Source Of Biogas Research Articles

Biogas production from food waste from a prototype biogas digester

Food waste from a school feeding nutrition program, if not correctly disposed, has a high level of pollution. Food waste can be utilised as a substrate for biogas production. The aim of the research was to construct a low-cost biogas digester for Bongumusa FET School in Mpumalanga province in South Africa and to assess its performance when fed with available food waste. A prototype biogas digester was designed, constructed and fed with food waste namely: vegetable peels, mealie meal, samp, rice, pilchards and fruit peels. The food waste was crushed and mixed with water before it was fed into the biogas digester. Cow dung was used as inoculum for the food waste. The temperature of slurry, the pH and biogas production were measured during a retention time of thirty days. It was observed that the initial pH dropped at the start of the experiment and this was attributed to the volatile fatty acid formation in acidogenesis and acetogenesis. The pH began to rise gradually as the volatile fatty acids were consumed by the methanogens to methane and carbon dioxide. From the results, it was observed that food waste is a good source of biogas for the school. In addition, the food waste was found to be an attractive method for environmental protection and energy saving for Bongumusa FET School. The biogas from the food waste can be used to replace imported Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) that is used in the school for heating purposes.

Techno-environmental assessment of small-scale Haber-Bosch and plasma-assisted ammonia supply chains

Haber-Bosch (HB) process, the main method for ammonia (NH3) production, contributes to near 2% of the global carbon emissions because the hydrogen input is obtained from fossil sources. NH3 production is concentrated in a few countries, adding emissions due to global distribution. Distributed plants next to farmers and fed by renewable energy can reduce these impacts, as well as NH3 storage, shortage risks, and price volatility. Distributed plants cannot reach low NH3 production costs as centralised plants, but they can be promoted by the environmental benefits of its products lifecycles. Therefore, life cycle assessments of NH3 production pathways and specific modelling for NH3 transport in Australia were performed, from cradle-to-site, to identify the influence of storage, transport, and energy sources in their environmental profiles. The carbon footprint of centralised production was up to 2.96 kg.CO2-eq/kg.NH3, from which 29.3% corresponded to transport. Local production demonstrated substantial avoided transport impacts and that CO2-eq can reach reductions over 100% when including co-product credits such as oxygen and carbon black. Local plants using electrolysers to supply mini-HB loops obtained rates of 0.12, −0.52, and −1.57 kg.CO2-eq/kg.NH3 using electricity from solar, wind, and biogas (other than manure) sources, respectively. The alternative using high temperature plasma reactor instead of electrolyser obtained its best rate of −0.65 kg.CO2-eq/kg using biogas different from manure. At farm electrolyser-based plants using novel non-thermal plasma reactors, considering potential energy yields and simplified NH3 separation technology, could reach a rate of −1.07 kg.CO2-eq/kg.NH3, using solar energy. Among the assessed pathways, the most notable impact was on freshwater eutrophication in the electrolyser-based plants generating reductions up to 290%, due to oxygen credits. Despite these results, the use of solar energy raises concerns on land use and terrestrial ecotoxicity due to the area needed for solar farms and the manufacture of their components.

