Documentary Sources Research Articles

Rule-Making in International Law in the Post-State-Centric Era

The present study was conducted to examine the position of rule-making in international law in the post-state-centric era, and it was carried out through the study of documentary and library sources. All legal systems have mechanisms for enacting rules; however, this issue faces challenges in the international legal system. This is because, in international law, there is no written law that explicitly defines rule-making powers, nor is there a legislative body that can impose international rules on states without their consent. Rule-making in international law had long been carried out through treaties and customary law—although today, one cannot deny the significant role of these two legal sources. In addition, judicial interpretations also play a remarkable role in the growth and development of international law. In the post-state-centric era, considering the developments of the international community, merely declaring rights by the most important international judicial body overlooks the potential effects that it can have in addressing gaps or the absence of rules and, when necessary, in amending existing rules and introducing new concepts. By recognizing such a role for the Court as an institution that seeks to discover and clarify rules through its interpretations, the further development of international law can be facilitated.

Challenges Facing the East African Comunity in the Effective Implementation of Human Trafficking Laws within the Region

This article identifies some of the challenges faced by the East African Community in effectively implementing human trafficking laws within the region. It relies entirely on secondary data from documentary and online sources to reveal these emerging challenges. The findings show that to be relevant, strict adherence to the existing instruments, the establishment of more rigorous border checks to prevent the commodification of human beings and alignment of national legislation with comprehensive provisions in areas where human trafficking laws lack appropriateness and effective implementation should be taken into consideration. Furthermore, the EAC should establish a supranational legislative organ, similar to the European Commission, with the exclusive power to propose bills. This would contribute to a more centralized and efficient legislative process focused on serving the collective interests of the EAC community.

«Драгоценный подарок дорогому другу» (блюдо, поднесенное французскому президенту Э. Лубе от города Москвы)

The paper addresses a unique monument of political rapprochement between Russia and France at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century — a silver dish presented by the city of Moscow to the French President Emil Loubet during his visit to Russia in 1902. Along with its memorial and historical significance, the dish has outstanding artistic merits. The second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries is rightly considered the period of the highest rise of domestic jewelry art, its triumphant entry into the international art market. The works of Russian silverware masters of this time combined the highest technical and artistic level of execution. The involvement of professional artists in the production of such goods greatly contributed to the latter. A vivid example of this is the dish under study. It was made at the Ovchinnikov`s firm — one of the most famous domestic gold-silver enterprises — according to the sketch of V.M.Vasnetsov. The study provides a detailed art history analysis of this work, drawing on documentary and material sources. It also examines a number of other works by V.M.Vasnetsov, which not only allowed for a detailed examination of a little-studied page in the work of a famous Russian artist but also identified a number of trends characteristic of the entire decorative arts of the period under review.

SPANISH PUPPET THEATER OF 17TH CENTURY SEVILLE

In the history of world theater studies, there has been a tradition of identifying puppet theater as a separate art direction, isolating it from the current theatrical process. If you open the article by B. V. Goldovsky’s “Puppet Theater” in the modern “Great Soviet Encyclopedia”, then from the definition it is obvious that puppet theater belongs to theatrical art. In the tradition of Western and domestic theater studies, it is customary to view history through the prism of the biographies of authors woven into the fabric of the historical context, as well as the surviving texts of plays. Based on this method, bypassing historical documents, over the centuries a picture of the formation of professional theater has emerged. With the advent of computer technology and the beginning of the process of digitization of archives, it became possible to work with documentary primary sources. That is why it is necessary to re-clarify and supplement existing information in order to have a correct understanding of the history of world theater, which certainly influences the modern theatrical process. Spanish puppet theater, unfortunately, also became an exception from teaching aids, although throughout the history of the theater, puppet shows accompanied performances in the Corrals and enjoyed no less success with the public. The center of development of puppet theater in the 16th century was Seville, which was experiencing the Golden Age of theatrical culture. Thanks to the successful completion of the archive digitization process, based on primary sources, it is possible to reconstruct the puppet theater and compare it with modern analogues. Since there are no monographs on Spanish puppet theater in Russian theater studies, the purpose of the article is to draw attention to the relevance of the problem and clarify key points using the example of the reconstruction of the performance of the troupe of V. Colomer in the Monteria Corral in Seville in the 17th century.

