Source Of Electrical Energy Research Articles

The diversity of energy consumption structure, energy efficiency and carbon emissions: Evidence from Shaanxi, China.

As a major energy sources province in China, Shaanxi Province ranks top three in terms of raw coal production in China and undertakes the important task of ensuring national energy supply and security. Affected by the endowment of energy resources, fossil energy accounts for a large proportion of the energy consumption structure in Shaanxi Province, and it will face huge challenges under the severe carbon emission situation in future. In order to analyze the relationship between energy consumption structure, energy efficiency and carbon emissions, the paper introduces the concept of biodiversity into the energy industry. Taking Shaanxi Province as an example, the paper calculates the energy consumption structure diversity index and analyzes the impact of energy consumption structure diversity on energy efficiency and carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province. The results shows that the diversity index and equilibrium index of energy consumption structure in Shaanxi exhibits a slow upward trend in general. In most years, energy consumption structure diversity index in Shaanxi is higher than 0.8, and the equilibrium index is higher than 0.6. The carbon emissions of energy consumption in Shaanxi generally show increasing trend, and the carbon emissions have increased from 5,064.6 tons to 21899.67 tons from 2000 to 2020. The paper also shows that Shaanxi H index is negatively correlated with total factor energy utilization efficiency in Shaanxi, and positively correlated with carbon emissions in Shaanxi. The main reason is the internal substitution of fossil energy, and the proportion of primary electricity and other energy sources is still relatively low, which leads to a higher level of carbon emissions.

The acceptance of nuclear energy as an alternative source of energy among Generation Z in the Philippines: An extended theory of planned behavior approach

Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) are widely utilized around the globe from different base forms as it is one of the most dependable renewable resources that technological advancements have offered. However, different perceptions of the usage of NPPs emerged from different generations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acceptance of nuclear energy as an alternative source of energy among Generation Z in the Philippines by utilizing an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. An online questionnaire which consisted of 31 items was distributed using a purposive sampling approach and 450 respondents of Generation Z voluntarily answered. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that the knowledge regarding NPP had significant effects on risk perception and benefit perception which subsequently led to subjective norms. In addition, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms had significant effects on behavioral intention which led to nuclear acceptance. Interestingly, the respondents perceived the benefit of NPP as slightly higher than the perceived risk. With these, it was clear that the commissioning Nuclear Power Plant must consider as an alternative source of electric energy in the Philippines. Moreover, this study is one of the first studies that investigated the acceptance of NPP among Generation Z. Lastly, the model could be a basis to strengthen the acceptance strategy of opening NPP among Generation Z, particularly in developing countries.

Review on Modeling and Control Strategies of DC–DC LLC Converters for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle Charger Applications

Bidirectional DC–DC converters are frequently chosen for applications requiring high power density such as in bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) technology makes the EV battery an electrical energy source. In this article, the use of a DC–DC LLC converter used in a bidirectional EV charger is reviewed. Different modeling approaches of the DC–DC LLC converter, such as small and large signal modeling, are discussed. Common modulation strategies applied to the DC–DC LLC converter in V2X mode, such as Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Phase-Shift Modulation (PSM), are presented. The new challenge is to present the main characteristics and limitations of each modulation strategy in order to cover the whole operating zone of the EV charger in V2X mode. Furthermore, different control strategies based on a small or large signal model combined with different modulation strategies are highlighted. Linear and nonlinear controllers applied to the DC–DC LLC converter are discussed. Robust controllers are mainly highlighted regarding their advantage in ensuring the control robustness with respect to unexpected disturbances. A comparative study among modulation strategies as well as different control algorithms is conducted in terms of control performance and converter efficiency in V2X mode.

