Source Of Several Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Simultaneous extraction and purification of fucoxanthin from Tisochrysis lutea microalgae using compressed fluids

The marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea, a Haptophyta with a thin cell wall and currently used mainly in aquaculture is a potential source of several bioactive compounds of interest such as carotenoids. In the present study, the simultaneous extraction and purification of fucoxanthin, the main carotenoid from T. lutea, was optimized using pressurized fluid extraction followed by in-cell purification. An experimental design was employed to maximize carotenoids' extraction; the experimental factors chosen were: (i) percentage of ethanol/ethyl acetate (0-100 %), (ii) temperature (40-150°C), and (iii) number of static extraction cycles (1-3). The maximum carotenoids' recovery, mainly fucoxanthin, was obtained with pure ethyl acetate at 40°C using one extraction cycle, achieving values of 132.8mg of carotenoids per gram of extract. Once the optimum extraction conditions were confirmed, in-cell purification strategies using different adsorbents were developed to obtain fucoxanthin-enriched extracts. Activated charcoal showed potential retention of chlorophylls allowing an effective purification of fucoxanthin in the obtained extracts. Chemical characterization of extracts was carried out by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Therefore, a selective fractionation of high value compounds was achieved using the proposed green downstream platform based on the use of compressed fluids.

METODOLOGIA PARA EXTRAÇÃO DE FENÓLICOS TOTAIS E ANTIOXIDANTES DA ERVA-MATE

A erva-mate é uma fonte de diversos compostos bioativos e por isto alvo de diversos estudos. O preparo de extratos a partir de suas folhas visa a extração de compostos benéficos à saúde, como polifenóis e antioxidantes. São descritas algumas metodologias de preparo de extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos de suas folhas em que tempo, temperatura, tamanho das partículas, proporção soluto-solvente e intensidade de agitação influenciam na qualidade do extrato obtido. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de comparar e estabelecer condições de temperatura e tempo buscando os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos (TPC) totais e atividade antioxidante (%AA) nos extratos de erva-mate. Sete métodos descritos na literatura foram selecionados, sendo cinco para extratos aquosos e duas para extratos hidroalcoólicos. Os TPC foram determinados usando o método Folin-Ciocalteu, com modificações para protocolo de microplacas, e a %AA pelo método DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazil). A análise quantitativa de TPC variou de 2.113 a 2.423 mg EAG L-1 para os extratos aquosos e 2.707 e 2.997 mg EAG L-1 para os extratos hidroalcoólicos. A atividade antioxidante variou de 39,8% a 55,27%. Os extratos que apresentaram maior TPC e %AA foram o extrato aquoso obtido a 85°C por 10 minutos de aquecimento e o hidroalcoólico obtido à temperatura ambiente (25-20°C) com 120 minutos de extração. Estes extratos podem ser adequados para adição em alimentos, adicionando capacidade antioxidante e propriedades funcionais.

Essential Oils and Biodegradable Packaging Materials: Application on Food Preservations

Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic oily liquid substances extracted from different plant organs. The most common source of essential oils are clove, lavender, cinnamon, lemon grass, coriander, rosewood, cumin, ginger, oregano etc. Essential oils are a good source of several bioactive compounds and serve as antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. In addition, essential oils have been used as natural additives for the shelf-life extension of food products, due to the risk in using synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, essential oils can be incorporated into packaging materials to prevent unavoidable microbial spoilage, and to extend shelf-life of the product. The extraction method of essential oil is most important because inappropriate extraction may damage the chemical properties. Essential oil can be extracted by several methods such as distillation, steam distillation, expression, and solvent extraction. This review article covers up the essential oil including sources, chemical composition, extraction process, antimicrobial activity of EOs, and their applications, particularly with the emphasis on preservation and the shelf-life extension of food products.

