Phosphate Source Research Articles

Main minerals of the Araxá alkali-carbonatite complex, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

The Araxá alkali-carbonatitic complex is a significant source of niobium and phosphate and accounts for approximately 75% of global niobium production. The complex contains magmatic niobium ore minerals, such as natrium-pyrochlore and calcium-pyrochlore, and hydrothermal niobium ore minerals in the form of kenopyrochlore and natrium-pyrochlore. The magmatic micas in the complex are tetraferriphlogopites that exhibit Mg-rich cores surrounded by one or two rims of tetraferriphlogopites formed by hydrothermal alteration. These rims have lower IVAl and Mg apfu (atom per formula unit) values but higher IVFe3+ and Fe2+ contents than the original phlogopite. Microphlogopitite dikes that formed during several episodes of magmatism between 83.48 and 77.4 Ma contain tetraferriphlogopites, phlogopite, eastonite, biotite, and annite-siderophyllite. These micas exhibit variations in Mg2+ and Fe2+ concentrations owing to the magmatic differentiation and subsequent hydrothermal alteration, resulting in rims with higher Mg and lower Fe2+ concentrations than the mica core. The Araxá complex also contains magmatic magnetite that has been further altered by hydrothermal processes, resulting in the formation of ilmenite and the oxidation and crystallization of titaniferous hematite. Magnetite within the microphlogopitites displays variations in the concentrations of Fe3+ and Ti, likely owing to the timing of the intrusion of the microphlogopitites into the Araxá complex. The degree of oxidation of the oxidized ilmenite of the Araxá complex varies based on the intrusions, which occurred before or during hydrothermal activity. Apatite is concentrated in carbonatites, which form a ring around the core of the complex, and disseminated in phlogopite-rich rocks hosting norsethite carbonatite veins in the center of the complex. The apatite in the core rocks exhibits complex zonation with unexpected changes in Ca, P, and Sr concentrations. Apatite in the carbonatite ring was generated during the differentiation of the carbonatite magma, whereas that in the core rocks exsolved from the phosphorus-saturated carbonatite magma (in press). The carbonate minerals dolomite, norsethite, and calcite exhibit compositions grouped around their end-members, suggesting that they formed during different stages of magmatic source differentiation. Strontium differentiation occurs in the magmas corresponding to each endmember, and carbocernaite is exsolved from the Sr-saturated crystals, thus forming micro-inclusions in some carbonate crystals that have been displaced by late-magmatic hydrothermal fluids.

Response of some Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Growth Parameters to Nano Phosphate Fertilizer Compared to Superphosphate Fertilizer

An outdoor pots experiment was conducted at agricultural research station, University of Basrah, southern Iraq (30°34'4.80" N 47°44'56.40" E) during winter season of 2021-2022. The study was carried to reveal the effect of Nano phosphate fertilizer compared to superphosphate fertilizer on growth parameters of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Superphosphate fertilizer was added at rates of 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg p ha-1, while, Nano phosphate source was applied at 0, 3, and 6 kg P. ha-1. Two wheat cultivars (Jad and Adina) were used. Both P sources were mixed with pot soils at planting time. Wheat plants were grown for 70 days period. Plant parameters: tillers numbers, plant high, leaves number, flag leaf area, dry weight, P concentration were obtained at harvest time. Phosphorus uptake was calculated at same time. Results of the study showed that there was no significant differences in all studied growth parameters between superphosphate and Nano phosphate sources, even though the rate of applied Nano phosphate source were much lower than that of superphosphate source. The results also indicated that, irrespective of the origin of phosphorus, higher rates of applied phosphorus led to an increase in all the growth parameters examined. When comparing the two phosphorus sources and their application rates, most growth parameters for the Adina cultivar exceeded those of the Jad cultivar at both phosphorus sources applied rates. Additionally, the results highlighted a significant interaction among treatments for all the investigated growth parameters.

