Sound Output Research Articles

Microcontroller-based supporting tool for socializing in physical distancing during Covid-19 pandemic

Physical distancing is one of the procedures to avoid the spread of Covid-19. Several researchers have created tools to support physical distancing and the detection focus is on the front or back side with sound alert. However, this kind of sound alert can disturb other people activities. Moreover, people have a blind spot in their right and left side vision which is more than 400 on the horizontal plane. The study aims to design two bracelets for socializing in physical distancing during Covid-19 pandemic. It works at a distance of 1 meter within a radius of 1200 on eye blind spot and provide the option of a vibration or sound alert or both with the push button. The main components of this tool are Arduino nano as the system controller, HC-SR 04 ultrasonic sensor as the distance measure, PIR HC-SR 501 sensor as the people movement detection, continuous rotation servo motor MG90S as the sensors driver of 1200, vibrating DC motor type 310-101 as the vibration output and buzzer as the sound output. The result of this study is two bracelets that available to detect distance and movement on the 1200 rotation angle. When both of bracelets on the 1-meter distance, they will make vibration, sound, or both.

Design and Build Electrical Gamelan as a Cultural Tourism Supporting Object

Widarapayung Wetan, Binangun District, Cilacap Regency is an innovation village entrusted by the Regional Planning, Development, Research and Development Agency (BAPPEDA) of Cilacap Regency to the Cilacap State Polytechnic. The current partner's problem is the difficulty in introducing cultural tourism to tourists visiting Widarapayung Wetan Village. One of the cultural tourism potentials in Widarapayung Wetan Village is a traditional Javanese musical instrument, namely the gamelan. Currently, gamelan cultural activities in Widarapayung Wetan Village have been actively carried out on a regular basis based on the existing schedule of activities. Therefore, in order for gamelan to become a unique attraction, it is combined with electronic technology to become an electric gamelan. The electric gamelan can be used by visitors freely to learn to play the gamelan, while the existing original gamelan can be well preserved for rehearsals and performances. The electric gamelan made are saron and demung instruments. The saron and demung blades use acrylic material. When the acrylic blade is hit/beaten with a hammer, the piezoelectric sensor will receive vibrations when the blade is hit. The vibrations will be converted into electrical energy. The electrical energy will go through the Zener diode and 1 M? resistor, and will enter into IC 4051. IC 4051 in the system functions as a multiplexer that will take only one input according to the tone of the saron or demung instrument blades that are hit. The input will be passed to Arduino for processing. Arduino will issue a sound output in the form of a tone according to the blade that is hit. The electric gamelan tone is the original tone recorded by the saron and demung instruments. The two electric gamelan instruments, saron and demung, were tested together with wiyaga and the head of the Padhang Bulan Widarapayung Wetan art studio. The next activity was socialization with members of the Padhang Bulan art studio and the village apparatus of Widarapayung Wetan.

Personal Audio Systems Unsafe At Any Sound

Personal Audio Systems Unsafe At Any Sound

Superiority of activated graphite/CuO composite electrode over Platinum based electrodes as cathode in algae assisted microbial fuel cell

This study involves development of a low-cost cathode catalyst suitable for algae-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) application. The electrodes comprise of nanoparticles (NPs) of CuO/MnO 2 /Fe 3 O 4 mixed with activated graphite. The study compares the performance of composite electrodes with Pt coated C-cloth. The graphite/CuO supported highest power & current density, algal growth, and electrocatalytic activity while Pt/C electrode failed in all aspects as algae ceased to grow in the system. The graphite/CuO cathode led to 6 W/m 3 of power density, 25 A/m 3 of current density, and 0.256 d −1 as a specific algal growth rate. The composite graphite/CuO electrode showed better catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the cathode. Furthermore, the Pt was found out to be toxic for the algal growth. Hence, the Pt-MFC exhibited low power output due to failure of cathodic algal growth. In addition to this, the GC–MS analysis of FAME (Obtained from cathodic algae) revealed the optimum presence of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, indicating its suitability for biodiesel application. • A low-cost cathode was developed using graphite & CuO nanoparticles. • The electrode served as an effective catalyst for O 2 reduction reaction. • The electrode material did not inhibit algae supporting sound power output. • Pt/C was toxic for the algal species used in the study.