ІНОЗЕМНІ ВІЙСЬКОВОПОЛОНЕНІ НА КИЇВЩИНІ У 1943-1954 РОКАХ ЗА ДОКУМЕНТАМИ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ АРХІВІВ

The aim of the article is the attribution and characterization of a range of unpublished sources from the archives of Ukraine, which contain information about the situation of prisoners of war of Germany and its allies in Soviet camps on the territory of Kyiv and Kyiv region in 1943–1954. The documents of this complex of sources are classified, their typological and specific diversity, content and informational potential are characterized. The prospects for research on the topic are determined on the basis of the available range of sources. The research methodology is defined by the principles of scientificity, historicism, objectivity and systematicity. The author used the methods of source studies, including archival heuristics, analysis and synthesis of documentary sources. The scientific novelty is in determining the typological and specific composition, content and informational potential of an unpublished array of documents on the history of the regional link of Soviet military captivity in Kyiv region, which are stored in the archives of Ukraine. Conclusions. The identified and systematized array of unpublished sources on the history of the regional branch of the Soviet military captivity in the Kyiv region in 1943–1954 are represented by the directive documents of the top party leadership of the Ukrainian SSR, the government of the republic, regulatory and administrative orders of the NKVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs), records of the Ukrainian Military Intelligence Service, special camps and hospitals, documents of the management entities that used the labour of prisoners of war, the decisions of local authorities on the allocation of buildings and land for the placement of regime facilities and the burial of dead prisoners. The documents studied by the author are stored in the fonds of the Central State Archive of Public Associations of Ukraine, the Central State Archive of Higher Authorities and Administration of Ukraine, the Sectoral State Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, the State Archives of Kyiv Region and the City of Kyiv, and the Archival Department of the Bila Tserkva City Council. Documents that differ in content and are unequal in the degree of informativeness characterize the general directions of the Soviet policy in the field of military prisoners at the final stage of the Second World War and in the post-war period, and on the example of a specific region reflect the steps taken by the authorities aimed at its practical implementation. The content of the studied documents allows us: to identify the general features of the Soviet military captivity system and the peculiarities of its regional branch in the Kyiv region, in particular in the context of the organization, functioning and liquidation of camps and special hospitals for prisoners of war in 1943–1954; to find out the situation of foreign prisoners in the camps of Kyiv and the region, the peculiarities of the regime of detention, material, household, food provision and treatment; to reveal the regional and sectoral specifics of the deployment of contingents of prisoners in the region; to investigate the peculiarities of the exploitation of prisoner of war labour in the housing and communal sphere, industry, transport infrastructure and road construction; to trace the fate of graves of foreign prisoners of war, who died and were buried on the territory of the city of Kyiv and Kyiv region; to study the issue of repatriation of prisoners of war from the camps of the region. The available range of unpublished sources from the archives of Ukraine is promising for further research on the topic.

What is Manumission? A Manumittee-Centric Model of the Manumission Process in Eighteenth-Century Surinam

Manumission is the release from slavery, and therefore, a transition from the most extreme form of subjugation into another position and status in society. Some historians have defined manumission as a formal act, often understood as a gift that severed the bond between slave and master. More recently researchers have emphasized that it was a lengthy process that involved pre-existing dependencies and resulted in new hierarchies. This article takes a fresh look at the process and tries to gain a fuller understanding of manumission by examining it from the position of the manumitted and their social relations.Taking into consideration a wide range of documentary sources from colonial, notarial and Dutch governmental archives, we reconstruct the dependencies that were created in the process of manumission. The dependencies that evolved during manumission processes were related to family and other kinship ties, but also had an urban, communal, religious, economic and institutional logic. Manumission was not only an act at a specific moment, but also a process, and it was not a bilateral, but a multilateral one. With the instrument of manumission and within the limits set by economic reality and the colonial government, the manumittees tried to make meaningful life choices that transformed slave society profoundly. We find that they created complex dependencies across boundaries of status and racial categorization.