Direct carbon footprint of hydrogen generation via PEM and alkaline electrolysers using various electrical energy sources and considering cell characteristics

Hydrogen supplying to industrial users is currently the major hydrogen business worldwide and the demand for hydrogen is almost entirely supplied from fossil fuels. In the last years a widespread interest on hydrogen has grown as energy vector for the decarbonization of multiple sectors, including industry, transport and buildings. Nevertheless, the impact of natural gas and other fossil fuels substitution with hydrogen is highly affected by the mix of different technologies and energy sources applied for hydrogen generation.The paper aims to investigate current CO2 emissions related with hydrogen generation in Australia and Italy by means of PEM and alkaline technologies; and to evaluate the potential impact considering cell characteristics variation and 3 scenarios based on energy mix. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the critical parameters. Based on experimental data, the energy consumption for hydrogen production using PEM technology is more sensitive to cell voltage compared to current density, which indicates the importance of cell manufacturing and electrolyte resistance. In addition, by performing sensitivity analysis regarding energy sources scenarios it is found that carbon dioxide emission in Australia is more sensitive to renewable energy sources rather than Italy.

Prediksi Kecepatan Angin Jangka Menengah dengan Artificial Neural Network untuk Estimasi Daya Listrik Tenaga Angin (Studi Kasus: Kota Sabang)

Indonesia, as a country at the equator, has a very large renewable energy potential that can be used as a source of electrical energy. Electricity consumption in Indonesia, especially in Aceh, continues to increase annually because of population growth and increasing economic needs. Recently, the construction of power plants has been considered to be environmentally friendly and economical. One of the efforts that can be made is the development of wind-power plants. The availability of certain wind speeds was expected. Therefore, accurate prediction data must be used as the basis for building wind power plants. To increase the accuracy of wind speed prediction by looking at the error rate in predicting the amount of wind speed generated using an Artificial Neural Network with feed-forward and feed-backward functions from the back propagation algorithm (BPNN). The results of the application using the Neural Network algorithm with a back propagation Neural Network (BPNN) to predict wind speed show that the Neural Network algorithm can predict wind speed with an error of 0.0036. In July 2021, the estimated energy demand is 81.5 KWH.

Calculating the energy capacity and capacity factor of floating photovoltaic (FPV) power plant in the cirata reservoir using different types of solar panels

The trend to use solar energy as an electrical energy source continues to grow around the world. Located on the equator, Indonesia has the potential for continuously available solar energy throughout the year, which means that the use of solar energy as a solar power plant need to be increased. Floating solar power plant is a solution for solar power plant development in areas where land is limited due to high population density. One of the reservoirs currently under development and construction of floating solar power plant under the Electric Power Supply Business Plan 2021 – 2030 is the Cirata Reservoir with power capacity of 145 MWp. This study aims to obtain the results of the calculation of the energy capacity and capacity factor of the 145 MWp Cirata Reservoir floating solar power plant using different types of solar panel with RETScreen Expert software. This study uses data analysis techniques. The annual energy capacity results for monocrystalline, polycrystaline, and thin-film solar cell module types are 190.54 GWh, 190.54 GWh, and 186.87 GWh respectively. The capacity factor results for monocrystalline, polycrystaline, and thin-film solar cell module types respectively are 15.00%; 15.00%; and 14.70%.

Stochastic multi-objective ORPD for active distribution networks

Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD) concerns to dispatch the reactive power outputs of different electrical energy sources to meet both network objectives and constraints. In this regard, distributed generation units and reactive power compensators due to their capability in generating reactive power have significant impact on distribution systems. This is while; their optimal locations in addition to their optimal outputs as well as applying different models of loads can remarkably affect the obtained results. In this article, a new multi-objective ORPD is proposed for active distribution networks considering different load level and the uncertainty of load model and load demand. To effectively solve the introduced ORPD, an optimization approach based on modified grey wolf optimizer and multi-level Pareto analysis is also proposed. Furthermore, the multi-criteria decision-making method is used to find the final suitable answer. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed ORPD and optimization approach, the IEEE 69-bus distribution network is considered as a test system.