RANCANG BANGUN BEL OTOMATIS DI STIKOM TUNAS BANGSA BERBASIS ARDUINO DILENGKAPI DENGAN OUTPUT SUARA

Abstract
 Bell is certainly no stranger to education. In general, the bell still uses human power to ring it. It is still rare in the world of education to use an automatic bell that can work alone according to a predetermined time in the teaching and learning process. The purpose of the design of automatic bells at STIKOM Tunas Bangsa Pematangsiantar is to facilitate the work of picket officers and optimize the time for teaching and learning. The work process of this tool is to input the predetermined lesson time into the Arduino Uno Microcontroller using C language in the Arduino IDE Software. After that the microcontroller will read the program schedule hours that have been inputted into the microcontroller. If the program inputted matches the time schedule of today's lesson hours, the bell will automatically output the output in the form of an information notification sound. This tool also has a 16x2 Keypad Shield for setting the manual in the test mode that is matched in the time of the ongoing test and automatically produces notification sound output, where the automatic bell is fully controlled with the Arduino Uno Microcontroller command and the time setting that has been set into the RTC ( Real Time Clock) as a time saver.
 
 Keywords: Arduino Uno, RTC, Keypad Shield 16x2, STIKOM Tunas Bangsa

LASER SCANNING AND POINT CLOUD SEGMENTATION FOR CONTACTLESS GEO-MECHANICAL SURVEYING: CONSERVATIVE RESTORATION IN HYPOGEUM ENVIRONMENT

Abstract. The work presents a survey campaign specifically designed to formulate an effective restoration project in a Cultural Heritage context, the Military Shrine in Cima Grappa (Italy). Several outputs have been generated by exploring the most advanced laser scanning survey technique and some specific point cloud analysis algorithms. A detailed geometrical 3D reconstruction of human-made and natural tunnels coating materials, a geo-mechanical survey of the rock mass, a map of rock collapses and cinematic analysis of instability processes.Integrating Laser Scanning technique with the Scan-line survey allowed to perform advanced analysis and rock-mass characterisation in a predominant subterranean developed area. Most of the tunnels and underground spaces displayed rock collapses and diffuse active instability processes that certainly could have drastically slowed down surveys and analysis. The adopted techniques allowed both to proceed in acquiring data end in delivering sound outputs rapidly.

Bimorph Pinned Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers for Space Imaging Applications

This paper reports a bimorph pinned piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) for enhanced sound pressure output and electromechanical coupling factor for space imaging applications. An equivalent circuit model has been built to analyze the dynamic behavior of PMUTs and prototype devices have been designed, fabricated. Experimental results show a 58% measured increase in the electromechanical coupling factor and pulse-echo measurements show a 4-meter traveling distance in air under a 133 kHz driving frequency. As a demonstration example, a relatively long-distance (>1.5 meters) ultrasound imaging test in air is conducted using a 4×4 bimorph, pinned dual-electrode PMUTs array based on the transmission beamforming scheme. As such, this work enhances and extends the PMUT performances and capabilities for potential broad applications. [2021-0102]

Penggunaan Algoritma Color-Based Filtering Sebagai Pendeteksi Nominal Pada Uang Kertas

As a legal tender, banknotes have several drawbacks in terms of their use. for people with visual impairments they have, it is very likely that they will be confused, misplaced, and even some ignorant people take advantage of their weaknesses in using the money. Based on this problem, in this paper we propose to make a banknote detector with sound output. The method used for the nominal identification process is the color based filtering algorithm using the Pixy2 CMUcam5 camera and Arduino as the data processor. Tests were carried out on 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000 and 50000 banknotes. From the test results, it was found that the success rate was 90% with the optimal distance for the camera scan process being 7 to 10 cm in an average time of about 5.7 seconds.

