Sources In Different Regions Research Articles

Electromagnetic Interference of Partial Discharge in Ultra High Voltage Substation

In order to block the electromagnetic interference source of partial discharge in UHV substation and improve the actual power generation efficiency, in this study, the experimental method of partial discharge in ultra high voltage (UHV) substation is first introduced. Secondly, the types of PD EMI are described in detail. Finally, the principle of blocking electromagnetic source is introduced and the blocking measures of each electromagnetic interference source are analyzed in detail. The results show that the actual equipment test of UHV substation is complex, and there are many factors affecting the test accuracy. Therefore, the field test of UHV substation is the most complex and precise test item at present. The time of noise interference of pulse signal is short and the distribution of signal is wide. This kind of interference is also repetitive, but the orientation of the display is relatively stable, and the waveform also has certain rules. Thyristors use relatively weak current to grasp relatively strong current, and the process is very short. At the same time, the period of application is very long and the stability is very strong. Recursive filters are used. The workload of calculation is greatly reduced, but there are many disadvantages. In practical UHV substation, the sources of PD are closely arranged, so it is suitable to use recursive filter. After using wavelet transform to disperse EMI sources, it can block the sources in different regions.

Spatiotemporal variations and driving factors of dust storm events in northern China based on high-temporal-resolution analysis of meteorological data (1960–2007)

Northern China is a significant source of dust source in Central Asia. Thus, high-resolution analysis of dust storms and comparison of dust sources in different regions of northern China are important to clarify the formation mechanism of East Asian dust storms and predict or even prevent such storms. Here, we analyzed spatiotemporal trends in dust storms that occurred in three main dust source regions during 1960–2007: Taklimakan Desert (western region [WR]), Badain Jaran and Tengger Deserts (middle region [MR]), and Otindag Sandy Land (eastern region [ER]). We analyzed daily dust storm frequency (DSF) at the 10-day scale (first [FTDM], middle [MTDM], and last [LTDM] 10 days of a month), and investigated the association of dust storm occurrences with meteorological factors. The 10-day DSF was greatest in the FTDM (accounting for 77.14% of monthly occurrences) in the WR, MTDM (45.85%) in the MR, and LTDM (72.12%) in the ER, showing a clear trend of movement from the WR to the ER. Temporal analysis of DSF revealed trend changes over time at annual and 10-day scales, with mutation points at 1985 and 2000. We applied single-factor and multiple-factor analyses to explore the driving mechanisms of DSF at the 10-day scale. Among single factors, a low wind-speed threshold, high solar radiation, and high evaporation were correlated with a high DSF, effectively explaining the variations in DSF at the 10-day scale; however, temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation poorly explained variations in DSF. Similarly, multiple-factor analysis using a classification and regression tree revealed that maximum wind speed was a major influencing factor of dust storm occurrence at the 10-day scale, followed by relative humidity, evaporation, and solar radiation; temperature and precipitation had weak influences. These findings help clarify the mechanisms of dust storm occurrence in East Asia.

Molecular Polymorphism of Pectinase Genes PGU of Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum Yeast

A molecular genetic study of pectinase PGU genes from 74 strains of the yeast Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum isolated from various fermentation processes and natural sources in different regions of Europe and the United States has been performed. Unlike the S. cerevisiae yeasts, each having a single PGU gene, the S. bayanus var. uvarum strains have three divergent genes, PGU1b, PGU2b, and PGU3b, which are located respectively on chromosomes X, I, and XIV. The high pectinolytic activity of these yeasts appears to be related to the presence of several PGU polymeric genes in their genomes.

Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis from animal sources in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA) in China

Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis are globally ubiquitous infectious parasitoses in humans and animals. The purpose of the present study was to determine the distribution and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis from animal sources in different regions of QTPA in China. A total of 405 fresh fecal specimens from seven domestic animals were collected in Qinghai, Yunnan, and Tibet. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis was 3.0% (n = 12), 19.8% (n = 80) and 5.7% (n = 23), respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species (C. andersoni, C. xiaoi, C. bovis, and C. ryanae) were identified and C. bovis was firstly identified from camel. Ten genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified in the present study, including eight known genotype (BEB6, CAM2, CHG2, CAM1, COS I, J, CHS8, and CHG3), and two novel genotypes (YAK1 and PN). Genotype CAM2 was detected in horse, yak, and mongolian sheep for the first time and the novel genotype YAK1 was grouped into the human-pathogenic group 1. G. duodenalis assemblage E was common in all animal species, and the human-pathogenic assemblage A was only detected in yaks and camels. Our results elucidate the occurrence and genetic diversity of three zoonotic pathogens from different animals and regions in QTPA, which could act as potential zoonotic reservoirs. More areas and larger number of samples are required to assess the potential risk of cross-species transmission in this region.

Молекулярный полиморфизм пектиназных генов PGU дрожжей Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum

We have conducted a molecular genetic study of the pectinase PGU genes of 74 strains of the yeast Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum, isolated from various fermentation processes and natural sources in different regions of Europe and in the USA. Unlike S. cerevisiae, each having a PGU gene, strains of S. bayanus var. uvarum have three divergent genes PGU1b, PGU2b and PGU3b, located respectively on chromosomes X, I and XIV. The high pectinolytic activity of these yeasts appears to be related to the presence of several PGU polymeric genes in their genome. Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum, endo-polygalacturonase, yeast pectinase, genes PGU1b, PGU2b and PGU3b, molecular karyotyping, Southern-hybridization This study was supported by Budget-supported project No. 595-00004-18PR. doi: 10.21519/0234-2758-2019-35-2-30-37

Effect of Altitudinal and Seasonal Factors on Diatomological Mapping of Waterbodies: Implication in Drowning Investigations

Diatoms are an essential part of forensic investigation in drowning cases. They are used to differentiate between ante-mortem and post-mortem drowning and to ascertain the site of drowning. However, to do so it is imperative to perform the diatomological mapping of water sources in different regions. The issue of localizing a drowning site may be resolved with the help of diatomological monitoring and mapping of the water sources, which generates substantial references for meeting the ‘criterion of concordance’. The present study has generated a database of diatom diversity in relation to different seasons and altitudes. Water sampling was made from low, mid and high altitudes during summer and autumn seasons. Important information was found after a microscopic examination of diatoms in water samples from different water bodies at different geographical altitudes. Twenty-seven diatom genera have been observed in the water samples from the selected localities. The findings of the current study have exposed the significant effect of seasonal changes and varied altitudes on occurrence of diatoms. A variety of commonly occurring site restricted diatoms were identified in the water samples. This useful information can be significant while investigating drowning cases from this particular region when the drowning site is either questioned or unknown.

Organochlorine pesticides in ambient air from the littoral cities of northern China: Spatial distribution, seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment

Concentrations, composition and seasonal variations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the atmosphere (particulate phase and gaseous phase) at coastal cities in northern China were determined. OCP transport from emission source areas and lifetime excess cancer risks by inhalation exposure to specific OCPs were also investigated. The annual average concentration of total OCPs in gaseous phase ranged from 1.0ng/m3 to 6.3ng/m3, with the peak observed in summer at most sites. Particulate phase concentrations ranged from 29.9pg/m3 to 103.3pg/m3, with the maximum found in the local heating period at most locations. The detection rates of gaseous samples were considerably higher than those of particulate ones. The dominant components included endosulfan (I and II), (α- and γ-) chlordane, pentachlorobiphenyl (PeCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor, (α-, β- and γ-) hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and their metabolic products. The specific ratios indicated different applications of DDT, technical HCH and endosulfan at most sites. Large differences in compositional profiles occurred in January (typical heating period) and July (representative non-heating period), and diurnal changes in component concentrations may have been influenced by local emission pattern. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) manifested seasonal concentrations of airborne OCPs affected by the input of potential sources in different regions. The emission sources with higher contribution probabilities to the sites were primarily distributed in the surrounding areas. The lifetime excess cancer risks for the local residents by inhalation exposure to specific components were not high, though the potential threat of α-HCH and HCB should be concerned. CapsuleGaseous OCPs reached peak values in summer and dominated relative to particulate (PM10) values; meanwhile, surrounding sources affected air OCP concentrations, and cancer risks of OCPs by inhalation exposure were not high.