PUP PUMP: PROCESSING OF HUMAN FECES AS A ALTERNATIVE BIOENERGY POWER PLANT ZERO WASTE

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), predicts world oil and gas consumption to increase from year to year (Sebayang, 2018). In 1999, Indonesia was one of the 2nd largest oil producers in the Asia Pacific (Dzulfaroh, 2020). However, now the situation has reversed, Indonesia's oil reserves are very depleted and it is predicted that they will only be able to last for less than 10 years (RI, 2021). Meanwhile, the demand for oil and natural gas is still high, especially for power generation. Therefore, a new alternative that is environmentally friendly is needed (Kholiq, 2015). One of them is by utilizing biogas. Biogas is a gas produced by methanogenic bacteria, by degrading (decomposing) organic compounds under anaerobic conditions. One of the compounds that can be used as a source of biogas is feces. Usually human feces will only accumulate and settle at the bottom of the septic tank. This fecal sediment must be drained for 2-5 years (Sudarmadji, 2013). If this waste is managed properly, it has the potential as an alternative power plant, through the biogas it produces. Furthermore, this biogas is connected to the gas storage box. In the box is also equipped with a pressure detector. If the pressure is appropriate, then the gas will be released to the generator that has been assembled coupled with a biodigester. The generator converts heat energy into kinetic energy, then into mechanical energy, and finally into electrical energy (Biogas, 2018). 1 m3 of biogas is able to produce electricity equivalent to 1.25 Kwh or the equivalent of turning on a light for 6 hours (Talakua, 2019). Meanwhile, biogas processed waste (slurry) contains organic material with complete nutrition (Muanah, 2019), so it can be used as fertilizer. In addition, slurry can also be used as raw material for bricks (Syaifuddin, 2018).

Optimization of energy cogeneration processes of district heating systems based on biogas sources – case study of a municipal area

Purpose: The aim of this article is to present selected research results in the field of optimization of energy cogeneration processes of heating systems based on biogas sources, in terms of the possibility of obtaining ecological and energy benefits in the municipal area. Design/methodology/approach: The considerations are a case study, including an analysis of the choice of the optimal variant of agricultural biogas construction in the Łobez Municipality in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship from the point of view of both the substrate used in biogas and the proposed technological solutions. The subject matter focuses on comparing the estimated ecological effect of biogas with different powers and choosing the optimal model solution. The research process used secondary and statistical data and the selected comparative method to calculate the carbon dioxide emission reduction factor. Findings: The authors indicate which technology of obtaining energy should be dominant in the field of optimization of energy cogeneration processes of heating systems in Poland in areas dominated by agricultural economy. Research limitations/implications: The presented research concerns the assessment of one of the parameters (substrate used in biogas) affecting the optimization of biogas production. Future research in this area should focus on the assessment of other factors determining the validity of the discussed solutions in relation to the adopted state policy in the field of development of renewable energy sources and agricultural economy. Practical implications: The results of the research are the first approach to indicate the government and regional administration the type of energy that may form the basis of the future strategy of changes in the field of energy cogeneration of heating systems in municipal and agricultural areas in Poland. Social implications: The description of the agricultural biogas model, which served as an example, can be helpful in the process of identifying benefits not only for the environment but also as an element stimulating economic and social development at the local and regional level.

Biogas desulfurization with regenerable polymeric adsorbent for renewable electric energy production

To improve the standard of living worldwide, it is necessary to increase the availability of energy, as the quality of life and energy consumption are directly connected. Thus, electric utility companies have the challenges of increasing the availability of electricity and reducing emissions for gasses that contribute to global warming. Biodigestion of animal manure is a source of biogas, which can be used as a sustainable fuel in electric generators. Electricity producers can use biogas produced on rural properties and produce sustainable electricity that would work on a smart grid with other forms of sustainable energy. Biogas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in a range from 0.2 to 1.0% (vol/vol) that should be removed to avoid generator corrosion and environmental impact after its combustion. Adsorption is a feasible process to separate a dilute compound from a stream. We tested a commercial polymeric adsorbent (Macronet™ MN200), whose specific adsorption was in the range from 0.95 to 1.09 mg of H2S per gram of dried adsorbent when working in a packed bed system with biogas. The adsorbent was completely regenerated three times in batch experiments and once in a continuous experiment by heating the saturated material at 130°C. The H2S adsorption kinetics was successfully modeled by the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson equations. Our study shows that a packed bed with the tested adsorbent is a feasible solution for the desulfurization of biogas used in electricity production, which is relevant for converting biogas into a sustainable form of electricity.