Impact of Alkaline Immersion Time on Nano-Hydroxyapatite Synthesis from Broiler Eggshells with Electrochemical Method Using Constant Direct Current (CDC)

Calcium phosphate is widely used in biomaterials, especially as a bone substitute. One of the calcium phosphate compounds that is widely used is hydroxyapatite. In biomedical applications, nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles have better bioactivity than coarse crystals. Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized from various sources of calcium and phosphate. Broiler eggshells were chosen as a source of calcium in this study because they have a relatively high calcium content. The method used in the synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite in this research is the electrochemical method. This research aims to examine the effect of varying NaOH immersion time on the size and structure of calcium phosphate particles produced using an electrochemical method made from chicken egg shells. The synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite from chicken egg shells was carried out in 4 stages: material preparation, electrolysis, precipitate immersion, and characterization. Nanometer-sized particles can be acquired through an immersion process lasting at least four hours, and it is observed that the longer the duration of immersion, the greater the resemblance of the resulting structure to hydroxyapatite.

Assessment of potent Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria isolated from Rice Fields in Odisha and Unraveling their Growth-Promoting Efficacies

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria play a vital role in enhancing phosphorus availability for plants by solubilizing inorganic phosphate sources, leading to improved phosphorus, enhanced plant growth, and increased productivity. The investigation focused on evaluating the phosphate solubilizing capabilities of selected bacterial isolates on rice under controlled laboratory conditions. A total of 60 soil samples were collected from different districts in Odisha, India, and six phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PR, PD, PSB19, PSB5, PK, and PSB16) were screened and isolated. PSB5 exhibited the highest P-solubilizing efficiency in NBRIP culture medium. Seed treatments with the bacterial isolate resulted in significant improvements compared to the control group. The treated rice plants exhibited a notable increase in height, ranging from 16.78 ± 0.17 cm to 26.48 ± 0.31 cm, along with a substantial improvement in fresh weight, ranging from 0.82 ± 0.01 gm to 1.82 ± 0.07 gm, an impressive boost in dry weight, ranging from 0.30 ± 0.01 gm to 0.65 ± 0.02 and vigor index from1428.481 to2583.876. Six bacterial isolates were assessed qualitatively for phosphate solubilization and PGP functions, out of which, four highly efficient organisms were identified. The 16S rRNA sequencing identified PR asKlebsiella pneumoniae, PD asBurkholderiaspecies strain EIKU9, PSB19 asBacillus siamensis, and PSB5 asPseudomonas guariconensis, confirming their efficiency.

Enhanced-efficiency fertilizers on the growth of coffee plants under weed (Bidens Pilosa) competition stress

The interference of weeds in coffee cultivation is one of the factors contributing to losses and impairments in crop growth and productivity. Consequently, it becomes necessary to employ strategies aimed at mitigating this stress and facilitating optimal crop development through enhanced nutritional practices. This study aimed to assess the impact of various sources and modes of release of enhanced-efficiency phosphate fertilizers on the initial growth of Coffea arabica L. plants in competition with the weed Bidens pilosa in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha and Mucuri – Diamantina MG, Brazil, employing a block design in a 4 x 6 factorial arrangement with four replications. The factors corresponded to four levels of B. pilosa infestation and six phosphorus sources (Super Single, Conventional, MAP, Granulated Organomineral, Pelleted Organomineral, MAP Coated with Polymer, and a control treatment without fertilization). The findings suggest that under the experimental conditions of this research, the escalating density of weed competition from B. pilosa negatively impacts the initial growth of coffee plants. However, this effect is dependent on the source of phosphate fertilization. Fertilizers with slow-release phosphate sources are recommended for coffee plantations, as they contribute to reduced weed growth in comparison to coffee plants.

Scalable Precursor-Assisted Synthesis of a High Voltage LiNiyCo1-yPO4 Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries.