Geochemical valuation and intake of F, As, and Se in coal wastes contaminated areas and their potential impacts on local inhabitants, Shaanxi China.

This study probe the human health risk of fluoride (F), arsenic (As), and selenium (Se) and their daily intake available quantity to human through different sources in different regions of Shaanxi, China. For this purpose, a number of samples, including coal and coal wastes, rocks, soil, and vegetables were collected from south Qinling Mountain stone-like coal (Geo type-I), Binxian-Jurassic (Geo type-II), Hancheng Permo-Carboniferous (Geo type-III), and countryside (Huanglong County) of Shaanxi province. All these samples were analyzed through atomic fluorescence spectroscopy and combustion hydrolysis methods. Results showed that Geo type-I was enriched with As, Se, and F, Geo type-II, III, and the countryside were slightly enriched with As and F and deficient in Se. The average daily intake (ADI) of Se in Geo type-I was 0.005-0.0045, Geo type-II 0.0005-0.0004, Geo type-III 0.0006-0.0005, and countryside 0.0002-0.001 in mgkg-1day-1 adult-children, respectively, which was lower than the optimum level (0.06-0.075mgkg-1day-1). ADI of As at Geo type-I was 0.0085-0.0075, Geo type-II 0.004-0.0037, Geo type-III 0.0008, and countryside 0.00022-0.00019 in mgkg-1day-1 adult-children, respectively, which was above the acceptable range (10-6-10-4). ADI of F at Geo type-I was 0.0047-0.0041, Geo type-II 0.0098-0.0087, Geo type-III 0.002-0.0017 and countryside 0.0015-0.0013 in mgkg-1day-1 adult-children, respectively. The toxicity level of Se and F at all the regions was lower than the NOAEL and LOAEL, while As was higher at Geo type-II and I. The extreme deficient of Se than the optimum range along with high F could deregulatethe normal body growth especially causes bones and joint problems. However, the study found a rare patient with bone and joint disease (maybe Kashin-Beck disease) in the countryside. To find the exact cause of Kashin-Beck disease, the study needs further medical investigation in Se-deficient regions and their association with selenium deficiency and enriched fluoride.

Estimation of prospects of use of alternative sources of energy for power supply mining enterprises of Russia

The article is devoted to assessing the prospects of alternative and renewable energy sources – wind power and solar power mining enterprises of Russia. The relevance of this assessment is that a new, untapped mineral deposits often located in remote and inaccessible areas and, during development, of the difficulty of supplying electric energy. The article presents the analysis of the limiting factors in the use of alternative and renewable energy sources in different regions of Russia – natural conditions, the volume of capital investments, the cost of electricity. An important advantage of self-generating energy installations that use alternative and renewable sources of energy is the savings in operating costs associated with a lack of purchase power, independence from the electricity supply, the state of electrical networks, ecological clean production of electricity. The article evaluated the feasibility of using wind energy and solar power projected Mining on one of the fields of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The necessity of comparison of traditional and alternative methods of power supply was due to the high cost of electric power and a large enough cost of construction power line of necessary length and of stepdown substation. For assess the feasibility of constructing installations using wind and solar energy within the framework of this article, an analysis is given of the change in the final indicators of economic efficiency in the framework of the investment project for the construction of the entire projected mine. In the article the calculation of the parameters, settings, using alternative and renewable sources of energy, which could fully meet the needs of all departments of the GOK’s electricity.