Life cycle environmental and economic assessment of human night soil based Malaprabha biogas plant

India's inadequate faecal sludge management continues to be a source of concern and to tackle this problem Dr. S. V. Mapuskar has proposed “Malaprabha digester” a hygienically safe and environmentally sustainable solution. The current research was carried out to evaluate life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) of human night soil based Malaprabha biogas plant. LCA and LCCA were conducted with impact 2002+ method (with 14 midpoint and 4 damage categories) and present worth (PW) method as mentioned in Bureau of Indian Standards IS 13,174 (1991) part 2 respectively. Herein, the case study pertains to the design of the digester for 890 habitants of a high-rise building (G + 30). The results showed that the system’s operational phase mainly contributes to eutrophication, acidification and ecotoxicity potential whereas, the most detrimental emissions of the construction phase were determined by the use of cement, steel and PVC materials. Since the emission of methane during anaerobic digestion can be fully trapped in the Malaprabha digester, it can assist in enhancing greenhouse gas sinks. Moreover, Economic assessment of this on-site treatment of night soil represents monitory benefits by replacing cooking gas (LPG) with biogas for 30 min per day per family. Thus, by utilizing Malaprabha digester as a source of biogas, dependency on fossil fuels is being reduced in a sustainable way and costs would be saved for the construction of the septic tank.

Challenges and strategies for biogas production in the circular agricultural waste utilization model: A case study in rural China

As a renewable energy source, production and utilization of biogas is of great benefit to mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reduction of the dependency on fossil fuels, and promotion of the utilization of livestock manure and crop straw. It has been widely popularized in rural China, yet the benefits and drawbacks of the operation of household biogas digesters (HBD) are not well-understood, resulting in the operation of HBD failing to live up to expectations. This study used propensity score matching (PSM) to estimate the true benefits of the HBD process, explored the drivers and barriers for households to continue using HBD with the logit model, and identified the determinants of HBD operation time by using the tobit model. Results showed that of the 1743 households interviewed, 42% had adopted HBD and the average biogas production time using HBD was 6.66 months per year. It was estimated that HBD owners could save 474 Chinese yuan (CNY) annually by using HBD and that the net present value of the HBD program would be generated after eight years of operation. However, lack of technical training and subsidies for HBD operation were the key barriers for households to carry on using HBD. Conversely, a warm local climate and HBD with larger size had positive effects on households deciding to continue using HBD. Thus, comprehensive policies addressing construction and operation of HBD, as well as new methods for a high-value supply chains to comprehensively utilize biogas products could solve dilemmas in HBD operation.

The Renewable Energy Sources for Municipal Wastewater Processes in Thailand: A Case Study of the Nonthaburi Wastewater Treatment Plant

Abstract There are 101 municipal wastewater treatment plants in Thailand supplied with electricity and cannot collect wastewater treatment fees. Alternative sources of energy for municipal wastewater treatment would reduce the electricity costs and future fossil energy uses. The Nonthaburi wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is located in the Northwest of Bangkok and selected due to its available data. The solar energy source is applied to the Nonthaburi WWTP due to the light intensity and the area to install. By comparing to the wind and the biogas sources, the wind speed and the sludge production are not sufficient, respectively. Besides the estimated installation cost of the solar-cell panels among three companies, the NPV of 25 years and the IRR of three percent rate, the area required for installation is an affecting factor for the plant consideration.

The Effect of Biogas Purification Process Using Calcium Oxide-Based Sorbents on the Diffusion Flame Combustion Characteristics

Biogas is an alternative energy source that could solve two problems at once, the problem of environmentally friendly energy needs and the problem of waste treatment. One of the sources of biogas is obtained from anaerobic bacterial fermentation of cow dung waste. The biogas fermentation process produces impurities such as carbon dioxide (CO2) as a combustion inhibitor. Carbon dioxide will inhibit the combustion reaction, resulting in incomplete combustion. The biogas purification process is needed to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the biogas. The purification process is carried out using an absorbent compound of calcium oxide (CaO) to bind carbon dioxide contained in the biogas. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the biogas purification process using calcium oxide on the characteristics of the diffusion flame produced by combustion. The research was conducted experimentally using the physicochemical-absorption method of purification by flowing biogas through a purificator device that contained a purification solution. After passing through the purification solution, the biogas was regulated at a fuel flow rate of 3 liters/min and then proceed to the bunsen burner. The results showed that purification affected increasing the characteristics of the diffusion flame combustion due to the reduced amount of carbon dioxide in the biogas. This is indicated by increasing the purification molarity, it also increases the flame speed of combustion and the flame angle, as well as a decrease in the flame height.