Global Radioactive Waste Disposal Trends and Prospects

Nuclear power generation, which began in the Soviet Union in June 1954, has now become a main source of electrical energy in 33 countries around the world. However, radioactive waste and its safety have always been at the center of controversy, and even after 70 years, there is no official regulation on the disposal of radioactive waste under international law. In this review, the policies and current status of radioactive waste disposal in major countries around the world, including Korea, are investigated. Based on this, the direction for radioactive waste management in Korea was presented. Currently, radioactive waste is disposed of in two ways. Finland, Sweden, and France are conducting deep permanent disposal according to the recommendation of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and Japan, the United Kingdom, and India are promoting reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel to reduce waste and the volume of the repository. Korea has been temporarily storing radioactive waste at the site of the power plant since the completion of Kori Unit 1 in 1978, but it is expected that the capacity of the temporary storage facility will reach its limit in 2031. Accordingly, the securing of a permanent disposal site and the development of reprocessing technology are being studied together, but no tangible results have been achieved so far. Korea's radioactive waste disposal has problems such as a small land area, institutional difficulties in developing reprocessing technology, frequent policy changes, ignorance and indifference, and lack of smooth communication. Although public concern about nuclear power generation has increased due to the Fukushima disaster, not many people are interested in spent nuclear fuel. Within the framework of reprocessing and permanent disposal, Korea should refrain from frequent policy changes that can confuse public opinion and research and development, and come up with a long-term realistic policy.

Transformation of Sound Energy into Electrical Energy Using IoT

Abstract: The world is expanding more and more rapidly and we have a lot of energy in bondage. Energy is in distinct forms i.e noise energy, electrical energy, mechanical energy, etc. Energy cannot be generated or demolished but it can be transformed from one energy formation into further. However, we are rapidly expanding and finding a solution to this situation. Now a days noise energy is considered one of the biggest problems in big cities and it cannot be controlled or reduced but they can be used as energy resources. And this noise energy can be used to bring about energy. Factories, industries, vehicles, airports, etc. cause a lot of sound energy. We modify this sound energy into electrical energy. Now a days, Electrical energy source play a foremost role. So, we require additional electrical energy as world population increasing rapidly, especially renewable resources, pure and clean energy sources. Non-renewable energy sources are in short supply. So, we need to utilise the renewable energy resource very carefully. And one of the main mottos of this project is the produced electrical energy is used to reduce the accidents in the deep curve hill station areas by detecting the vehicles. And also, we can use this produced electrical energy in street lights. This project describes work done on conversion techniques and methods used to convert noise energy to corresponding electrical energy

APPLICATION OF MORPHOLOGIC ANALYSIS TO QUANTIFY DIVERSION OF FLOOD WATERFLOW AND POTENTIAL ELECTRICAL ENERGY

As significant catchment of flood water, this study examined important morphological structures of Lake Buhi (LB) catchment area which is a part of Bicol River Basin Area (BRBA). The information taken was used to derive a mathematical model which was then used in analysing the hydrologic event in the area. Different scenarios were investigated to provide solutions and avoid major risks and damages in BRBA during extreme precipitation. The method used to gather the data are Geographical Information System (GIS), digital elevation modelling (DEM), hydrologic modelling, site visit, and remote sensing. It was found that the morphology is well structured to collect and impound vast amount of rainwater flow and form huge body of water known as the LB. The area has immense number of streams that directs surface runoff into the impounded body of water having low drainage density. Enormous amount is needed to discharge away and prevent high water level rise and stop flood in the nearby villages. The capacity of the outflow river is sufficient in most cases of the forecasted precipitation while during the time of typhoon event was found insufficient. However, there are three options to divert away the accumulated floodwater and become a potential source of electrical energy.