Targeting biofilm inhibition using Quercetin – Interaction with bacterial cell membrane and ROS mediated biofilm control

Background: Quercetin is an active nutraceutical ingredient widely distributed in foods, vegetables, fruits, and more. Quercetin is a versatile functional food with extensive protective effects against many infectious and degenerative diseases due to their antioxidant activities. Apsergillus niger is a filamentous fungus and the most abundant mold found in the environment. This fungus has been the source of several bioactive compounds and industrial enzymes through biotransformation.Aim: In this report we emphasized the potential of Aspergillus species for the selective conversion of rutin to quercetin, which involved stereoselective and regiospecific reactions with enhanced production and minimization of the formation of toxic wastes. This fungal microbe was able to transform the complex structure of rutin to quercetin with remarkable catalytic activity for the reaction with high product yield. The quercetin produced demonstrated the ability to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate established biofilm involving the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicative of membrane activity. These results suggest quercetin may have implications in biofilm control targeting reactive oxygen species as a novel therapeutic strategy.Methods: Quercetin was synthesized by microbial biotransformation recruiting Aspergillus niger. The synthesis of quercetin was compared with the chemical process. Furthermore, the quercetin produced by the biotransformation process was characterized by high performance thin layer liquid chromatography. The quercetin produced was assessed for biological activities. The antimicrobial activity, hemolytic activity, inhibition of biofilm by crystal violet staining, and cell viability by confocal laser scanning microscope was assessed. The membrane interaction effect and oxidant scavenging effect by DPPH, Intracellular ROS release, and lipid peroxidation was measured.Results: Quercetin produced by microbial transformation demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus by effectively inhibiting the growth and dispersion of preformed biofilms. Quercetin demonstrated a significant free radical scavenging activity and significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Significant release of reactive oxygen species was observed in bacterial cells.Conclusion: In conclusion, the bio transformed quercetin exhibited disruptive potential of biofilm formation by preventing cell surface attachment and biofilm growth. Therefore, it can be suggested that the major public health benefits could be achieved by substantially increasing the consumption of quercetin rich foods.

Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Fresh Produce: Exploitation of Genotype Variation and Advancements in Analytical Protocols.

Horticultural commodities (fruit and vegetables) are the major dietary source of several bioactive compounds of high nutraceutical value for humans, including polyphenols, carotenoids and vitamins. The aim of the current review was dual. Firstly, toward the eventual enhancement of horticultural crops with bio-functional compounds, the natural genetic variation in antioxidants found in different species and cultivars/genotypes is underlined. Notably, some landraces and/or traditional cultivars have been characterized by substantially higher phytochemical content, i.e., small tomato of Santorini island (cv. “Tomataki Santorinis”) possesses appreciably high amounts of ascorbic acid (AsA). The systematic screening of key bioactive compounds in a wide range of germplasm for the identification of promising genotypes and the restoration of key gene fractions from wild species and landraces may help in reducing the loss of agro-biodiversity, creating a healthier “gene pool” as the basis of future adaptation. Toward this direction, large scale comparative studies in different cultivars/genotypes of a given species provide useful insights about the ones of higher nutritional value. Secondly, the advancements in the employment of analytical techniques to determine the antioxidant potential through a convenient, easy and fast way are outlined. Such analytical techniques include electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electrochemical, and chemometric methods, flow injection analysis (FIA), optical sensors, and high resolution screening (HRS). Taking into consideration that fruits and vegetables are complex mixtures of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants, the exploitation of chemometrics to develop “omics” platforms (i.e., metabolomics, foodomics) is a promising tool for researchers to decode and/or predict antioxidant activity of fresh produce. For industry, the use of optical sensors and IR spectroscopy is recommended to estimate the antioxidant activity rapidly and at low cost, although legislation does not allow its correlation with health claims.

Review: Extensive Potentiality of Selected Tropical Fruits from Indonesia

Indonesia has several biodiversities including tropical fruits. The consumption of tropical fruits is increasing as this source can be used as a healthy source of several bioactive compounds to prevent severalnon-communicable diseases. Tropical fruits are commonly used for the production of several food products e.g. juice, jams, jellies, cookies and other products. The utilization of by product of tropical fruits have not been developed and promoted. Although, several bioactive compounds are still present in tropical fruits by product. This concept called as avalorization of by product to increase the economical value of several by product. The purpose of this review isto promote several selected Indonesian tropical fruit and also to promote the potency of a by-product of tropical fruits in valorization concept.