A solid-solution cathode of LiCoPO4-LiNiPO4 was investigated as a potential candidate for use with the Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode in Li-ion batteries. A pre-synthesized nickel-cobalt hydroxide precursor is mixed with lithium and phosphate sources by wet ball milling, which results in the final product, LiNiyCo1-yPO4 (LNCP) by subsequent heat treatment. Crystal structure and morphology of the product were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its XRD patterns show that LNCP is primarily a single-phase compound and has olivine-type XRD patterns similar to its parent compounds, LiCoPO4 and LiNiPO4. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis, however, indicates that Ni doping in LiCoPO4 is unfavorable because Ni2+ is not actively involved in the electrochemical reaction. Consequently, it reduces the charge storage capability of the LNCP cathode. Additionally, ex situ XRD analysis of cycled electrodes confirms the formation of the electrochemically inactive rock salt-type NiO phase. The discharge capacity of the LNCP cathode is entirely associated with the Co3+/Co2+ redox couple. The electrochemical evaluation demonstrated that the LNCP cathode paired with the LTO anode produced a 3.12 V battery with an energy density of 184 Wh kg-1 based on the cathode mass.

Legacy sediment as a potential source of orthophosphate: Preliminary conceptual and geochemical models for the Susquehanna River, Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA

Nutrient pollution from agriculture and urban areas plus acid mine drainage (AMD) from legacy coal mines are primary causes of water-quality impairment in the Susquehanna River, which is the predominant source of freshwater and nutrients entering the Chesapeake Bay. Recent increases in the delivery of dissolved orthophosphate (PO4) from the river to the bay may be linked to long-term increases in pH, decreased acidity of precipitation, and decreased acidity, iron, and aluminum loading from widespread AMD. Since the 1950s, baseline pH increased from ~6.5 to ~8 in the West Branch and “North Branch” of the Susquehanna River, which drain bituminous and anthracite coalfields of Pennsylvania. A current baseline pH of ~8 and daily maxima exceeding 9 have been documented along the lower Susquehanna River. In response to improved river quality, bioavailable PO4 now may be released into solution from legacy sediment that has filled major impoundments in lower reaches of the river. At typical pH (5–8) of natural water, aqueous PO4 species tend to be adsorbed by hydrous iron, aluminum, and manganese oxides that coat soil and sediment particles; however, PO4 may be substantially desorbed at pH >8. We created a geochemical model that simulates equilibrium aqueous/solid distributions of PO4 as pH and other solution characteristics change. Considering current conditions in the lower Susquehanna River, the model demonstrates potential for extensive release of adsorbed PO4 at pH >8. Empirical data from laboratory experiments corroborate model results. The transfer of PO4 into the water column may increase algae growth, which removes CO2 and drives pH to higher values, facilitating additional PO4 release and exacerbating the potential for harmful algal blooms. Thus, legacy sediment is a currently unquantified source of PO4 that warrants consideration by resource managers and programs collaborating to reduce phosphorus loads to the bay and similar settings worldwide.

Dissolved Inorganic Nutrient Biogeochemistry in an Urbanized Coastal Region: A Study of Dapeng Cove, Shenzhen

Dissolved inorganic nutrients are pivotal in maintaining the material and energy balance of marine ecosystems, impacting the survival and dynamic succession of marine organisms. To gain a deeper understanding of the source and sink characteristics of dissolved inorganic nutrients in bays affected by human activities and to elucidate the processes involving filter-feeding shellfish in relation to these nutrients, this study investigated the source and sink dynamics of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the Dapeng Cove sea area of Shenzhen. Over the past decade, a significant change in the N/P ratio within the survey area has been observed, suggesting a shift in nutrient limitation from nitrogen to phosphorus or phosphorus–silicon limitation. This induced change in the N/P ratio, along with Si/N and Si/P ratios, may facilitate the growth of cyanobacteria and, subsequently, alter the proportions of diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria. Seasonal fluctuations in human disturbance intensity and precipitation determine the seasonal and spatial distribution of nutrients in the bay, thereby influencing the bay ecosystem metabolism. The Land–Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) model analysis revealed that the bay represents a major source of inorganic nitrogen and a source of phosphate in spring, summer, and autumn, while acting as a sink for phosphate in winter. Furthermore, rivers and groundwater represent the primary sources of phosphate and inorganic nitrogen in the bay. The bay exhibits an annual net ecosystem metabolic rate of 7.06 mmol C/m2/d, with denitrification dominating the nitrogen cycle at 12.65 mmol C/m2/d. Overall, the Dapeng Cove ecosystem displays net production exceeding respiration, classifying it as an autotrophic system. Additionally, the nitrogen cycle in the sea area is predominantly driven by denitrification. The analysis also revealed that the impact of oyster proliferation on the physical and chemical factors in the surveyed area is relatively weaker than that of surface runoff and groundwater inputs.