Penerapan Bank Energi Surya sebagai Sumber Energi Mandiri untuk Penerangan Masyarakat di Dusun Batu Ampar Desa Mulyorejo

Solar Energy Bank is an activity of the Community Service Student Creativity Program (PKM-PM) in collaboration with Ayo Berbagi (ABG) partners and given to 24 houses of Dusun Batu Ampar RT 04/RW 17 which still do not have access to the PLN electricity network so that lighting conditions at night are very poor. The purpose of this program is to implement the Solar Energy Bank as an alternative source of electrical energy for night lighting with emergency lights and Internet of Things (IoT) based monitoring systems. The program implementation method uses 3 implementation techniques, extension techniques through socialization, then science and technology assistance techniques include preparation and implementation activities, and the third is training and mentoring techniques. Benchmarks for the success of community services activities are measured by questionnaires given to society before and after implementation of the solar energy bank. Based on the result of the questionnaire, the implementation of the Solar Energy Bank has helped solve lighting problems, provided community service satisfaction and increased knowledge regarding the use of solar energy as an alternative energy source and skills in operating the Solar Energy Bank for the people of Dusun Batu Ampar RT 04/RW 17.

Management power of renewable energy in multiple sources system to feeding the rotor of a doubly-fed induction generator

The purpose of this paper is the elimination of interruptions of electrical energy produced by a multi-source production system, so we have assured the feed of DFIG rotor in a wind system by different energy sources (photovoltaic generator, battery group) and switchover between them by auxiliary contacts controlled by a supervisor via a power control algorithm. For the photovoltaic generator, a controller for tracking the maximum power point is designed using direct search approach perturb observe method. For the battery group, the installation of a number of the capacitor battery elements in series and in parallel will be kept the power necessary to supply the DFIG rotor. For the wind system, it contains the power generated by DFIG is controlled by sliding mode system. With regard to switching between electrical energy sources, our proposed system relies on an algorithm to compare the energies produced by each generator with the energy required to feed the DFIG rotor and the energies consumed in the system, where the energy source with high production energy and available is exploited to feed the system and charge the batteries. Simulations were performed to confirm the reliability and efficacy of the system proposed.

INSTALASI PLTS SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI MANDIRI DAN MEDIA PENGAJARAN EBT BAGI SANTRI PPPI AL-ITTIHAD MALANG

Dependence on the need for electrical energy on PLN will undoubtedly require a high cost. Energy independence around the PPPI Al-Ittihad hut as a partner can minimize expenses and realize an Islamic life based on information technology and independence in energy. This problem has prompted the Malang State University community service team to install solar panels at PPPI Al-Ittihad based on smart PLTS that can be monitored in real-time. This installation serves as a source of electrical energy to meet the electricity needs of PPPI Al-Ittihad. Community service is carried out by observing, calculating load requirements, making designs, installing solar cell systems, and installing solar panel systems. The electricity generated by the smart PLTS is used for the daily needs of PPPI Al-Ittihad. Besides that, the PLTS could be the renewable energy learning media for students and IoT-based information technology. The installation of PLTS is very useful for PPPI Al-Ittihad, which has a daily power load of 4 kWh to reduce the estimated cost of electricity consumption which previously depended on PLN.

STUDI PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKROHIDRO PADA SALURAN IRIGASI DESA ANGANTAKA ABIANSEMAL BADUNG

The utilization of renewable energy can be a solution to meet the current increasing demand for electrical energy in rural areas, one of which is the use of water energy with the development of PLTMH. In this study, the planning of a microhydro power plant was carried out in the irrigation canal of Angantaka Abiansemal Badung Village as a source of electrical energy to meet the needs of electrical energy. The Angantaka Village irrigation channel has a head 2,1 meters, a width of 1,95 meters, an average depth of 0,88 meters and a water discharge of 0,3045 m3/s. The PLTMH planning system uses a breastshot wheel type water wheel with an efficiency of 75% and TEK STC-5 kW 3 phase AC synchronous generator and a 6 kW ELC control panel. Planning for PLTMH on the irrigation canal of Angantaka Abiansemal Badung Village with a capacity of 3,76 kW / 4,70 kVA. The initial investment cost required is IDR. 72.055.375 with operational and maintenance cost of IDR. 720.553 in one year.