Biogas efficiency from cow dung waste in strengthening energy security during the covid-19 pandemic through a dynamic modeling system

During Covid-19 pandemic, the increase in LPG types was 0.6-2.4 million BOE, while in the household sector it was 2.3-6.9 million BOE, so causes LPG import growth ratio to increase by 4.8%/year (BPPT, 2020). Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to suppress LPG imports by increasing the supply of EBT in the household sector with biogas production. The research aims to look at the biogas production modeling system from the resulting cow dung waste. The research method that studies the literature is based on modeling data based on data obtained using Powersim 10. The results showed that LPG demand in 2020 is 2.4 million BOE that could be fulfilled by a biogas source from 9539238.75 kg ~ 0.9 metric tons cow dung waste. This cow dung waste is able to produce 381569.55 m3/kg of methane gas which is equivalent to 0.59 metric tons LPG, savings Rp 690 M; 103 million liters gasoline, savings Rp 793 M; 64.8 million liters diesel fuel, savings Rp 333.8 M; 80 million liters kerosene, savings Rp 1 T; 4.53 metric tons wood, savings Rp 4.5 T. This favorable situation must be immediately felt by the community with an estimate of future benefits.

Performance and mechanism of in-situ biogas upgrading using anaerobic membrane bioreactor effluent

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is considered an important alternative biogas source while efficiently purifying sewage. Improving the methane (CH4) content in the AnMBR biogas in a cost-effective way is closely related to its future availability. In the study, a novel system was proposed for in-situ biogas upgrading using AnMBR effluent. The system achieves the dual goals of bioenergy recovery from sewage and biogas upgrading. Biogas upgrading results showed that the CH4 content in upgraded biogas was 90.3% at biogas flow of 0.36 L/h, effluent flow of 2.88 L/h, and normal temperature and pressure. The mechanism analysis showed that efficient upgrading with AnMBR effluent depended on sufficiency alkali products and less N2 and O2. Meanwhile, conversion efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to CH4 of AnMBR was 78.5% under hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 h and organic load rate of 1.2 g COD/L/d. The novel system provides a new solution for cost-effective in-situ biogas upgrading using AnMBR effluent by integration of AnMBR with scrubbing column.

Diversity of Carbonyl Compounds in Biogas and Natural Gas Revealed Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontarget Analysis

Airborne carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acrolein, and methyl ethyl ketone have long been chemicals-of-concern in the environment due to their reactivity and their potential for negative health effects. Standard methods for determining carbonyls in air, which focus on a set of 15 or fewer compounds, involve derivatization to form nonvolatile hydrazones, which can readily be analyzed via liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet detectors. Here, we apply a new LC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) method to natural gas and a variety of upgraded biofuels to better assess their total carbonyl profile using the inherent selectivity of the standard sampling methodology and the selectivity and sensitivity of HRMS. The standard method accounted for only 64% of the total carbonyl content in natural gas and between 26 and 45% of the total carbonyl content in biogas sources, with the balance detected by the new LC/HRMS method. An additional 540 compounds with molecular formulas consistent with carbonyl compounds were detected compared to only 14 target compounds using the standard method. These results demonstrate that the established method dramatically under-reports both the total carbonyl load and the diversity of carbonyl species in natural gas and biogas samples.

Biogas production enhancement by co-digestion of empty fruit bunch (EFB) with palm oil mill effluent (POME): Performance and kinetic evaluation