Water retention and runoff quality of a wildflower meadow green roof with different drainage layers

Extreme meteorological and hydrological phenomena, including high air temperatures and rainstorms, are becoming increasingly dangerous, causing floods and inundations, as well as long periods without precipitation, which lead to droughts. Green roofs may be one of the possible measures providing solutions to these problems. Rainfall, runoff and water quality data from three different intensive green roof models covered with wildflower meadows (WFs) over 20 months have been analysed to establish the extent to which the type of drainage layer affects hydrological performance. The field experiment was conducted at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences Water Centre park from November 2019 to November 2021. The monitoring of the quality and quantity of runoff was carried out on three models of green roofs incorporating wildflower meadows with drainage layers of 2 cm (WF 1) and 4 cm (WF 2) of polypropylene mat, as well as 6 cm of chalcedony (WF 3), in an urbanized area under moderate climate conditions. The model with the 4 cm polypropylene mat drainage layer retained approx. 6 % more rainwater compared to the model with the one made of chalcedony, and 4 % more than the one with the 2 cm polypropylene mat. Phosphates were detected in most of the leachates from all the wildflower-covered green roof models at 0 ÷ 0.459 mg PO4-P/L, 0 ÷ 0.402 mg PO4-P/L, and 0÷0.360 mg PO4-P/L for WF 1, WF 2 and WF 3. This may suggest that the type of drainage layer was not an important source of phosphates in the leachates.

Influence of Magaterium (Bacillus) Bacterial Biofertilizer on Phosphorus and Vermicompost on Selected Potato Physiological Characteristics

The addition of bacterial biofertilizer to treatment B1 was the highest rate of plant height at 50.27 cm, leaf area at 4291 (cm2 plant-1), and shoot total dry weight at 4.24 (mcg ha- 1). The addition of phosphorous sources to treatment P2 increased yield. The greatest leaf area rate was 4727 (cm2 plant-1) and plant height was 55.38 cm. It had the highest average vegetative total dry weight rate of 5.10 (mcg ha-1) and the highest rate with vermicompost in treatment F2. Plant height was 51.67 cm and delivered the greatest rate. The leaf area was 4956 (cm2 plant-1) and had the greatest vegetative total dry weight of 5.09 (mcg ha-1). The binary overlap treatment B1P2 had the maximum plant height of 54.07 cm and leaf area of 5337 (cm2 plant-1). Binary overlap B1F2 has the highest increase rate. The plant was 54.16 cm and had the maximum leaf area rate of 4961 (cm2 plant-1) and vegetative total dry weight of 4.52 (mcg ha-1). The binary overlap treatment P2F2 had the maximum plant height of 60.20 cm and leaf area of 5541 (cm2 plant-1). The highest plant height was 58.17 cm and leaf area was 6252 (cm2 plant-1). It also had the greatest shoot dry weight of 6.35 (mcg ha-1).

Organically Functionalized Porous Aluminum Phosphonate for Efficient Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Carbohydrates

Naturally occurring fossil fuels are the major resource of energy in our everyday life, but with the huge technological development over the years and subsequent energy demand, the reserve of this energy resource is depleting at an alarming rate, which will challenge our net energy resources in the near future. Thus, an alternative sustainable energy resource involving biomass and bio-refinery has become the most emerging and demanding approach, where biofuels can be derived effectively from abundant biomass via valuable chemical intermediates like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). 5-HMF is a valuable platform chemical for the synthesis of fuel and fine chemicals. Herein, we report the synthesis of the organically functionalized porous aluminum phosphonate materials: Ph-ALPO-1 in the absence of any template and Ph-ALPO-2 by using 1,3-diaminopropane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid as a small organic molecule template and phenylphosphonic acid as a phosphate source. These hybrid phosphonates are used as acid catalysts for the synthesis of 5-HMF from carbohydrates derived from biomass resources. These Ph-ALPO-1 and Ph-ALPO-2 materials catalyzed the dehydration of fructose to 5-HMF with total yields of 74.6% and 90.7%, respectively, in the presence of microwave-assisted optimized reaction conditions.