Stanovlenie diplomaticheskoj sluzhby Velikogo knyazhestva Moskovskogo XV v.: k harakteristike istochnikov nauchnoj problemy

In the publication, based on the analysis of documentary sources published and stored mainly in the archival collections of Moscow (Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents) and St. Petersburg (NLR), the author raises the question of updating scientific research on the history of domestic diplomacy and the diplomatic service of the Grand Duchy of Moscow of the 15th century.

Politics and civil society in regional waste management

Indonesia, like the majority of countries throughout the world, is grappling growing waste management issues. On a national or regional level. As a result, an effective program to limit garbage disposed of in landfills is required. Collaboration between municipal government and civic society is one option. This study examines the pattern of synergy between local government and community organizations in enhancing trash management through the case of coordinating waste management in Garut Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. We modified the Collaborative Governance Framework and performed in-depth interviews with stakeholders, as well as a search for documentary sources and transect tracing. We gathered qualitative information from stakeholders about their experiences and perceptions of synergy patterns between sub-district trash bank administrators and district governments. The data was analyzed in three stages: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The collaborative governance paradigm of Anshell and Alison is applied to data analysis. As a result, it was discovered that the Garut Regency waste bank WhatsApp group offered sub-district waste bank administrators with an effective waste management communication space. Waste managers might be subject to a variety of local government laws. However, because the number of Waste Bank management members is still restricted, it is insufficient to address regional waste management issues.

THE CHILDREN'S RIGHTS DOCUMENT IN THE OVERVIEW SIGN OF THE CRDTl (2024)

Introduction: In general, to analyze Article 18 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (CRDTL), which says that all children have the right to education, health, etc. We return to the condition of children who form their concern, when the conditions become aggravated as child labor, and lose their rights on the part of the family. Sometimes, children cover the sadness and used the other way to help the needs of the family, but the children's opinions should be heard all matters relating to their rights is fundamental. Objectives: To narrate and review to ensure equal access and educational opportunities for all children and to identify and meet requirements that allow for the development of their capacities or aptitudes and their culture in each municipality of Timor-Leste. Methodology: Elaborated in the elaboration of deductive, based on research work in international articles of literary and legislative scholarly, whose current documentary sources will be cited in the bibliography. Conclusion: To be achieved to ensure the law of the constitution RDTL says, that the protection of children is the compression to respect the dignity of children, so with promises to be the well-being of children and also their protection against any way at risk and to enforce the right of children to seek the search for children. The solution that promotes the greatest possible benefit to children, also interprets and carries out a norm, should be inthe best interests of children. Therefore, parents have a responsibility to guarantee the rights of children and to develop with the freedom of justice and equality, such as the participation of 17-year-old minorities to have some educational resources and learn from anythingwith joy. And satisfaction of each child or minorities cited by (Corte Real AG & Babo Soares D.C., 2024).

Meşhur Vaizler ve Hikâye Anlatıcıları (Kussās) -İslam’ın En Eski Tarihçileri, Müfessirleri ve Fakihleri-