Traditional Fruits of Kerala: Bioactive Compounds and their Curative Potential in Chronic Diseases

Background: Plants are the primary source of various types of edible products, of which fruits form a major class. Several fruits are being used all over the world for edible as well as medicinal purposes. Based on the place of origin and preferred climatic conditions, fruits are being classified broadly to temperate and tropical fruits. Kerala, a southern state in India, which is also known as “god’s own country” because of its peculiar climatic and geographical conditions, have been using a wide variety of fruits traditionally. Objective: The present review attempts to provide a summary of traditionally used fruits in Kerala and a brief outline of their bioactive components emphasizing its health promoting effects. Method: The data were collected from PubMed and Google scholar that are available till date. Results: Compared to the other parts of India, tropical fruits are produced in Kerala. This includes jackfruit, mango, papaya, banana, guava etc. They are used widely for edible purposes as well as in traditional and folk medicine. Most of these fruits are sources of several bioactive compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin etc. Studies have reported a wide array of health benefits including lipid lowering, hypoglycemic and anticancer effects. Conclusion: The tropical fruits contain a variety of bioactive compounds with promising health promoting activities. However, there are many more to be explored for their applications, hence the review recommends extensive research in the area of tropical fruits. Keywords: Tropical fruits, Kerala, chronic diseases, antioxidants, cardiovascular diseases, bioactive compounds.

Enhanced and Selective Lipid Extraction from the Microalga P. tricornutum by Dimethyl Carbonate and Supercritical CO2 Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Microwaves as Pretreatment

Microalgae are promising alternative sources of several bioactive compounds that are useful for human applications. However, lipids are traditionally extracted with toxic organic solvents (e.g., mixtures of chloroform and methanol or hexane). In this work, we develop a new lipid extraction protocol for obtaining a fatty-acids-rich extract from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and microwaves (MWs) were investigated as pretreatments for environmentally friendly solvent extractions using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and supercritical CO2 (scCO2). Pretreatments with various DESs formed by choline chloride (ChCl) and different hydrogen-bond donors (oxalic acid, levulinic acid, urea, ethylene glycol, and sorbitol) were tested in combination with DMC extraction. DESs formed by ChCl and carboxylic acids gave the best results, increasing both the selectivity and the total fatty acid (TFA) extraction yield of DMC (by 16% and 80%, respectively). DESs combined with MW heating followed b...

Characterization of bioactive compounds from monascus purpureus fermented different cereal substrates

Solid-state fermenting of cereals by Monascus is interesting strategy to produce cereals with more beneficial components. The objective of this study was to determine selected primary and secondary metabolites in cereals (rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, corn, buckwheat) fermented by Monascus purpreus and subsequently compare amount of these compounds with control sample (cereals without Monascus). In fermented cereals was determined higher protein, fat, reducing sugars, crude fiber and ash content with compare to non-fermented cereals. The antioxidant activity measured by DPPH assay, ABTS assay as well as reducing power assay was also higher in fermented Monascus cereals with the best results in rice (3.09 ±0.02; 62.9 ±2.24; 43.19 ±2.07 mg TEAC per g of dry weight). Sample of fermented rice contained the highest level of total polyphenols (15.31 ±3.62 mg GAE per g of dry weight), total flavonoids (1.65 mg QE per g of dry weight) and total phenolic acids (9.47 ±0.56 mg CAE per g of dry weight). In fermented cereals was also determined higher contact of reducing sugars (highest value in rice 246.97 ±7.96 mg GE per g), proteins (highest value in buckwheat 28.47 ±1.24%), ash (highest value in sorghum 2.74 ±0.08%) and fat (highest value in corn 4.89 ±0.03%) with compare to non-fermented samples. Results of crude fiber content of both - fermented and non-fermented cereals were balanced with similar values. Results of this study shown that Monascus purpureus fermented cereal substrates might be a potential sources of several bioactive compounds in food products.