Advances for Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Agriculture

An impending crisis is the continuous availability of phosphate fertilizers, which underlie global food production. The rock phosphate deposits on which the world depends are not only finite but many are polluted and many are located in geopolitically unstable locations, implying that significant changes will be required to maintain food supply for an increasing global population. There is no single solution, but a combination of phosphorus management measures is required not just to extend the life of the remaining non-renewable rock phosphate sources, but also to result in a more efficient, sustainable phosphorus cycle. Improving the effectiveness of fertilizer applications to agricultural land, as well as a better understanding of phosphorus cycling in soil-plant systems and the interplay between soil physics, chemistry and biology in conjunction with plant characteristics are among the solutions. The finite nature of rock phosphate supply and the development of other sources of phosphorus fertilizers is unavoidable. There are clear prospects and it is now critical to prioritize a concerted effort to increase phosphorus usage efficiency.

Preparation of amine-incorporated hydroxyapatite through a single-step hydrothermal reaction

We report on the preparation of an amine-incorporated hydroxyapatite (NH2-HAP) by applying o-phosphorylethanolamine (PEA) as a phosphate source. By changing the ratio of PEA to normal phosphate source, three samples of NH2-HAPs having different contents of amine are synthesized. The TEM analysis confirmed that NH2-HAP exhibits elongated rod shape which is similar to the hexagonal rod of pure hydroxyapatite (HAP). As the concentration of PEA increases, the average size of NH2-HAP along (001) direction decreases approximately from 55.4(±10.39) to 31.2(±8.3) nm. The XRD patterns of NH2-HAPs are well matched with typical HAP patterns. Line broadening of XRD peaks in NH2-HAP seems to originate from low crystallinity and smaller size compared to pure HAP. Primary amine group on the surface of NH2-HAP is confirmed by both surface elemental analysis (XPS) and the ninhydrin test. The nitrogen content of NH2-HAP surface is approximately 0.6 ∼ 1.1 at.% based on XPS experiment.

Phosphate removal from wastewater for the manufacture of struvite fertilizer

One of the non-renewable natural resources is phosphate rock. Phosphate is currently a lot necessity, while the need for phosphate is estimated to last within 30 to 300 years. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for the development of new sustainable sources of phosphate to maintain phosphate stability. Stirring is an efficient method in the crystallization process where the stirring speed affects the growth of struvite crystals. The purpose of this study was to study the growth of struvite crystals with the struvite crystallization process with the influence of stirring rotations of 100, 150 and 200 rpm at a temperature of 30oC. The experiment was carried out by mixing the two solutions in a 1000 ml glass beaker. The reaction time and pH of struvite crystallization were evaluated in this experiment. The crystals obtained were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersion x-ray (EDX) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF). From the results of the study, it was found that the highest P2O5 content at a stirring speed of 100 rpm and a temperature of 30oC was 47.5%, and was included in the quality of triple superphosphate fertilizer.The morphology of the irregular flake crystals was a typical form of struvite crystals with a size of 20 m.