Meşhur vaizler ve hikâye anlatıcıları (kussâs; tk. kâs) birinci/yedinci yüzyılın ortalarında görünmeye başladı ve hızlı bir şekilde İslâm’ın ilk informal tarihçileri ve müfessirleri oldular. Çok geçmeden Emevî halifeleri onların söylevlerinin politik etkisini fark edip vaaz vermeyi ve hikâye anlatıcılığını (kasas) resmî bir kurum haline getirdi. Buna rağmen gayriresmi hikâye anlatıcılığı tamamen ortadan kalkmadı, bazen yönetimdeki hanedana karşı dinî bir memnuniyetsizliğinde sesi oldu. Elinizdeki makalede, Mervâniler döneminde kasasın yargı ve diğer resmî kurumlarla uyum içerisinde olduğunu ifade ediyorum. Yazılı kaynakların karşılaştırılması aynı dönem boyunca kâdı (hâkim) kavramının henüz kullanılmadığını ve Abbâsî tarih literatürü tarafından geriye dönük olarak Emevî tarihine aşılanmış olabileceğini gösterir. Edebî kaynaklarda kussâsın bölgesel hiyerarşilerinin varlığına işaret edilmektedir. İkinci/sekizinci yüzyılda kasas, İslam hukuku ve tefsirinin ihtiyacı için rivayetlerin profesyonel bir şekilde toplanması ve aktarılması sebebiyle önemini yitirmiştir. Sonunda hadis ravileri ve münekkitleri kussâsı aşağılama ve alay etme suretiyle görmezden gelmeye başladılar.

The creation of the Fundação Brasileira para a Conservação da Natureza.

This study within the field of environmental history explores the scenario amid which the Fundação Brasileira para a Conservação da Natureza (Brazilian Foundation for Nature Conservation) was founded between 1958 and 1966; this important Brazilian non-governmental organization headquartered in Rio de Janeiro worked at the local, national, and international levels. Primary documentary sources were utilized, along with research of the related literature. The conclusions demonstrate the importance of non-governmental organizations predating this foundation, and the influence of conservationists on its establishment and current work.

Industrial Replication and the Social Order System in the Soviet Art of the Early 1930s: Images of Industrialisation in the Urals

This article examines the phenomenon of large-edition art production in the Soviet fine art of the early 1930s. The relevance and proliferation of reproduction and other printing formats were driven by the necessity to develop mass propaganda tools for extensive ideological influence on the viewer and mobilisation of society, including during the era of widespread industrialisation. The objective of this paper is to examine the artistic representation of the industrialisation of the Urals in Soviet posters, mass images, popular prints (lubok) and postcards from the early 1930s, with reference to the system of social commissions and the practice of industrial reproduction in art. This article is based on an analysis of documentary sources, materials of art criticism from the 1930s, and current research from the turn of the twenty-first century. The prerequisites and features of picture and poster art production are outlined in detail. An essential element of this study is the characterisation and analysis of images of the industrialisation of the Urals in poster, mass picture, popular print (lubok) and postcard. This includes the interpretation of individual subjects and an examination of the compositional structure of images. The features and specifics of social commission in the utilisation of industrial methods for the production and distribution of fine art are examined with reference to large-edition art works of the early 1930s and objects of original painting and graphics created for reproduction.

Investigating archaeological remains at Stracciacappe, Rome: comparing traditional sources with UAV-based multispectral, thermal and microtopographic analysis

This study investigates the applicability of drone technology in examining Stracciacappe, a minor archaeological site through low-altitude aerial photography. Using multispectral and thermal sensors mounted on DJI Phantom Multispectral and DJI Mavic Enterprise Advanced drones, several flight missions were conducted in November 2020, May 2021, and April 2022. The effectiveness of analyzing multispectral and thermal raw images was limited by the area’s irregular vegetation, which hindered the clear detection of archaeological anomalies. However, microtopographic analysis employing various visualization techniques revealed significant traces, aligning with the site’s description found in numerous documentary sources. This includes the identification of two distinct areas within the castrum: the elevated cassarum and the burgus, along with potential traces of defensive structures within these areas. Drone analysis delineated a cassarum comprising a tower, palatium, and defensive walls, while the burgus seemed devoid of buildings, supporting the notion of a village primarily constructed with perishable materials. Thus, the study highlights the importance of using diverse sensor-based drone analyses to enhance archaeological investigations at minor sites.

