Raw Water Sources Research Articles

Understanding energy performance in drinking water treatment plants using the efficiency analysis tree approach

Water treatment processes are known to consume substantial amounts of energy, making it crucial to understand their efficiency, drivers, and potential energy savings. In this study, we apply Efficiency Analysis Tree (EAT), which combines machine learning and linear programming techniques to assess the energy performance of 146 Chilean drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) for 2020. Additionally, we utilize bootstrap regression techniques to examine the influence of operating characteristics on energy efficiency. The results indicate that the evaluated DWTPs exhibited poor energy performance, with an average energy efficiency score of 0.197. The estimated potential energy savings were found to be 0.005 kWh/m3. Several factors, such as the age of the facility, source of raw water, and treatment technology, were identified as significant drivers of energy efficiency in DWTPs. The insights gained from our study can be valuable for policymakers in making informed decisions regarding the adoption of practices that promote efficient and sustainable energy use within the water cycle.

Appraisal of pollution levels and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with the emergence of heavy metals in Indonesian community water for sanitation, hygiene, and consumption

Excessive heavy metal concentrations in water can pose a threat to human health. The research analyzed 160 groundwater samples used for hygiene and sanitation, of which 62 were used for consumption, and 98 other types of drinking water were analyzed. The research findings indicate that 6% of groundwater for hygiene and sanitation and 13% of drinking water (7.8% groundwater, 5.2% refill water) were deemed unfit for use due to elevated concentrations of certain heavy metals surpassing the maximum limits. As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, and Pb were detected in several drinking water samples deemed unsuitable for consumption. Several heavy metals suspected to originate from natural sources are Co, Fe, Mn, As, and Zn, while Pb, Cd, Hg, and Co are suspected to have anthropogenic sources. Only arsenic exposure through the ingestion pathway posed a non-carcinogenic health risk to the local population. Children were found to be more susceptible than adult males and females. The estimated average non-carcinogenic risk levels based on the water sources were refill water > well water > rainwater > spring water. Therefore, it is essential to monitor raw water sources at refill water depots in the study area and implement policies related to the quality of raw water sources, technology maintenance processes, and the quality of processed water from refill water depots. Additionally, the community should be educated about household-scale water treatment to minimize health risks and consider using untreated well water and rainwater for consumption.

Transport and health risk of legacy and emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the water cycle in an urban area, China: Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters are of concern

Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are a group of emerging alternatives to the legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). To better understand the transport and risk of PAPs in the water cycle, 21 PFAS including 4 PAPs and 17 perfluoroalkyl acids were investigated in multiple waterbodies in an urban area, China. PFAS concentrations ranged from 85.8 to 206 ng/L, among which PAPs concentrations ranged from 35.0 to 71.8 ng/L, in river and lake water with major substances of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate (6:2 monoPAP), and 8:2 fluorotelomer phosphate (8:2 monoPAP). As transport pathways, municipal wastewater and precipitation were investigated for PFAS mass loading estimation, and PAPs transported via precipitation more than municipal wastewater discharge. Concentrations of PFAS in tap water and raw source water were compared, and PAPs cannot be removed by drinking water treatment. In tap water, PFAS concentrations ranged from 132 to 271 ng/L and among them PAPs concentrations ranged from 41.6 to 61.9 ng/L. Human exposure and health risk to PFAS via drinking water were assessed, and relatively stronger health risks were induced from PFOS, PAPs, and PFOA. The environmental contamination and health risk of PAPs are of concern, and management implications regarding their sources, exposure, and hazards were raised.

FLUORIDATION AND DISPOSAL OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY IN THE MARANHÃO AMAZON

Objective: to investigate access and fluoridation of public water supplies in the state of Maranhão. Method: descriptive, direct documentary research, carried out in governmental databases in 2022, also on-site surveys involving 23 municipalities in Maranhão Amazon belonging to the health macro-region IV. The investigated aspects were: population supplied by water; raw water sources; responsible body; water fluoridation and data availability. Only 38% of the population in the macro-region have access to piped water, of which only 44% is treated, the service performed by the state company and those managed by the municipal body were equivalent (48%). 484 sources of collection were identified, 99% underground supplying 92% of the population, this dependence on groundwater reaches 63% throughout the state, surface collection occurs only in the main municipality (5%). Despite the index that 91% of indicator 6.1.1 of the SDGs, the high rural population and the low demographic density constitute a challenge for the expansion of access. No municipality performs artificial fluoridation and there are no records of fluoride levels or previous analyses. There is a direct relationship between a lower HDI and access to potable water. Conclusion: a small part of the population has access to treated water, therefore fluoridation is not guaranteed and the surveillance system needs to be improved.