Hazardous sound outputs of white noise devices intended for infants

ObjectivesTo measure the sound intensity of popular infant white noise machines and Apple iPhone applications (apps) as they vary with volume setting and distance, and compare these output levels with current National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) noise exposure threshold recommendations. MethodsA total of eight infant white noise machines and six iPhone applications were included in the study based on product rating, number of ratings, and cost. The NIOSH Sound Level Meter application through the Apple App Store was used to measure output levels in A-weighted decibels (dBA). Each device was tested at its lowest and highest volume setting and at speaker-to-microphone distances simulating placement within a crib (10 cm), just outside of a crib rail (30 cm), and on a nightstand across the room (100 cm). ResultsAt the minimum volume setting, no device exceeded the NIOSH recommended noise exposure threshold of 85 dBA at any distance tested. At maximum volume setting, nine out of fourteen (64.3%) devices exceeded output levels of 85 dBA at a speaker-to-microphone distance of 10 cm. No device exceeded the recommended threshold at its maximal volume when placed 30 cm or 100 cm away. ConclusionExcessive white noise exposure has the potential to lead to noise-induced hearing loss and other adverse health effects in the neonatal and infant population. We recommend conservative use of white noise machines and apps by avoiding maximal volume setting and placing any device well outside of the crib or at least 30 cm away from the child. To promote safe use of white noise devices, future studies are needed to fully understand the association between early noise exposure and hearing loss in infants.

A Study on the Performance Evaluation Criteria and Methods of Abdominal Ultrasound Devices Based on International Standards

The medical diagnostic ultrasound market has grown steadily in recent years, thanks to the increasing popularity of minimally invasive surgery among patients and active investments in the medical ultrasound market. In addition, the diagnostic ultrasound market is expected to continue to grow in the global market, given the importance of ultrasound and ongoing technological developments. In the case of the gallbladder, cases of gallstones and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, all of which can be diagnosed with abdominal ultrasound, the number of domestic patients continues to increase every year. The safety of abdominal ultrasound has also been improved due to the national health insurance expanding its coverage to include gallstones and diseases such as those of the liver and gallbladder. However, no standards by which the performance of abdominal ultrasound can be evaluated have been explicitly established. Therefore, we aimed to assess the performance of abdominal ultrasound using criteria such as sound output level, operating frequency accuracy, resolution, maximum display depth, distance accuracy, time accuracy, and blood flow velocity accuracy. These criteria were derived by investigating the principles of ultrasound and the characteristics and structure of transducers, as well as by analyzing the specifications of abdominal ultrasound set by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60601-2-37.

Microcontroller-based Bird Pest Repellent in Rice Plants

In the cultivation of rice, there is never a problem with the name pests. If not controlled, the pest attack will affect the productivity level of the plant. Pests that attack rice plants include leafhoppers and birds. Birds have a very large percentage rate in attacking rice plants, namely the bondol bird which is one of the grain-eating birds. This bird is a very troubling pest for rice farmers because it causes crop yields to drop dramatically. There are several ways to repel birds, usually farmers using the manual method by making a rice field and crackle which is then tied to a rope. When using this method, farmers have to wait for agricultural land for approximately one month. This is considered inefficient considering the farmer's job is not only to wait for the rice plant until harvesting. So that in this study, a tool that will be used to repel bird pests will be designed by using solar panels as a source of voltage with sound output using a frequency of 1.5 - 3 KHz.