The population of the cities of Tobolsk province (based on the materials of the 1917 census)

On the basis of archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the issues of preparation, the peculiarities of conducting the census of the urban population of the Tobolsk province in 1917 are revealed, and its results are analyzed. The census materials were in demand to coordinate the food issue, supply the population with food, the urban economy as a whole, and prepare for elections to the Constituent Assembly and local authorities. In the study of the processes of formation of urban settlements and their transformation, various methodological approaches are traced. In this regard, the modernization theory of social development is of interest, where, according to the concept, urbanization is considered through the prism of demographic processes primarily in cities. The work is based on the materials of the 1917 urban census in the Tobolsk province. To analyze documentary sources, a set of statistical methods was used, as well as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological research methods, methods of graphical representation of the obtained statistical data. Based on newly introduced and published sources of population statistics. The author made the following conclusions: despite the presence of general instructions, there are specific features in the preparation and conduct of the census associated with tight deadlines, lack of qualified personnel and other reasons; the results obtained, although they had a number of drawbacks, suggest an increase in the proportion of the alien population, a decrease in the number of males due to mobilization to the front. The author made the following conclusion: despite the presence of general instructions, there are specific features in the preparation and conduct of the census associated with tight deadlines, lack of qualified personnel and other reasons.

A “Migrantisation” of Borderwork? Emergence, Work Status, and Careers of Peer Intermediaries in Morocco’s Migration Industry: The Case of Voluntary Returns

This paper explores the idea of a “migrantisation” of borderwork through the case of peer intermediation in the provision of information to migrants regarding voluntary returns from Morocco. Under what conditions are people categorised as sub-Saharan migrants being employed in projects led by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM)? What are the trajectories, careers, and work status of these peer intermediaries? To what extent does peer intermediation shape social relationships and boundaries within the migration industry and migrant communities? Using ethnographic data and documentary sources collected during fieldwork in Morocco, the paper traces the emergence of peer intermediation and underlines its diversity through the in-depth study of three illustrative trajectories. It examines “migrantisation” in relation to issues of racialisation, work, and im/mobility.

GIS application in the analysis of transformations in the old core of Tiradentes/MG related to tourism exploitation in the area

This article discusses some of the possible contributions of GIS technology (Geographic Information System) to the analysis, planning and management of heritage sites, focusing mainly on the study of the effects produced in such sites by processes related to the tourism exploitation. To this end, it adopts as its object of inquiry the old core of the city of Tiradentes, in Minas Gerais, Brazil – protected by the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional since 1938 and characterized as one of the main tourist destinations in the country today –, for which it is proposed, firstly, the construction of a digital base in the QGis software and then, based on bibliographic and documentary sources, an analysis of its historical evolution, current conformation and main ongoing processes. A comparative analyzes between the characteristics of land-use verified on the site in the years 1980, 2001 and 2017 is also carried out. As a result, besides creating such a database for the municipality, a further study of the relationships between the transformations observed in the mentioned characteristics and the increase in tourism activity in the area is provided. Considerations are also presented regarding the effects generated on the preservation of local heritage as a result of these same transformations, along with possible recommendations for the effective and sustainable management of Tiradentes' cultural heritage.

Human Needs and Civilian Violence in United Nations Peace Keeping Operations: A Case of MONUSCO in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Citizens’ protests against UN Peacekeepers in Africa are on the increase. This article draws from MONUSCO's experience in DRC to address one crucial question: Why are local populations launching violent demonstrations against UN Peacekeepers in DRC? The study utilises human needs theory to reveal that unfulfilled civilian security needs manifest in violent mass protests against peacekeepers. This article argues that while civilian protection remains UN’s priority, violent demonstrations against MONUSCO in the DRC and emerging protests elsewhere in Africa put UN’s peacekeeping role into question. The study anticipates continued citizens’ protests unless there is a change in UN’s strategies to enhance the capability of peacekeeping operations. The article utilises qualitative data from key informant interviews and evidence from documentary sources. The analysis indicates that the Congolese population is frustrated with MONUSCO’s failure to protect them from a series of attacks by armed rebels. Consequently, citizens have launched violent demonstrations against peacekeepers to voice their concerns for meeting their security needs. This calls UN to review the peacekeeping strategy to ensure the relevance of peacekeeping operations for the long-term and effective protection of civilians.