Perbandingan Penggunaan 3 Jenis Pipa untuk Sistem Penyediaan Air (Kajian Kasus Kawasan Industri Terpadu Kabupaten Batang)

Batang Regency is one of the areas located on the north west coast of Central Java province. Batang Regency is located in a strategic position, this area is traversed by primary arterial roads that connect West Java and DKI Jakarta with cities in Central Java and East Java Provinces. Batang Regency is divided into 15 sub-districts consisting of 239 villages, 9 sub-districts, 936 hamlets, 3,680 neighborhood units (RT) and 1,009 community units (RW). The total area of Batang Regency is 78,864.16 Ha. The widest sub-district is Subah District, which is 83.52 Ha (10.59%), while the smallest is Warungasem District, which is 23.55 Ha (2.99%) of the total area of Batang Regency. The Central Government's program to encourage the sector to strengthen the industrial sector in Indonesia, namely one of the developments in the Batang industry. The Government provides supporting facilities in the development of the Batang Industrial area through APBN financing. The Batang Industrial Estate has around 4,300 hectares of land to develop, for the first phase it will develop a land area of 450 hectares. To support the supply of drinking water in this area, PERUMDA of Sendang Kamulyan Drinking Water, Batang Regency will supply drinking water which will take water from the raw water source of the Bangkangan spring at 100 liters/second and will be supplied to the Industrial Area at 80 l/s. For the analysis of the drinking water supply system in this industrial area, the Epanet 2.2 program will be used by comparing the hydraulic analysis of the use of HDPE, PVC and iron pipe types/materials, residual pressure and diameter as well as calculating the amount of investment based on the type of pipe material. The results of running Epanet 2.2 on HDPE, Iron and PVC pipes with remaining water pressure at the end of the pipe at the KITB Junction, the remaining pressure is more than 10 meters, meaning that the water has flowed with sufficient criteria in the service area. Based on the analysis taking into account efficiency, the selected pipe is HDPE with an investment value of Rp. 20,273,230,410. The recommendations given for SPAM KITB, can use HDPE pipes, apart from lower costs HDPE pipes have a better roughness coefficient than PVC pipes and iron pipes and can also minimize pipe leaks. Lessons from this study with Epanet Software can calculate water hydraulics in the piping system such as water velocity, the furthest remaining water pressure can be known quickly, can determine the type and specifications of pipes used for the study area and known cost efficiency based on the type of iron, PVC and HDPE pipes.

The Implementation of Micro/Nanobubbles (MNBs) Technology to Treat Basin Water as The Primary Water Source for Hydroponics in Greenhouse

The greenhouse plays a pivotal role in creating an ideal environment for hydroponic cultivation. The greenhouse has utilized rainwater and basin water as a source of raw water for hydroponic farming. Presently, the water quality of Leuwi Padjadjaran basin fails to meet the standards required for hydroponics due to its turbidity, sediment content, discoloration, pH levels exceeding 7, and low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 2.2 mg/l. The micro/nanobubbles (MNBs) technology stands as a viable method for water treatment owing to its capacity to bind impurities via radical OH. The application of MNBs for the treatment of basin water involves the use of a hydrodynamic cavitation MNBs generator with a dual-chamber rotating flow nozzle. The parameters evaluated in this research encompass DO concentration, MNBs stability, microbubble size, and the visual response to MNBs application. MNBs treatment was conducted with three different gases: air, oxygen, and ozone. Microbubbles were measured using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. The DO concentration reaches 21.6 mg/l when employing oxygen-based MNBs. On the third day post-generation, MNBs stability still maintains DO concentrations above the initial levels. Thus it can be used as hydroponic raw water. Keywords: DO concentration, Greenhouse, Micro/nanobubbles, Water treatment.