Hearing Reaction Time Measurement Concentration Level Tool Integrated Android Smartphone

Performance in a job is very important because it will have an impact on the assessment and productivity of an employee, one of the indicators for evaluating high performance is related to concentration, execution speed and high productivity of the employee. Concentration is needed in working to prevent fatal accidents. In this study, it is possible to monitor measurement results via a smartphone, namely by using the Bluetooth HC-05 sensor as an integration to a smartphone. With 8 pushbutton, Arduino UNO microncontroller, Bluetooth HC-05, 16x2 LCD, and Buzzer. This tool works alternately when the push button Start is pressed, the power from the power supply will provide an electric current to the microncontroller, and continue to be connected to the Bluetooth HC-05, then by providing pushbuttons pressing input. Each pressing instruction on the pushbutton provides a different sound output, consisting of sound output, High, Mid, and Low. And continue on the LCD, and can display the results of the input that has been processed by the microcontroller. The output results are in the form of the amount of time displayed on the LCD, the sound from the buzzer, and from a series of work tools and the output results can be monitored via android smartphone. The results of this study are the accuracy of the tool in each variable low 99%, mid 90%, high 92%. The average tool ranges from 2.44. The error is low 7,4%, mid 7,4%, high 7,6%.

Flexible Thin-Film PZT Ultrasonic Transducers on Polyimide Substrates.

We report flexible thin-film lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based ultrasonic transducers on polyimide substrates. The transducers are bar resonators designed to operate in the width extension mode. The active elements are 1 µm thick PZT films that were crystallized on Si substrates at 700 °C and transferred to 5 µm thick solution-cast polyimide via dissolution of an underlying release layer. Underwater pitch–catch testing between two neighboring 100 µm × 1000 µm elements showed a 0.2 mV signal at a 1.5 cm distance for a driving voltage of 5 V peak at 9.5 MHz. With the same excitation, a 33 kPa sound pressure output at a 6 mm distance and a 32% bandwidth at −6 dB were measured by hydrophone.

Research on the Design of Sound Horn Based on Optimizing the Transmission of Human Voice

Trumpet is very common in daily life and plays an important role. With the development of science and technology, the research on the physical characteristics and performance of the horn has reached a new level. For a long time, the research on electrical loudspeaker and other electronic products is more popular, while the design of horn which can optimize the human voice transmission is less involved. Aiming at this research direction, this paper introduces in detail the influence of horn parameters on the sound output of human voice frequency. Based on the theoretical calculation results, the sound horn with good performance is manufactured by using 3D printing technology, and relevant experiments are designed. Combined with the theoretical and simulation results, the performance of the horn with different parameters is explored to optimize the voice transmission to distant listeners, which are helpful to further understand the performance of the horn, are applied in various fields.

Low-cost Voice Based Braille Script Communication for Teaching Aid

Though the Traditional method of teaching Braille script for the blind is simple, yet it has some potential drawbacks. Handling the marbles and the slate for a first-time does make learning very difficult. In most cases, the teacher will also be blind, so for each representation, the teacher must reach each student’s slate and change the arrangement of the marbles. This is a harder and time taking job. This project focuses on the design and development of an embedded system based electronic assistive device which eases the problem of teaching visually challenged beginner. This Project is implemented using an ordinary Braille slate with IR sensors and Raspberry Pi 2 Model B board which is cost-effective and simple. The Software is implemented in Simulink of MATLAB R2020. The placing of the marbles in the slate is sensed by the IR Proximity sensor. If the combination of the marbles placed is correct, then the Raspberry Pi’s Text to speak converter produces the audio sound output of the corresponding letter. This method provides an easy way of teaching Braille Script with less effort for the teacher.

A framework of human action recognition using length control features fusion and weighted entropy-variances based feature selection

In this article, we implement an action recognition technique based on features fusion and best feature selection. In the proposed method, HSI color transformation is performed in the first step to improve the contrast of video frames and then extract their motion features by optical flow algorithm. The frames fusion approach extracts the moving regions that find out by optical flow. After that, extract shape and texture features fused by a new parallel approach name length control features. A new Weighted Entropy-Variances approach is applied to a combined vector and selects the best of them for classification. Finally, features are passed in M-SVM for final features classification into relevant human actions. The experimental process is conducted in four famous action datasets- Weizmann, KTH, UCF Sports, and UCF YouTube, with recognition rate 97.9%, 100%, 99.3%, and 94.5%, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme performed significantly sound output concerning listed methods.