Load Frequency Control of Hydro-Hydro Power System using Fuzzy-PSO-PID with Application of UC and RFB

Load frequency control (LFC) plays a crucial rule in matching the power generation with variable power demand, and hence, maintains the system frequency and tie-line power to its esteemed value. Further, most of the countries are dependent on thermal power plants to meet the electrical energy requirement, and hence, LFC strategies are available for these types of power plants only. As the world is moving to generate electrical energy via cleaner sources to reduce harmful environmental pollutants, and hence, hydro power are one of the well-developed and cleanest sources of electrical energy. Subsequently, this article shows up a novel LFC design for hydro-hydro system based on joint endeavors of fuzzy logic with PID viably optimized through particle swarm optimization (PSO) coming into a new and robust Fuzzy-PSO-PID for LFC. At to beginning with, the result of Fuzzy-PSO-PID is evaluated for step load alteration, and the outcomes of Fuzzy-PSO-PID are matched with recently published outcomes of LFC with regards to values of PID, error minimization, and graphical results. In any case, still, there may be a scope of LFC upgrade in Fuzzy-PSO-PID due to higher responding time of turbines used in hydro-hydro plants and subsequently, the combinations of storage devices such as ultra-capacitor (UC) in each zone and UC with redox flow battery combination are used to improve the LFC and the application outcomes are analyzed again and uncover considering the step load alteration, non-linearity, load pattern, and parametric modification to see the benefits of the proposed work for hydro-hydro LFC.

The rechargeable systems of electric energy storage for the category L vehicles

BACKGROUND: The high-tech world cannot be stable essentially, therefore there are electric automobiles, electric motorcycles and other vehicles with the electric energy source alongside conventional vehicles. Due to the development of category L electric vehicles, development and manufacturing of rechargeable systems of electric energy storage (RSEES) is demanded. The design of the system of electric energy storage must meet a number of requirements given to category L electric vehicles. The system of electric energy storage as part of an electric vehicle should ensure the maximal drive range (high energy capacity) and have enough strength of ensuring the safety of a category L vehicle. One of the issues of meeting the given requirements is reducing the mass of the RSEES frame using light-alloy materials.
 AIMS: Increase of energy efficiency of the two-wheeled vehicle with an electric drive based on development of the RSEES considering mass and dimensional properties.
 METHODS: One of the methods of modelling the structural elements of a frame with similar geometrical layout but using various materials (nonferrous materials) is used. The theoretical simulation of loading at these structural elements and comparison of components with various materials are performed.
 RESULTS: The issue of reducing the mass of the RSEES is one of the problems of improvement the category L electric vehicles (EV) efficiency. Apart from increase of drive range, reducing the mass and inertial properties of the RSEES frame leads to improvement of maneuvering ability and handling of an EV. It is worth noting that the location of the rechargeable systems of electric energy storage inside an electric motorcycle positively affects energy efficiency because of lowering the center of mass, which consequently reflects on aerodynamics and driving of category L electric vehicle.
 CONCLUSIONS: The main current issue of development of the RSEES for electric vehicles including electric motorcycles is reducing its mass. One of the ways of achieving it is using variable alloys in the RSEES frame design. The method of calculation of the design of the frame of the rechargeable system of electric energy storage which allows optimal choosing of material and component geometry, that makes possible to reduce mass and dimensional properties by 20%, is shown in the article. The next stage is manufacturing of a prototype and practical testing of the PSEES for confirmation of the theoretical calculations.