Small Scale Plant of Desalination Using Multiple Tray Aerator and Two Different Membranes of Reverse Osmosis Using Low-Pressure Pump

The seawater is an abundant source that still not be utilized as potential raw water source to overcome the deficit of drinking water. This paper aims to design the small-scale desalination plant with the capacity of 2000 gpd for treating the brackish and seawater. There are two split processes, i.e., multi-tray aerator and filtration for reducing the Fe and Mn, while the two different type reverse osmosis membranes were used for desalinating process. Parameters used to verify the performance of small-scale plant are salinity and total dissolved solid for membranes, while the parameters for examining the pre-treatment results are TSS, BOD, pH, Fe, and Mn. The test results will be evaluated under the Regulation of The Minister of Health, Number 32/2017. The influence of pump pressure on flow will also be analysed. The results show that multi-tray aerator needs some improvement to reduce the Mn, and Fe. The two types of membranes could significantly reduce the salinity level up to 91.7%, from 22,900 ppm to 1200 ppm. The pump pressure needs to be replaced into the high-pressure pump to reduce the salinity level significantly.

Preliminary investigations of parasite contamination of water sources in Armenia

The intestinal protozoan parasites, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, are known to have a global distribution, infecting and causing disease in a range of hosts, including people, livestock, pets, and wildlife. However, data from some regions is very sparse. In Armenia, in the Caucasus region of West Asia, only scanty data are available, with just a few surveys on Cryptosporidium infections in livestock, and no available data on human infections or environmental contamination. As part of implementation of water analysis methods for these parasites in Armenia, 24 raw water samples and two sediment samples were analysed for these parasites using a range of approaches, including modified Ziehl-Neelsen, Lugol stain, immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), qPCR and, on sediment samples, immunomagnetic separation and IFAT. Results suggest substantial contamination of raw water sources and indicate the need for further targeted studies using appropriate methods and collecting data on host infections in catchment areas.

Annual performance analysis of solar-assisted raw-water source heat pumps at low water temperatures

With the increase in energy consumption for building heating and cooling, raw-water source heat pumps (RWSHPs) have garnered strong attention because of their advantages of high efficiency and utilization of a clean heat source. However, RWSHPs exhibit poor performance at low water source temperatures. Thus, this study proposes a solar-assisted raw-water source heat pump (SA-RWSHP) to solve the performance degradation of RWSHPs. The SA-RWSHP can improve performance during the heating period by elevating the entering water temperature (EWT) using solar collectors. During the cooling period, a solar heat source can be used to produce domestic hot water. Optimal design parameters are determined by analyzing the performance of SA-RWSHP using the TRNSYS. Additionally, the performance of SA-RWSHP is compared with that of RWSHP. During the heating period, the unit COP (COPhp) of SA-RWSHP was 12.7% higher than that of RWSHP on average, owing to the increase in the EWT. Furthermore, the annual total system COP of SA-RWSHP was approximately 18% higher than that of RWSHP owing to the high COPhp and effective use of solar energy. Overall, the SA-RWSHP exhibited superior performance throughout the year, resulting in a substantial reduction in building energy consumption.

Analisis Tingkat Pencemaran Terhadap Kualitas Air Sumur Penduduk Desa Sungai Limau, Kecamatan Sungai Kunyit

Sungai Limau Village is a coastal area that is prone to groundwater pollution. The raw water source used by residents comes from groundwater by digging wells of poor quality. This research aims to determine whether there has been contamination of residents' well water in Sungai Limau Village based on testing Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) parameters as well as providing information to residents regarding the appropriate location of wells to be used as a source of raw water. The groundwater sampling method refers to SNI 6989.58:2008 and is taken by Grab Sampling. BOD parameter testing is tested ex-situ in the laboratory in accordance with SNI 6989.72:2009. TSS parameters were tested ex-situ in the laboratory in accordance with SNI 06-6989.3-2004. Then the results of the well water quality test are mapped to the distribution of each parameter. Based on the results of the well water quality test, a value was obtained that exceeded the quality standard according to PP No.22 of 2021 Class 1 for raw water, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) parameter with a value of 123,279 mg/L. So the well water of the residents of Sungai Limau Village is not suitable for use as a source of raw water because it has been polluted by organic materials.