The palm oil industry is gearing itself towards sustainability by implementing mandatory biogas capture for all palm oil mills in the effort to reduce greenhouse gases. This action also indicates that the anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) will be one of the essential sources of biogas for energy generation. However, the availability of POME is limited during the low crop season due to the lower palm oil production. Concurrently, the solid wastes known as empty fruit bunches (EFB) are also produced from the oil mill. EFB has vast potential for power generation, though it is currently not being fully utilized. Therefore, this work aims to enhance the biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion (ACD) of EFB with POME by evaluating the effect of alkaline pretreatment of EFB, EFB-to-POME ratio, and temperature on the methane yield. The optimum EFB:POME ratio is 0.6:1 as the methane production of this ratio at both thermophilic and mesophilic conditions are relatively high (up to 74.02 ml CH4/g VS). Results show that ACD performs 2.36 times better than mono-digestion of POME at mesophilic conditions. The modified Gompertz model could predict the process behavior of the ACD of EFB with POME with high R2 (>0.95). Further investigation on other potential pretreatment methods and synergism analysis of co-digestion, which provides a balance between efficiency and economy could be carried out. The impact of this work will be towards a sustainable environment, which will significantly reduce the environmental impacts of palm oil production.

Biogas : Renewable Energy

Biogas has several advantages comparing on the use of fossils fuels such as gasoline and natural gas. Biogas can be produced continuously because it grows from the organic raw materials to create a clean and healthy environment and free pollution. Utilization of animal waste as an energy source of biogas will not reduce the amount of organic fertilizer produced, but will produce methane (CH4) as an energy source. The research was done by mixing cow dung, rumen and water with various comparing materials and time to produce the highest biodiesel. The result of research by mixing cow dung (rumen) and water produced the highest biogas in a 1: 2 mixture. From the 3rd day, it has produced biogas but cannot be used because the CO and CO2 contents are very high. The result on the 10th day, it can be already used. The highest biogas production was resulted on 15th – 16th day in which producing 5 liters biogas from 110 kg cow waste with 220 kg water contents. The results are getting smaller but it still produces until the 30th day. The highest result to produce renewable energy was by utilizing without reducing the function of organic fertilizer.

The Effect of Amine Types on Breakthrough Separation of Methane on Biogas

Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the main components of a renewable energy source of biogas. Separation of CO2 from biogas is significantly important to improve biogas performance, due to heating value in biogas depends on the concentration of methane. One of the gas separation technologies that has been widely used in chemical industries is carbon molecular sieve (CMS). This research explores the potential of CMS for biogas purification. CMS was prepared by modification of palm kernel shell-derived porous carbon using amine groups such as monoethanolamine (MEA), 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), and diethanolamine (DEA). The effect of amine types on the separation parameters was studied by using a breakthrough experiment to obtain the most potential CMS materials. The methods of this research include the process of carbon oxidation using hydrogen peroxide, impregnation with an amine group, characterization of the CMS material obtained, CO2 and CH4 gas separation testing with a breakthrough system. The CMS was characterized by using N2 sorption analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The breakthrough experiment showed that CMS-MEA had the highest performance for separating CO2 and CH4 gases. In addition, the results also showed that loading of amine groups on carbon caused an increase in the uptake capacity of CO2, and the highest capacity was achieved by CMS-MEA of 13.2 mg/g.

The Possibility of Biogas production in Nigeria from Organic Waste Material: A Review

Biogas waste initiative is one big solution to Nigeria’s growing solid waste problem. This study explores the potential biogas processing of organic waste materials and their benefits to the areas where the excess of such organic waste is located. Based on this review, researchers were noted to be proposing lots of distinctive ways to contain generating solid waste and discoveries have been highlighted to show the importance of converting these organic wastes to biogas. Processing is a well-established technology mainly for sustainable energy use generation in addition to the valorization of organic residues. Through this analysis, these wastes were described as enormous sources of biogas that can assist to solve some of the electricity problems in the country.