Use of recurrence plots for identification and extraction of patterns in humpback whale song recordings

ABSTRACT Humpback whale song is comprised of well-structured distinct levels of organisation: combinations of sounds, repetition of combinations, and a sequence of repetitions, which have no clear silent intervals. This continuous sound output can be hard to delimit, rather, it could be interpreted as a long series of states of a system. Recurrence plots are graphical representations of such series of states and have been used to describe animal behaviour previously. Here, we aim to apply this tool to visualise and recognise structures traditionally used in inferences about behaviour (songs and themes) in the series of units manually extracted from recordings of humpback whales. Data from the Abrolhos bank, Brazil were subjected to these analyses. Our analytical tool has proven efficient in identifying themes and songs from continuous recordings avoiding some of the human perception bias and caveats. Furthermore, our song extraction is robust to errors coming from both manual and automated transcriptions, constructing a level of description largely independent of the first stage of analysis.

Application of dual-stage exhaust system using an expansion chamber and resonator for formula SAE

Typical vehicle mufflers utilize a series of expansion chambers and resonators to reduce engine noise. Both components behave like acoustic filters by changing the impedance of the exhaust system. Expansion chambers act as low-pass filters, which mitigate noise above a cut-off frequency determined by the geometry of the chamber. Meanwhile, resonators target specific frequencies to attenuate like a notch-filter. The present work explored tuning a muffler system containing an expansion chamber and a resonator to reduce engine noise of a Formula SAE racecar. The exhaust system design was completed using custom MATLAB scripts, Ricardo WAVE, and iterative prototyping. After determining the frequencies where the engine produced maximum sound output, the components were fabricated to damp the amplitude of the offending frequencies. The transmission loss of the prototype exhaust system was tested in an anechoic chamber by measuring the frequency responses of each separate component and the entire system. Based on this experimentation, the exhaust system had an expected overall transmission loss of 45 dB. Installed on the vehicle, the operational transmission loss was 18 dB. This discrepancy is likely due to operational conditions that could not be replicated in the laboratory experiment, such as increased temperature and gas flow.

Open source arc analyzer: Multi-sensor monitoring of wire arc additive manufacturing

Low-cost high-resolution metal 3-D printing remains elusive for the scientific community. Low-cost gas metal arc wire (GMAW)-based 3-D printing enables wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) for near net shape applications, but has limited resolution due to the complexities of the arcing process. To begin to monitor and thus control these complexities, the initial designs of the open source GMAW 3-D printer have evolved to include current and voltage monitoring. Building on this prior work, in this study, the design, fabrication and use of the open source arc analyzer is described. The arc analyzer is a multi-sensor monitoring system for quantifying the processing during WAAM, which includes voltage, current, sound, light intensity, radio frequency, and temperature data outputs. The open source arc analyzer is tested here on aluminum WAAM by varying wire feed rate and measuring the resultant changes in the sensor data. Visual inspection and microstructural analysis of the printed samples looking for the presence of porosity are used as the physical indicators of quality. The value of the sensors was assessed and the most impactful sensors were found to be the light and radio frequency sensors, which showed arc extinction events and a characteristic “good weld” peak frequency.

Prototipe Alat Pengusir Burung Pada Gedung Berbasis Internet of Things Menggunakan Sensor RCWL

Sound disturbance and bird droppings in buildings are a problem for building managers. Bird droppings are quite difficult to remove and cause damage to the walls and aesthetics, especially the trend in the use of building roofs as a rooftop for productive activities. This study proposes the use of RCWL motion sensors for motion detection and the resulting output is the sound of eagles from speakers and ultrasonic speakers. The tool was developed based on internet of things using an arduino nano ATMega 328 microcontroller, connection and data transmission using SIM800L and GSM modules and power supply using a solar panel power bank. The test results show that the RCWL motion sensor is quite optimal in the detection of more than or equal to 3 birds. Sound output and the resulting waves are able to prevent birds from alighting and nesting.