Analysis of the Availability and Sustainable Management of Clean Water and Sanitation in Bogor Regency

The provision of clean water includes several main components, including: raw water source unit, processing unit, production unit, transmission unit and production unit. Water is used by humans for various daily needs. Water needs for individual needs vary for each place and each level of need. The higher the standard of living in a place, the greater the need for water. The goal that must be achieved in managing clean water in stages is to have access to household drinking water services reaching 100% by 2030. The next achievement is the achievement and realization of sanitation and clean water management for vulnerable community groups at 68.77%, shown by this achievement in 2026. To achieve the number of sub-districts or villages implementing community-based total sanitation of 98%. Meanwhile, the achievement of the proportion of households served by a centralized clean water waste management system is 71.66% in 2026. The proportion of households served by a fecal sludge management system until this data is published has not been covered so the baseline set at 20% in 2021 will be achieved in 2023 The Bogor Regency Government's target in establishing this feces processing concept is very good.

Neraca Air Sungai Karang Anyar Sebagai Sumber Air Baku IPA Kampung Bugis

IPA Kampung Bugis service area includes West Tarakan Sub-district and Central Tarakan Sub-district. These two sub-districts are the ones with the highest population density in the city of Tarakan, so in terms of water supply, it is necessary to carefully consider to avoid water deficits if there is no rainfall in Tarakan. This study aims to calculate the water balance of the Karang Anyar River as the raw water source for the IPA Kampung Bugis. The method used for availability calculations is the NRECA method. From the analysis of the reliable discharge Q90 of the Karang Anyar River using the NRECA method, an average Q90 reliable discharge of 55 liters/second is obtained, while based on the analysis of water needs in 2031, it is 295,852 liters/second. These results indicate that the Karang Anyar River is unable to meet the water needs in the IPA Kampung Bugis service area in the city of Tarakan

Reliability study of raw water in the Krueng Aceh River for Banda Aceh City piped drinking water service system development

Increasing population leads to higher demand for clean water. Clean water supply in Banda Aceh City is entrusted to the Tirta Daroy Water Supply Company with a capacity of 730 l/s with raw water sources from the Krueng Aceh River, Krueng Aceh Watershed. Master Plan of the Banda Aceh City Drinking Water Supply System 2015 was planned to increase production capacity by 1,916 l/s by 2035. So, a reliable raw water resources are needed to meet the increase in production capacity of 1,186 l/s. The reliability of raw water resources can be attempted by statistical analysis of minimum successive dry discharge data of duration 1,2,7,15, and 30 days with theoretical distribution fit tests carried out. The types of distributions used to analyze extreme dry discharge are the Gumbel, Log-Normal, and Log-Pearson III distributions. From the results, the Krueng Aceh River can meet the raw water sources needs until 2035 with the dependable flow of QR20-1 = 4.74 m3/s. Increasing production capacity is planned by building a processing plant at two stages, 800 l/s and 400 l/s.

Assessment of River Water Quality as a Raw Water Source by Regional Drinking Water Companies

This study examines the water quality of the Sampit River in East Kotawaringin Regency, which serves as a source of raw water for the production of drinking water. Increased human activity results in various problems for the environment, in this case, water quality. Currently, the Sampit River is a source of raw water for the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Bagendang Unit, where the quality of the raw water also affects the quality of clean water produced and distributed by the PDAM Bagendang Unit to the community, especially in Sampit City. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the quality of the Sampit River water over the 3-year period from 2021 to 2023. In addition, the study analyzes activities in the vicinity of the Sampit River based on secondary data obtained from relevant agencies. The sampling method in this research was purposive, considering aspects of the field and season (March) and the presence of other activities around the Sampit River. Water quality test includes measurements of turbidity, color, TDS, temperature, odor, pH, Fe, hardness, Mn, NO3-N, NO2-N, organic substances, total coliform, and E. coli, which are then compared with PP Number 22 of 2021. Based on the results of the analysis carried out on the chemical and physical parameters of the Sampit River water, it was found that the water color, water temperature, Fe, Mn, total coliform, and E. coli exceeded the quality standards according to PP Number 22 of 2021. Meanwhile, the TDS, pH, NO3-, and NO2- are still below the quality standards according to PP Number 22 of 2021. These observations indicate that the condition of the Sampit River, which serves as the raw water source for the PDAM Bagendang Unit, is experiencing fluctuating changes, particularly during the rainy season (March 2021, 2022, and 2023). This will become a concern later in the processing of raw water into clean water conducted by the PDAM Bagendang Unit.