149 Effects of Microbial Phytase on Standardized Total Tract Digestibility of Phosphorus in Feed Phosphates Fed to Growing Pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of increased microbial phytase on total tract digestibility of P in feed phosphates when fed to growing pigs. A source of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP), and magnesium phosphate (MgP) were procured. Three basal diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, and 4,000 units of microbial phytase (FTU) and no addition of feed phosphates. Nine phosphate-containing diets were formulated by adding each of the 3 feed phosphates and 3 levels of phytase. A P-free diet was formulated to determine the basal endogenous P loss. A total of 117 growing barrows (BW = 15.56 kg; SD = 1.68) were divided into 3 blocks of 39 pigs and allotted to the 13 diets for a total of 9 pigs per diet. During the experiment, pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates equipped with a slatted floor, a feeder, and a nipple drinker. Fecal samples were quantitatively collected for 4 days after 5 days of adaptation using the marker-to-marker approach. Fecal samples were dried and ground before analysis. Fecal samples, feed ingredients, feed phosphates, and diet samples were analyzed for P, Ca, and dry matter and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) were calculated. The ATTD and STTD of P in the 3 feed phosphates were calculated using difference procedure. The statistical model included the level of phytase and the P source as the fixed effects and the random effects of period and replicate within period. Contrast statements were used to test for linear and quadratic effects of increasing phytase in diets and the model included diet as the fixed effect and period and replicate as the random effects. Pig was the experimental unit. Results indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P in all diets increased (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of 500 or 4,000 FTU, but the ATTD and STTD of P in feed phosphates were not affected by the inclusion of phytase (Table 1). This indicates that the increases in ATTD and STTD of P that were observed in the mixed diets when phytase was used were due to the release of P from phytate in corn and soybean meal and not from an increase in digestibility of P in feed phosphates. However, MgP had a lower (P < 0.05) STTD of P than MCP and MSP. In conclusion, microbial phytase does not increase the digestibility of P in MCP, MSP, or MgP, but the digestibility of P in MgP is less than in MCP and MSP.

β-TCP from 3D-printed composite scaffolds acts as an effective phosphate source during osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells.

Introduction: Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) are often combined with calcium phosphate (CaP)-based 3D-printed scaffolds with the goal of creating a bone substitute that can repair segmental bone defects. In vitro, the induction of osteogenic differentiation traditionally requires, among other supplements, the addition of β-glycerophosphate (BGP), which acts as a phosphate source. The aim of this study is to investigate whether phosphate contained within the 3D-printed scaffolds can effectively be used as a phosphate source during hBM-MSC in vitro osteogenesis. Methods: hBM-MSCs are cultured on 3D-printed discs composed of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) for 28 days under osteogenic conditions, with and without the supplementation of BGP. The effects of BGP removal on various cellular parameters, including cell metabolic activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) presence and activity, proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, levels of free phosphate in the media and mineralisation, are assessed. Results: The removal of exogenous BGP increases cell metabolic activity, ALP activity, proliferation, and gene expression of matrix-related (COL1A1, IBSP, SPP1), transcriptional (SP7, RUNX2/SOX9, PPARγ) and phosphate-related (ALPL, ENPP1, ANKH, PHOSPHO1) markers in a donor dependent manner. BGP removal leads to decreased free phosphate concentration in the media and maintained of mineral deposition staining. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate the detrimental impact of exogenous BGP on hBM-MSCs cultured on a phosphate-based material and propose β-TCP embedded within 3D-printed scaffold as a sufficient phosphate source for hBM-MSCs during osteogenesis. The presented study provides novel insights into the interaction of hBM-MSCs with 3D-printed CaP based materials, an essential aspect for the advancement of bone tissue engineering strategies aimed at repairing segmental defects.

Identification of mutation in G6PD gene in Nung ethnic patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the key enzyme that initiates the pentose phosphate cycle in glucose metabolism. Physiologically, this pathway is the main source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for red blood cells. This study aims to identify glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mutations in Nung ethnic patients with G6PD deficiency. 18 pediatric patients of the Nung ethnic group were diagnosed with G6PD enzyme deficiency at the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital and applied PCR and gene sequencing to detect mutations in the G6PD gene. 8 types of mutation were detected in the G6PD gene in which the most common mutation wasKaiping (c.1388G>A) with 44.4%, followed by Canton (c.1376G>T), Viangchan (c.871G>A), Union (c.1360C>T), Gaohe (c.95A>G), Orissa (c.131C>G), and Chinese-5 (c.1024C>T). Silent mutations at the 1311C>T location were found in 3 cases.

Managing Phosphate Burden in Patients Receiving Dialysis: Beyond Phosphate Binders and Diet.