Effect of Pasteurization on Flavonoids and Carotenoids in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. ‘Cara Cara’ and ‘Bahia’ Juices

Orange juice is considered an excellent dietary source of several bioactive compounds with beneficial properties for human health. Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. 'Cara Cara' is a bud mutation originated from 'Washington' navel orange, also known as 'Bahia' navel orange. The ascorbic acid, flavonoid, and carotenoid contents in pasteurized and nonpasteurized Bahia and Cara Cara juices using two LC-MS/MS platforms were investigated. Higher ascorbic acid content was observed in Bahia compared to Cara Cara in both pasteurized and nonpasteurized juices. Total flavanones content as well as hesperidin levels were higher in Cara Cara with respect to Bahia pasteurized juice. Cara Cara was also characterized by a significantly higher and diversified carotenoid content compared to Bahia juice with a mixture of (Z)-isomers of lycopene, all-E-β-carotene, phytoene, and phytofluene isomers accounting for the highest carotenoid proportion. The exceptionally high carotenoid content of Cara Cara may be particularly interesting for nutritional or functional studies of uncommon carotenes in a citrus food matrix.

Consumption of Amaranth Induces the Accumulation of the Antioxidant Protein Paraoxonase/Arylesterase 1 and Modulates Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Activity in Plasma of Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Background/Aim: Amaranth is a source of several bioactive compounds, among which peptides with inhibitory activity upon dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) have been reported. However, there is no information about the action of amaranth DPP-IV-inhibitory peptides using in vivo models. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of amaranth consumption on plasma and kidney DPP-IV activity as well the changes in plasma proteome profile of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats. Methods: Rats were fed for 12 weeks with a diet containing 20% popped amaranth grain. Kidneys and blood samples were collected for lipid profile, DPP-IV activity and expression, and proteomic analysis. Results: Total cholesterol and DPP-IV activity in plasma was increased in hyperglycemic rats, but this effect was reverted by amaranth consumption. Triacylglycerols were increased in the hyperglycemic group fed amaranth, and the highest levels of high-density lipoproteins were also observed in this group. These data correlated with the accumulation of apolipoprotein A-II in plasma. Accumulation of the antioxidant protein paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats was observed when amaranth was supplied in the diet. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which amaranth exerts its beneficial health action in a hyperglycemic state.

Electron beam and gamma irradiation as feasible conservation technologies for wild Arenaria montana L.: Effects on chemical and antioxidant parameters

Abstract Wild plants are widely recognized as high-potential sources of several bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, these natural matrices require effective decontamination steps before they might be considered for different industrial purposes. Irradiation techniques are being progressively acknowledged as feasible conservation methodologies, either for their high decontamination effectiveness, as well as for their innocuousness on most chemical and bioactive parameters of the material to be treated. Arenaria montana L. (Caryophyllaceae) is recognized for its phytochemical richness, having a relevant geographical distribution in the Southern Europe. Herein the effects of irradiation (gamma and electron beam up to 10 kGy) were evaluated by comparing the nutritional, chemical and antioxidant profiles in A. montana extracts. In general, the assayed parameters showed statistically significant variations in response to irradiation treatment. Furthermore, the performed LDA allowed identifying the antioxidant indicators as the most affected parameters in irradiated samples, especially when using the 10 kGy dose and e-beam irradiation. Industrial relevance Wild plants are recognized as high-potential sources of several bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, they require effective decontamination steps before being considered for different industrial purposes. Irradiation techniques are being progressively acknowledged as feasible decontamination methodologies, but several options are available. The present study, using Arenaria montana as a case-study, reports important clues for choosing a specific irradiation type or dose according to the need of maintain a specific chemical or bioactive profile.

Marine shells: Potential opportunities for extraction of functional and health-promoting materials

ABSTRACTMarine shell waste is a very rich source of several bioactive compounds and materials, such as calcium, chitin, pigments, and proteins. Currently, this waste material is greatly underutilized and contributes to significant environmental problems due to off-odor and concentration of minerals in landfill. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential to add value to and maximize the utilization of this waste stream. Therefore, this review provides up-to-date information on various compounds available in marine shells that are generated as waste coproduct from commercial processing operations and their potential uses. Methods are described for extraction of these compounds for use in food and pharmaceutical applications.