Morphological Study of The Pulai Watershed on Bintan Island, Riau Island

The Riau Islands are a group of small islands whose entire land is divided into watersheds. One of the watersheds in the Riau Islands that is currently the main source of raw water for the community is Sei Pulai. The condition of the watershed on Bintan Island is greatly influenced by its morphometrics. The purpose of this study is to determine the morphological characteristics of the Pulai watershed on Bintan Island. This research was conducted in 2024 with observation by survey. Data processing is carried out by physical mapping of watersheds (soil, slope and geology). The results of the analysis showed that the Island watershed was included in the category of high rainfall (average rainfall of 2,500 -< 3,000 mm/year) but the intensity of rainfall was relatively low with an average ± 19.11 mm/day; the widest geological characteristics were composed of Pre-Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary formations and igneous rocks consisting of granite and diorite; geomorphological characteristics consist of hills and undulating, rivers have low relief, laminar river flows and no rapids are found, with clear river water color; The slope of the Pulai watershed varies with class I slopes covering an area of ±412 Ha (7%); class II covering an area of ±4,071 Ha (74%); class III covering an area of ±897 Ha (16%); class IV covering an area of ±36 Ha (1%) and class V covering an area of ±83 Ha (2%); the shape of the slope of the Pulai watershed which has a hilly area with a sunken slope will produce a sharper hydrograph uplift. In general, the morphological characteristics of the Pulai watershed are geologically dominated by slopes of 8-15%, while geomorphology is dominated by the shape of old volcanic plains. Efforts are needed to rehabilitate and plant protected areas to overcome erosion caused by the slope of hilly land and fragile soil characteristics, especially protected areas outside forest areas during the rainy season.

Analysis sustainability status of laeya river management for raw water supply in South Konawe Regency Southeast Sulawesi Province

South Konawe Regency experienced a decrease in water supply and an increase in water demand, due the changes in land use caused by ongoing land exploitation, which increases runoff and decreases infiltration capacity. As a result, more water is lost to the ocean, threatening the water supply from Laeya River. Laeya River raw water is not only utilized for PDAM raw water sources, but also used to meet the domestic needs of the community, agricultural irrigation and plantations, so it is important to know the its sustainability status. This research aims to carrying out activities that control the water quality of the Laeya River, as well as to serve an information regarding the status model for the sustainability of raw water management, and to raise environmental awareness. This study was carried out in the Laeya River, South Konawe Regency. Sampling was conducted at three stations representing the upstream area of the Laeya River, the middle area and the downstream area. The Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis method was used to conduct an analysis of the status of sustainable natural resource management for sustainable raw water supply. Based on the results can be concluded that Analysis of the 41 attributes derived from five dimensions resulted in 12 attributes acting as leverage factors in each dimension partially. To improve the sustainability status of raw water management in the research area, it is necessary to intervene the 12 attributes, namely 11 attributes that need to increase the intensity of their activities, and one attribute needs to be controlled and planned for its development properly. The results of the assessment of 41 attributes from five dimensionsin the management of the Laeya River for raw water supply in South Konawe Regency, currently is at less Sustainability status(Sustainability Index value of 36.63).KeywordsSustainability Raw WaterMDSMonte CarloRAPS-LaeyaSouth Konawe Regency

Analisis Potensi Riam Jolan sebagai Sumber Air Baku IPA Jagoi Babang Kabupaten Bengkayang

One of the problems with the need for clean water in each region is the inadequate availability of existing raw water. The Jagoi Babang WTP is one of the Clean Water Treatment Plants that once operated with a discharge of 30 liters/second, but it stopped temporarily because the previous source of raw water, namely the Gombul River, did not have sufficient discharge, causing raw water needs to not be met. There is an alternative source of raw water in Jagoi Village, namely Riam Jolan, physically the water quality is very clear, and the flow is very adequate. The aim of this research is to determine the availability and quality of raw water in Riam Jolan. The research approach applied is descriptive quantitative by analyzing the availability of raw water using the mock method with a probability of 99%, analyzing instantaneous discharge, and testing the quality of raw water. The results of this research show that the calculation of reliable discharge using the Mock model with a probability of 99% Riam Jolan obtained the maximum reliable discharge in December, namely 0.0227 m3/second or 22.7 liters/second, and the minimum reliable discharge in September was 0.0018 m3/second or 1.8 liters, then the instantaneous discharge calculation shows a figure of 0.0855 m3/s or the equivalent of 85.5 liters/second, the instantaneous discharge obtained meets the raw water requirements for the Jagoi Babang WTP. The results of the Riam Jolan water quality laboratory test show that the water is suitable for use as a clean water source and meets water quality class I.