A stochastic multi-criteria decision analysis for sustainable biomass crop selection

Selecting the most sustainable biomass crop type for biofuel production is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem involving various conflicting criteria. In this paper, we propose a unique stochastic analytical hierarchy process (AHP) that can handle uncertain information and identify weights of criteria in the MCDM problem. By utilizing the beta distribution and approximating its median, we convert various types of expert evaluations including imprecise values into crisp values. We ensure consistency in each evaluation matrix before aggregating expert judgments. We then demonstrate use of the model by applying it to sustainable biomass crop selection. In order to define a comprehensive list of the selection criteria, we utilize the existing literature and opinions of experts including farmers, government specialists from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and faculty members in the areas of biomass and bioenergy. The evaluation model includes three main sustainability criteria defined as economic, environmental, and social aspects associated with a total of 16 sub-criteria. We apply the proposed model to biomass alternatives including switchgrass, Miscanthus, sugarcane, corn, and wheat in Kansas. Results show the weights of economic, environmental, and social aspects to be 0.59, 0.26, and 0.15, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the score of switchgrass increases if environmental criteria are emphasized. On the other hand, wheat and corn become more favorable than other alternatives if priority is given to economic factors. The most sustainable biomass sources in different regions can be determined by applying the presented selection hierarchy. The proposed stochastic AHP methodology can also be utilized for other complex multi-criteria decision-making problems with uncertain information and multiple stakeholders.

Urban rivers as conveyors of hydrocarbons to sediments of estuarine areas: Source characterization, flow rates and mass accumulation

Aliphatic (n-C12–n-C40, unresolved complex mixture, resolved peaks) and aromatic hydrocarbons (46 PAH) were investigated in suspended particulate matter (SPM) sampled over eleven months in six of the major rivers and two channels of the Guanabara Bay Basin. PAH flow rates of the most contaminated rivers, the contribution to the PAH sediment load of the receiving bay, and the main sources of hydrocarbons were determined. PAH (38) ranged from 28ngL−1 to 11,514ngL−1. Hydrocarbon typology and statistical evaluation demonstrated contribution of distinct sources in different regions and allowed quantification of these contributions. Total flow rate for the five major rivers amounts to 3tyear−1 and responds for 30% of the total PAH annual input into the northern area of the Guanabara Bay. For the first time PAH mass deposited in the bay sediments has been estimated and shall serve as base for decision making and source abatement.

Analysis of the full-length genome of a novel strain of the H7N9 avian influenza virus.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the evolution and variation of a novel strain of the avian influenza virus. The virus-positive specimens [A/Changsha/2/2013 (H7N9)] from a patient infected with the novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and the full genome was sequenced. The sequencing results were submitted to GenBank and then analyzed by phylogenetic tree analysis using BioEdit and Mega5 software. The phylogenetic tree of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes revealed that A/Changsha/2/2013 (H7N9) and all the new H7N9 viruses in 2013 were in a large cluster, and their nucleotide evolutionary distances were closely associated. Phylogenetic tree analyses of the nucleoprotein and nonstructural genes demonstrated two main branches. One branch contained novel H7N9 viruses isolated from avian, human and environmental sources in different regions. The other branch contained three novel H7N9 virus strains isolated from environmental sources in Shanghai. All the phylogenetic trees of the matrix protein, polymerase acidic, polymerase basic protein 1 and polymerase basic protein 2 genes also showed two branches, with each branch including the novel H7N9 virus strains isolated from avian, human and environmental sources in different regions. Molecular characterization demonstrated that 52 novel H7N9 viruses sequenced to date contain the G228S and G186V mutations in the receptor binding site of the HA protein. The full-genome sequences of A/Changsha/2/2013 and analyses of its molecular characteristics suggest that the A/Changsha/2/2013 H7N9 virus strain has molecular characteristics that may facilitate adaptation of the virus to mammalian hosts and may even bind to human receptors.

A three step approach for removing organic matter from South African water sources and treatment plants