Configuration Planning of Expressway Self-Consistent Energy System Based on Multi-Objective Chance-Constrained Programming

Regarding the problem of the optimal configuration of self-consistent energy systems based on a 100% renewable energy supply for expressway electricity demand in no-grid areas, this paper proposes a multi-objective planning model based on chance-constrained programming (CCP) to achieve the optimization objectives of low cost and high reliability. Firstly, the number of units of different types of wind turbines (WT), the capacity of photovoltaic (PV) cells, and the number of sets of energy storage systems (ESS) are selected for the design variables in our configuration plan. After defining the load grading shedding and ESS scheduling strategy, the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method and the backward reduction method are applied to model the uncertainties of electric load and renewable energy sources. Finally, the set of Pareto solutions are optimized by the non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and its unique best solution is determined by the Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach. Making use of the wind speed and solar radiation intensity historical data of an area in northwest China in the last five years, eight case studies of two typical scenarios are designed and carried out to explore in-depth the impact of different confidence levels and load fluctuation ranges on the planning results. The results verify that the proposed method can effectively improve the robustness of the system and satisfy the power demand in confidence scenarios.

Comprehensive Review Based on the Impact of Integrating Electric Vehicle and Renewable Energy Sources to the Grid

Global warming, pollution, and the depletion of fossil fuels have compelled human beings to explore alternate sources of energy and cleaner modes of transport. In recent years, renewable energy sources (RES) have been massively introduced to the grid. Furthermore, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming popular as a cleaner mode of transport. However, the introduction of RESs and EVs to the grid has imposed additional challenges on the grid operators because of their random nature. This review aims to focus on the integration of RES and EVs to the grid, thereby presenting the global status of RESs and EVs, the impact of integrating RESs and EVs to the grid, the challenges of integrating RES and EV to the grid, optimization techniques for EV and RES integration to the grid, and mitigation techniques. A total of 153 research papers are meticulously reviewed, and the findings are put forward in this review. Thus, this review will put forward the latest developments in the area of EV and RES integration into the grid and will enlighten the researchers with the unsolved questions in the area that need investigation.

Potensi Pengolahan Limbah Padi Menjadi Sumber Energi Listrik Terbarukan yang Bersih dan Terjangkau

Indonesia has a level of agricultural productivity which tends to increase every year as a result of optimizing farmer performance and being supported by large and fertile agricultural land. The abundant production of agricultural products, especially rice production, provides convenience in obtaining food sources forpeople in agrarian countries. On the other hand, processing rice into rice products as the main food source produces waste products which are commonly referred to as waste. Waste has been a subject of world concern for a long time in the design of innovation and technology for its management. The management of rice waste, which is abundant in quantity, needs to be carried out optimally with the right methods and processes so as not to interfere with the sustainability of productivity in the future. Researchers examine these methods and processes in an effort to optimize the potential of rice waste by converting it into renewable electrical energy. With qualitative and quantitative approaches, this research provides solutions in the form of incineration and gasification methods as optimal handling of ricewaste and answers the increasing demand for electrical energy. A high level of production consistency and maximum waste utilization can be easily achieved with a technology that is structured, safe, easy to operate and environmentally friendly. The management of rice waste into a source of electrical energy is expected to reduce the use of fossil-fueled to the Net Zero 2060 launched by the government. That way, the environmental balance will be maintained in Era Society 5.0. in the future, where electricity is the main need for humans who live side by side with technology. The abundance of biomass in Indonesia which is managed optimally is expected to be a solution to the need for renewable energy. The results of this study are expected to be a reference in further design and development.

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC DAN PENERAPANNYA MENJADI POWER BANK 10000 MAH

Consumers of mobile devices expect manufacturers to produce devices that will be an efficient source of electrical energy. The battery currently used in the smartphone allows the device to operate for several hours. PowerBank extends the operating time of the device without the need to charge it through a charger that is connected to the mains and the most important feature that determines the quality of a power bank is its capacity. This paper first analyzes the effect of the number of solar cells on the application of a 10000 mAh PowerBank. It has been shown in this study that the capacity of the 10000 mAh PowerBank can charge a series of 2, 4, and 8 solar cells. What has also been investigated is Then testing it for several types of mobile devices. The results show that using a 2, 4, and 8 solar cell circuit type can only charge handheld cell phones with a battery capacity of 2000 mAh.