Efektivitas Kombinasi Slow Sand Filter Media Geotekstil dan Karbon Aktif untuk Menyisihkan Nilai Permanganat dan Total Coliform

The water of Kali Jagir, Surabaya, used as a raw water source, has been contaminated with high levels of BOD, COD, and permanganate. Therefore, this research seeks to address these issues by combining slow sand filtration with various media, including geotekstil and activated carbon. The study aims to optimize this combination in reducing parameters such as permanganate and total coliform in the raw water. The research methodology includes literature review, testing of raw water characteristics, preparation of slow sand filter reactors, preparation of filter media, and testing of media variations with an observation of organic and bacteriological pollutant removal efficiency. The results show that the combination of filter media involving sand, activated carbon, and geotekstil is effective in reducing organic pollutants. Geotekstil aids in the growth of the schmutzdecke layer and facilitates cleaning, while sand and activated carbon tend not to support such growth. Moreover, the optimum schmutzdecke growth time varies depending on the type of media used. These findings have significant implications for raw water treatment in industrial areas vulnerable to pollution, resulting in quality drinking water and addressing the frequent clogging issues in slow sand filters.

Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal Subsurface Constructed Wetland for Water Pollutant Reduction of Brantas River

Improving the water quality of the Brantas River can be achieved by implementing nature-based technology by using the Brantas River as a raw water source for clean water. In this research, subsurface flow constructed wetlands, which include vertical subsurface constructed wetlands (VSSFCWs) and horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands (HSSFCWs), are used as a sustainable and low-cost approach to improve water quality. The VSSFCW system is configured with a layer of gravel substrate, Heliconia psittacorum, and a layer of activated carbon. The configuration for the HSSFCW system is also similar but without the activated carbon layer. This research aimed to determine the quality of the post-treatment water using CWs as an eco-garden to reduce pollutants from the Brantas River. Measurement of water samples from the reactor with laboratory-scale dimensions at the Environmental Laboratory of the State University of Malang, where water samples were taken from the Dam Kadalpang, Brantas River. These measurements were made on physicochemical parameters such as pH, DO, temperature, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, TDS, BOD, and COD. There were four observation points in this research, namely VSSFCW with Heliconia psittacorum and control VSSFCW without plants, where both were given an activated carbon layer, as well as HSSFCW with Heliconia psittacorum and control HSSFCW without plants. The results of data analysis showed that both CWs systems with plants were able to reduce turbidity up to 99% and BOD with a performance efficiency reaching 89%. Both systems also removed COD with a removal efficiency of 73%. TDS was also reduced in both CWs, although there was no significant difference. Similar results were obtained in conductivity and salinity. The pH, temperature, and DO conditions at each observation point met the quality standards and recommendations of previous studies, which became one of the factors supporting the reduction performance of the VSSFCW system. The pollutant degradation capability of the CWs system shows that it can reduce pollutants in the water and it is suitable for use as raw water in the production of clean water.

Removal of a cyanotoxins mixture by loose nanofiltration membranes applied in drinking water production

Cyanobacterial toxins may threaten human health if their levels in drinking water exceed certain thresholds. Therefore, it is important for water works that use raw water sources prone to cyanobacterial blooms to have efficient barriers against such toxins. Nanofiltration (NF) is one potential barrier. The efficacy and mechanism of removing four cyanotoxins, namely microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), saxitoxins (STXs), and anatoxin (ATX), were studied at bench-scale using NF membranes commonly applied in Norwegian drinking water facilities. The average removal of the different cyanotoxins under the tested operating conditions ranged from 15 % to 96 %. The membrane with the lowest molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 0.3 kDa made of polyamide (PA) was deemed the most suitable for the removal of all studied cyanotoxins. A gradual improvement of rejection observed with the 2 kDa cellulose acetate (CA) membrane was linked to the formation of fouling on the membrane surface. Sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) membranes with MWCO of 1 and 3 kDa could not efficiently and consistently remove cyanotoxins, except for MCs. The rejection of MCs over time was over 80 % by the SPES membranes during two days of filtration. The influence of pressure and pH as relevant operating parameters was evaluated. However, the analysis of the cyanotoxin concentrations in the permeate indicated that the investigated NF membranes alone would generally not be able to meet the WHO guidelines for drinking water during a severe cyanobacterial bloom. Thus, incorporating other water treatment technologies should be considered to effectively remove cyanotoxins.