The high variability in the levels and composition of natural organic matter (NOM) in South-African water sources in different regions means that no single treatment process can be prescribed for each water treatment plant operating in the country. In order to remove NOM from water in a water treatment train, the composition of the NOM in the source water must be taken into account, especially as it may not necessarily be uniform since the composition is dependent on local environmental situation. The primary objective of this study was to characterise the NOM present in South African source waters through an extensive sampling of representative water types across the country and then develop a rapid NOM characterisation protocol. Water samples were thus collected from eight different water treatment plants located throughout the country at different sites of their water treatment trains. Raw water samples, the intermediate samples before filtration and water samples before disinfection were collected at these drinking water treatment plants. The fluorescence excitation–emission matrices (FEEMs), biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), ultraviolet (UV) characterisation (200–900nm) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis were used to characterise the NOM in the water samples. The FEEM and UV results revealed that the samples were composed mainly of humic substances with a high UV-254 absorbance, while some samples had marine humic substances and non-humic substances. The sample’s DOC results were within the range of 3.25–21.44mgC/L, which was indicative of the varying nature of the NOM composition in the regions where samples were obtained. The BDOC fraction of the NOM, on the other hand, ranged from 20% to 65%, depending on the geographical location of the sampling site. It is evident from the results obtained that the NOM composition varied per sampling site which would eventually have a bearing on its treatability. The various water treatment processes employed at the different treatment plants were able to effectively reduce NOM, as evidenced by a percentage DOC removal of between 11% and 85%. The highest DOC removal was achieved at the treatment plants that had highly humic and coloured raw water sources.

ГЕОДИНАМІКА

Datum of some cases of water level variations as a response to seismic waves of distant M 7.2-8.8 earthquakes with sources in different regions are presented in paper. Datum have been got in a well located at “Mikhnevo” geophysical observatory in the central part of Eurasion Plate.

Neutrino flavor ratios from cosmic accelerators on the Hillas plot

We discuss energy-dependent flavor and neutrino-antineutrino ratios of neutrinos produced in cosmic accelerators as a function of energy over 20 × 24 orders of magnitude in R and B , which are the parameters of the Hillas plot. We use a self-consistent model for sources optically thin to neutrons, in which the neutrinos come from charged pions produced in photohadronic interactions of protons. The target photon field is assumed to be synchrotron photons from co-accelerated electrons or positrons. The description of the photohadronic interactions takes into account high energy interactions, which may lead to substantial π − production. Since synchrotron cooling processes are included, we re-cover the well-known pion beam, muon damped, and neutron beam sources in different regions of the Hillas plot, depending on the injection index, as well as we find sources with anomalous flavor ratios.

Using Equivalent Standard Pollution method to evaluate impacts of agricultural non-point pollution resources on water environment in Shandong Province

综合评价不同污染源对水环境的影响是进行污染物总量控制的前提, 也是农业非点源污染源头预防的重要依据。采用“等标污染法”计算了2007年山东省化肥、畜禽粪便、生活排污3种污染源中总氮、总磷2种污染物的流失量, 以及全省17个地市3种污染源中2种污染物的等标污染负荷与等标污染指数。结果表明: 全省总氮流失量以化肥贡献率最高, 而总磷流失量以畜禽粪便所占比例最大, 畜禽粪便、化肥、生活排污3种污染源中营养元素流失量分别占总流失量的49.3%、42.6%、8.1%; 山东省总氮等标污染负荷略高于总磷, 不同地市间差异较大, 化肥与畜禽粪便以潍坊市最高, 而临沂市生活排污等标污染负荷最大, 2种污染物等标污染负荷均以潍坊市最高; 3种污染源中以畜禽粪便对山东省水环境的影响强度最大, 生活排污、化肥、畜禽粪便的等标污染负荷比例为1∶4∶7; 受等标污染负荷与水环境总量的共同影响, 山东省不同地市间等标污染指数差异明显, 等标污染指数以德州市最高, 农业非点源污染潜在威胁最大, 其次为聊城、菏泽、滨州、泰安。 应针对各区域不同的重点污染源进行农业非点源污染防控技术研究, 降低其对水资源污染的威胁。

Use of high-resolution MM5/CALMET/CALPUFF system: SO 2 apportionment to air quality in Hong Kong