Environmental, social and health benefits of alternative renewable energy sources. Case study for household biogas digesters in rural areas

In rural areas of Colombia, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the preferred option available for cooking. However, the poorest households rely on firewood (FW) to meet their daily cooking needs, because is the most accessible and affordable energy source. This high level of dependence on traditional solid fuels and the use of non-optimized cook stoves results in high health, environmental, economic and social costs on developing countries’ households. This study aimed at assessing the environmental and health benefits of implementing grass-fed household biogas digesters in rural areas of Colombia, through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Functional Unit was the annual demand of cooking energy by a typical family in those rural areas, which means 2400 MJ of useful heat. There were evaluated two sources of biogas obtained from Pennisetum grass: Biogas from minerally fertilized grass (BMFG) and from organically fertilized one (BOFG). Results showed that FW had the highest impacts from fuels assessed, while the lowest impacts were found with BOFG, showing half of LCA total impacts compared with LPG and more than two orders of magnitude lower in non-methane volatile organic compounds and particulate matter (PM2.5eq) emitted compared with FW. Therefore, BOFG appears as an environmentally feasible alternative for cooking, which allowed the reduction LCA impacts among most of the categories assessed, as the fuel purchase expenses and of the wood collection time. Moreover, health impacts including the indoor emissions exposure showed also more than two orders of magnitude less impact compared with FW. It can be concluded that household digesters could improve the living standard of rural families.

Kombinasi feses sapi dan babi sebagai sumber biogas

THE COMBINATION OF COW AND PIG FECES AS BIOGAS SOURCES. This research has been carried out with the aim to find out the biogas production produced from the use of cow and pig feces. This research was conducted at Bailang Abattoir Manado, North Sulawesi. The material used in this study were cow feces, pig feces and water. Comparison of feces combinations (2 bucket cow feces, 1 bucket pig feces and 3 bucket water was 1: 1). The equipment used is a horizontal type digester, measuring, thermometer, pH indicator, biogas stove, hose, barrel and bucket. The data analysis used was in this study was descriptive analysis. The variables observed in this study were biogas volume, temperature, pH value, and biogas application. The 31 days of research showed that the total volume of biogas achieved was 122,266,262 m3. The results also obtained an average temperature of 31ºC for the morning and 30ºC for the afternoon. The pH value of this study 7. The gas test was conducted twice, first on the 15th day. The second test was carried out on day 31. The use of biogas takes 24 minutes to cook. The conclusion of this study is the combination of cow and pig feces with a temperature of 30-31ºC and pH 7 produces 122,266,262 cm3 of biogas with a cooking time of 24 minutes. Keywords: biogas, cow feces, pig feces

Utilization of livestock manure as a source of biogas for renewable energy

Research on energy resources other than oil and gas continues to be conducted. Indonesia as an agricultural country has abundant natural resources that can be used as an alternative energy source, namely bioenergy. One type of bioenergy is biogas which is derived from organic waste from plants and livestock manure. In this study, optimization of the utilization of livestock manure as a source of biogas is carried out by creating a household biogas system. The type of reactor in this study is a fixed digester. Livestock manure came from five cattle with the amount of around 15 kg/day of each. The ratio of livestock manure and water is of 1: 1 Optimization is done by functional test and combustion test on the 15th day. The range of tests is 30 – 40 of pressure. And it reaches an optimum value at a pressure of 40. The temporary gas reservoir made from tires that are connected between the digester tank and the stove is used to maintain the gas supply from the digester tank. Moreover, the flame can burn steadily for up to more than one hour of use. Finally, this biogas system from livestock manure is expected to be used as alternative energy for a rural area.

Emerging Sources of Renewable Energy: Technological Advancement of Traditional and Natural approaches

माता भूमि पुत्रोहं पृथिव्या (Mata Bhumi PutrohamPrithivyah) - The earth is my mother and I am her son. It is the well-cherished VedicSanskrit verse and is most appropriateguide for the world's struggle for energy demands. Traditionally in Vedic culture and in modern times in many countries cow-based energy sources were used to fulfill the energy demands. Since the past more than 3 centuries, human race has adopted energy sources based on fossil, which are on the edge of extinction, as well as producing consequences like global warming, irreversible damage to natural sources like sea etc. These consequences are challengingexistence of mankind. Biogas energy and biomass are the traditional and natural energy sources. The present article highlights such sustainable emerging sources. Technological advancement in biogas energy, hydrogen from biogas and other sources, geothermal energy, and biomass have made significant technological advancement and emerging as alternative energy sources to which present scientific and governmental bodies are looking into it to curb the energy challenges.