Effectiveness of Immunotherapies from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus species) in the Management of Immunocompromised Patients

In the recent years, mushrooms are distinguished as important natural resources of immunotherapy which can be used as immunomodulating and immunostimulating in the management of some immunodeficiency diseases such as cancer, tumour, HIV, tuberculosis etc. Mushroom of the genus Pleurotus are good sources of several bioactive compounds which are able to augment or complement a desired immune response. Such bioactive compounds are polysaccharopeptides, polysaccharide-proteins, functional proteins (ubiquinone-9, nebrodeolysin, ubiquitin-like peptide and glycoprotein), glucans, proteoglycans and many others. Most of these bioactive compounds follow the immunomodulatory pathway mechanism of polysaccharide (β-glucan) from mushrooms by stimulating activities for both innate and adaptive immune systems. They proliferate and activate innate immune system components such as natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, and stimulate cytokines expression and secretion. These cytokines in turn activate adaptive immunity through the promotion of B-cells for antibodies production and stimulation of T-cell differentiation to T helper (Th1 and Th2) cells, which mediate cell and humoral immunities, respectively. In this review, the immunotherapeutic potential of oyster mushroom in relation to bioactive compounds produced is shown and this suggests that the oyster mushrooms are one of the most important natural products and functional foods.

A non-conventional method to extract D-limonene from waste lemon peels and comparison with traditional Soxhlet extraction

Waste citrus peels can be used as source of several bioactive compounds. Among these, D-limonene is the major constituent in lemon essential oil and is of great interest in several fields. With the aim of optimizing D-limonene extraction from lemon peels after citrus processing, a non-conventional solvent extraction was studied. Hexane was used as solvent at high pressure and temperature and influence of extraction time, temperature–pressure and matrix/solvent ratio (M) on yield of D-limonene was analyzed by a statistical approach applied to a three-level full factorial design (33). The highest yield was reached when extraction was performed with M=1:15 at 150°C for 30min (3.56%). Furthermore, a response surface methodology (RSM) was used and experimental results were fitted by a second-order polynomial equation. The effects of drying pre-treatment and particle size were also evaluated in this work. The effectiveness of this innovative method in extraction of citrus essential oils – and, in particular, of D-limonene – has been evaluated and compared to conventional Soxhlet extraction. High pressure – high temperature extraction (HPTE) of D-limonene from lemon peels was better than Soxhlet extraction even with low matrix/solvent extraction (1:4) in terms of energy saving (0.6kWh vs 2.5kWh), extraction time (30min vs 4h) and product yield (2.97% vs 0.95%).

Essential Oils: Extraction, Bioactivities, and Their Uses for Food Preservation

Essential oils are concentrated liquids of complex mixtures of volatile compounds and can be extracted from several plant organs. Essential oils are a good source of several bioactive compounds, which possess antioxidative and antimicrobial properties. In addition, some essential oils have been used as medicine. Furthermore, the uses of essential oils have received increasing attention as the natural additives for the shelf-life extension of food products, due to the risk in using synthetic preservatives. Essential oils can be incorporated into packaging, in which they can provide multifunctions termed "active or smart packaging." Those essential oils are able to modify the matrix of packaging materials, thereby rendering the improved properties. This review covers up-to-date literatures on essential oils including sources, chemical composition, extraction methods, bioactivities, and their applications, particularly with the emphasis on preservation and the shelf-life extension of food products.

Indian black scorpion ( Heterometrus bengalensis Koch) venom induced antiproliferative and apoptogenic activity against human leukemic cell lines U937 and K562

Venoms are rich source of several bioactive compounds that possess therapeutic potentials. The different constituents of scorpion venom can modulate cell proliferation, cell growth and cell cycle. In the present communication, the cytotoxic activity of Indian black scorpion ( Heterometrus bengalensis) venom was explored on human leukemic U937 and K562 cells. Scorpion venom induced U937 and K562 cell growth inhibition and the IC 50 value calculated to be 41.5 μg/ml (U937) and 88.3 μg/ml (K562). The scorpion venom showed characteristic features of apoptosis such as membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and DNA degradation in both the cells as evidenced by confocal, fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy. Scorpion venom (IC 50 dose, 48 h) induced DNA fragmentation as evidenced by comet formation. Flow-cytometric assay revealed a significant amount of apoptotic cells (early and late) due to scorpion venom treatment. The venom induced cell cycle arrest was observed with maximum cell accumulation at sub-G 1 phase. Thus, the Indian scorpion ( H. bengalensis) venom possessed antiproliferative, cytotoxic and apoptogenic activity against human leukemic cells.