Recent research has highlighted the substantial health-related costs of air pollution in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) and the potential threat from air pollution to HKSARs economic competitiveness. In order to address the air pollution problems, this paper seeks to analyse the individual contributions of major sulphur dioxide (SO 2) sources in the Pearl River Delta Region (PRDR) (Pearl River Delta + HKSAR) on the air quality in the HKSAR. This study employed the coupling of the MM5/CALMET system with the CALPUFF, the multi-layer, non-steady-state puff dispersion model, where major power plants, marine vessels and vehicles, all in the PRDR, are taken into account. The observation data and simulation results at 11 Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD) general (non-road-side) stations are analyzed. Urban (in-zone) and Rural (out-zone) stations are defined in order to examine the SO 2 contribution of different emission sources in different regions of the HKSAR. The model results show that the contribution of the HKSAR marine sources is significant both in summer and in winter, especially for the locations around the in-zone stations (in general 60%, and 55% in summer and winter respectively). In addition, the contribution of the HKSAR power plants is slightly higher than that of the PRD power plants in early summer, with a contribution difference of up to 20% when the prevailing wind is from the south. However, in late summer, this situation reverses. In winter, the contribution of the PRD power plants is two to three times greater than that of the HKSAR power plants. Moreover, Yantian port affects the northern part of the HKSAR when a northeasterly wind dominates the HKSAR. In order to solve these air pollution problems, the main implication of these results suggests that the HKSAR government, in close co-operation with the Guangdong government, needs to take immediate action.

Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions in China

A regression model based on the provincial energy consumption data was developed to calculate the monthly proportions of residential energy consumption compared to the total year volume. This model was also validated by comparing with some survey and statistical data. With this model, a PAHs emission inventory with seasonal variation was developed. The seasonal variations of different sources in different regions of China and the spatial distribution of the major sources in different seasons were also achieved. The PAHs emissions were larger in the winter than in the summer, with a difference of about 1.3-folds between the months with the largest and the smallest emissions. Residential solid fuel combustion dominated the pattern of seasonal variation with the winter-time emissions as much as 1.6 times as that in the summer, while the emissions from wild fires and open fire straw burning was mainly concentrated during the spring and summer.

A Measurement of the Spatial Distribution of Diffuse TeV Gamma‐Ray Emission from the Galactic Plane with Milagro

Diffuse $\gamma$-ray emission produced by the interaction of cosmic-ray particles with matter and radiation in the Galaxy can be used to probe the distribution of cosmic rays and their sources in different regions of the Galaxy. With its large field of view and long observation time, the Milagro Gamma Ray Observatory is an ideal instrument for surveying large regions of the Northern Hemisphere sky and for detecting diffuse $\gamma$-ray emission at very high energies. Here, the spatial distribution and the flux of the diffuse $\gamma$-ray emission in the TeV energy range with a median energy of 15 TeV for Galactic longitudes between 30$^\circ$ and 110$^\circ$ and between 136$^\circ$ and 216$^\circ$ and for Galactic latitudes between -10$^\circ$ and 10$^\circ$ are determined. The measured fluxes are consistent with predictions of the GALPROP model everywhere except for the Cygnus region ($l\in[65^\circ,85^\circ]$). For the Cygnus region, the flux is twice the predicted value. This excess can be explained by the presence of active cosmic ray sources accelerating hadrons which interact with the local dense interstellar medium and produce gamma rays through pion decay.

X‐Ray Point Sources in the Central Region of M31 as Seen byChandra

We report on Chandra observations of the central region of M31. By combining eight Chandra ACIS-I observations taken between 1999 and 2001, we have identified 204 X-ray sources within the central ~17' × 17' region of M31, with a detection limit of ~2 × 1035 ergs s-1. Of these 204 sources, 22 are identified with globular clusters, two with supernova remnants, nine with planetary nebula, and nine with supersoft sources. By comparing individual images, about 50% of the sources are variable on timescales of months. We also found 13 transients, with light curves showing a variety of shapes. We also extracted the energy spectra of the 20 brightest sources; they can be well fitted by a single power law with a mean photon index of 1.8. The spectral shapes of 12 sources are shown to be variable, suggesting that they went through state changes. The luminosity function of all the point sources is consistent with previous observations (a broken power law with a luminosity break at 1.7 × 1037 ergs s-1). However, when the X-ray sources in different regions are considered separately, different luminosity functions are obtained. This indicates that the star formation history might be different in different regions.