Most patients receiving dialysis rely on dietary restriction and phosphate binders to minimize the risk of hyperphosphatemia, which is associated with increased mortality. However, dietary restriction is difficult because of hidden phosphate additives in processed foods and medications. Restriction of dietary phosphate sources such as protein may increase the risk of malnutrition. Phosphate binders, the only pharmacologic option for phosphate management since aluminum salts were introduced several decades ago, are often insufficient for binding the 1400-2500 mg of phosphate potentially consumed daily. Over the last decade, serum phosphate levels in the United States have risen, and >69% of patients receiving dialysis exhibited a most recent phosphate level >4.5 mg/dl (above the normal range), indicating an urgent need for new, more effective therapies to manage phosphate burden. Novel, nonbinder therapies such as transcellular and paracellular phosphate absorption inhibitors may be used for phosphate management, and future studies should examine whether they allow fewer dietary restrictions for patients receiving dialysis, potentially improving patient quality of life and nutritional status. It is imperative that we collaborate to move beyond the restrictive approaches available today and provide patients and clinicians with an array of strategies so that they may choose the most appropriate patient-centered therapy.

Iron-coated nutshell waste bioadsorbents: Synthesis, phosphate remediation, and subsequent fertilizer application

The increasing incidence of freshwater nutrient pollution worldwide has highlighted the need for improved phosphate capture technologies. Successful phosphate recovery from agricultural sources and commercial wastewater can help prevent freshwater algal bloom contamination, while also reducing the dependency on finite phosphate reserves. Biodegradable biosorbents have the potential to remove phosphate from water; however, their potential as slow-release fertilizers has not been tested. Novel biosorbents were developed by coating pistachio and walnut shells with iron oxides; batch and column experiments were conducted to investigate their adsorption capacities and performances. Surface characterization studies were also conducted to investigate changes in the surface area and morphology. The potential of using iron-coated shells loaded with phosphorus as slow-release fertilizers was also evaluated. Advanced characterization techniques (scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) physisorption analysis, and x-ray diffraction) showed that hematite was successfully coated onto the surface, resulting in increased surface area and roughness. The iron-coated pistachio and walnut shell phosphate removal capacity was 12.63 mg g−1 and 9.25 mg g−1, respectively. The phosphate sorption data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Inner sphere complex formation, coprecipitation, diffusion, and electrostatic attraction were the main uptake mechanisms. Results from sequential release experiments with simulated pore water suggested both fast and slow desorption components. The Mehlich-3 extraction revealed that more than 90% of the released phosphate was available for plant uptake. In addition, nutrient priming showed that corn seed shoot growth increased by more than 43% when pretreated with phosphate-loaded biosorbents, demonstrating that the released phosphate could be used for plant growth. This research provides a pathway for two important zero-waste, cyclical economic goals: (1) the beneficial use of agricultural waste, and (2) a low-cost technology that can recover phosphorus from waste streams while potentially adding an additional unconventional phosphate source to apatite mineral ores.

Plant growth promotion under phosphate deficiency and improved phosphate acquisition by new fungal strain, Penicillium olsonii TLL1.

Microbiomes in soil ecosystems play a significant role in solubilizing insoluble inorganic and organic phosphate sources with low availability and mobility in the soil. They transfer the phosphate ion to plants, thereby promoting plant growth. In this study, we isolated an unidentified fungal strain, POT1 (Penicillium olsonii TLL1) from indoor dust samples, and confirmed its ability to promote root growth, especially under phosphate deficiency, as well as solubilizing activity for insoluble phosphates such as AlPO4, FePO4·4H2O, Ca3(PO4)2, and hydroxyapatite. Indeed, in vermiculite containing low and insoluble phosphate, the shoot fresh weight of Arabidopsis and leafy vegetables increased by 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively, with POT1 inoculation. We also conducted tests on crops in Singapore's local soil, which contains highly insoluble phosphate. We confirmed that with POT1, Bok Choy showed a 2-fold increase in shoot fresh weight, and Rice displayed a 2-fold increase in grain yield. Furthermore, we demonstrated that plant growth promotion and phosphate solubilizing activity of POT1 were more effective than those of four different Penicillium strains such as Penicillium bilaiae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium janthinellum, and Penicillium simplicissimum under phosphate-limiting conditions. Our findings uncover a new fungal strain, provide a better understanding of symbiotic plant-fungal interactions, and suggest the potential use of POT1 as a biofertilizer to improve phosphate uptake and use efficiency in phosphate-limiting conditions.