequate human resources, with a less than optimal number of officers, facilities and infrastructure that have not supported good service. Obstacles faced by the Bungo District Health Office, there have been several attempts to overcome constraints, some of which have been carried out such as: Health Office, Applying to Bungo District Regent. In order to issue a circular letter to Rio and Lurah. Stopping Open Defecation is signed by Minister of Health, Governor and Regent, Public Works Agency, proposing additional personnel and proposing additional budget funds