Digital Public Relations and Social Sustainability: A Case of Le Minerale’s Disposable Gallons

Le Minerale’s production of disposable water gallons has generated news in the national online media, strengthening public opinion about Le Minerale products polluting the environment. As Indonesian people are very concerned about environmental issues, Le Minerale responds to this situation immediately and appropriately. This study aims to analyze the case on how Le Minerale's public relations strategy is implemented in digital media platforms to respond the social sustainability issue of disposable gallons. To meet the aim of this case study, relevant texts or documentary sources were analyzed from Le Minerale's official website and social media which can be publicly accessed. In addition, the researchers gathered articles about Le Minerale and also online petitions. The collected data is then analyzed using the data analysis procedure proposed by Daymon and Holloway. Findings of this research found that Le Minerale has been successfully addressed the issue by implementing the PR strategy model framework from Ronald D. Smith's. This company proves himself as a competitive brand by using proactive strategy to build positive opinion with a coalition approach, activism, and philanthropy. Smith’s PR strategy model has also been used in Le Minerale’s communication strategy that focuses on publicity, spreading newsworthy information, and implementing communication transparency throughout digital media. Therefore, Le Minerale has successfully maintained the company’s image through the effective digital public relations strategy they do in addressing the issue and promote their commitment to social sustainability.

Tafsîr Maudhû’î Perspektif Ibn Al-Qayyim: Studi Komparatif Al-Tafsîr Al-Qayyim, Badâ’i’ Al-Tafsîr, Dan Al-Dhau’ Al-Munir ‘alâ Al-Tafsîr

This research article aims to thematically describe Ibnu Al-Qayyim’s interpretation of the verses and lettres of the Qur’an (maudhu’i) and analyze it from his works. This research uses a qualitative-comparative method with a library study approach and uses a thematic interpretation method (maudhu’i) which is descriptive in nature with data collection techniques using literature and documentation sources, while the analysis technique uses qualitative-interpretative content analysis. By introducing the three collectors’ works, examining Ibnu Al-Qayyim’s interpretation in them, and comparing the three, both in terms, of similarities and differences; It can be concluded that Ibnu Al-Qayyim really proved himself as a commentator who used many thematic interpretation methods (maudhu’i) in his various works. The results of the research in this article also provide implivation for the feasibility of Ibnu Al-Qayyim’s thematic interpretation as an object of scientific research, including through his three collector’s books.

Supervisi Penerapan Metode Ummi dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca dan Menghafal Al-Qurân

Implementing a learning method requires guidance and supervision. In many cases, teachers are often required to implement a new method without any guidance and supervision. There is one application of learning methods that provides guidance and supervision, namely the application of the Ummi learning method in improving the ability to read and memorize the Al-Qur'an. This is worth studying. For this reason, this research is aimed at revealing how to implement supervision activities by focusing on three things, namely: steps, techniques and factors inhibiting and supporting these supervision activities. The research was carried out in two locations: SMPN 1 Sampang and SDN 1 Dalpenang Sampang. This research uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques: non-participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation of related sources. The research results obtained are first, the stages of implementing supervision in both institutions include daily, weekly and monthly supervision. Second, the technique for implementing Ummi method supervision in both institutions is in the form of individual and group techniques. Individual supervision techniques include class visits, individual meetings and document observation, while group techniques include school visits, evaluation meetings and teaching demonstrations. Third, the supporting factors for implementing the Ummi method of supervision in both institutions are support from school principals and parents who encourage supervisors to continue to supervise, supervisors' activeness and teacher welfare as well as adequate facilities. The inhibiting factors are the lack of supervision time and the lack of supervisors which is not commensurate with the number of existing groups. The results of the research have implications for supervisors being able to emphasize the objectives of supervision, so that supervision activities are not understood as a form of supervision but as mentoring and guidance activities.