Sound Judgment Research Articles

Thinking Strategies About Thinking and Similarities

The modern educational view focuses on the learner and considers him the center of the educational process, unlike this view before the twentieth century, which considered the teacher to represent the positive role in the educational process by presenting and delivering information and knowledge to students, and the students’ role was limited to listening and memorizing, and thus A teacher can be described as a newscaster who delivers it to viewers from Modern education has become concerned with training learners to practice thinking skills, so that they are able to adapt to the requirements of their real lives. Thinking is one of the most prominent characteristics that characterize humans from other creatures of God, and it is one of the important needs without which human life cannot be upright. It is also considered one of the most urgent modern goals, given the tremendous cognitive development witnessed in this century and the increase in problems for which it seeks solutions. And because a person needs to think at all stages of his life to manage his life affairs, educational institutions are responsible for his development and development. As for us Muslims, the Noble Qur’an urged people to think about the kingdom of God, and made contemplation one of the distinguishing features of people with sound minds, and the Noble Qur’an always describes them as contemplating the creation of the heavens and the earth. There are many definitions of thinking, some of them see it as: the process by which the mind organizes its experiences in a new way to solve a specific problem, so that this process includes the realization of new relationships between the subjects or elements in the situation to be resolved, such as realizing the relationship between premises and results, and realizing the relationship between cause and effect. And between the general and the particular, and between something known and another unknown. As for its specific meaning, it is limited to solving problems mentally by means of symbols, that is, solving problems with the mind, not with the act. It was also known as: the ability to analyze, criticize, and reach results based on sound deduction or inference and sound judgment. Keyword : Strategy, Thinking, Similarities

Devenir Stendhal: amitié et formation littéraire. Par Muriel Bassou

Stendhal’s writings show the author repeatedly identifying with his imagined readers — and so inviting his actual readers to identify themselves with him — in ways that can be viewed as either friendly or manipulative, depending of course on one’s own personality type. Narcissists, or ‘fripons’ as Stendhal generally refers to them, assume that his protestations of sincerity are in fact all lies, part of his eternal evasiveness in slippery service of some mysterious greater game of unknowability; empaths, or ‘dupes’ as he generally refers to them, assume that he is in fact sincere in these protestations — for what could finally be the point of playing such vacuous games with the emotions of others, or indeed of writing at all, if one does not wish to establish meaningful communication with fellow human beings and make oneself, in some ways at least, knowable to others? The question of Stendhal’s sincerity is key to any consideration of his theorizations and representations of friendship, which repeatedly emerges as a major preoccupation in his work, including in his autobiographical writings. These latter trace the origins of this preoccupation to the isolation of his early childhood years, eventually alleviated by his friendship with his grandfather’s valet, Lambert (Vincent Lamberton), ‘mon ami, auquel je disais tout’ (Stendhal, Œuvres intimes, ed. by Victor Del Litto, 2 vols (Paris: Gallimard, 1981–82), ii (1982), p. 674). Stendhal carried this saying of everything over into his writing, including his fictions, and this helps to explain why he claims to think of his readers, the Happy Few, as his friends to whom he can speak sincerely. Friendship is therefore not just a recurring theme in his writings, but rather central to Stendhal’s practice as an author, as Muriel Bassou demonstrates in this excellent and comprehensive reconstruction of Stendhal’s disparate theorizations of friendship. Adapted from her doctoral thesis shortly before her premature death (the typescript was finalized by Marie-Claire Bassou), this monograph succeeds in its aim of giving us a virtual De l’Amitié to place alongside Stendhal’s own published De l’Amour (1822). The author shows how Stendhal variously conceived of friendship not as a self-servingly pragmatic contract but as a free gift; as a means of learning how to know and judge oneself; and as a collaboration, a blurring of the lines of the sovereignty of the individual and also of authorship. This explains why so many of his writings resulted from forms of dialogue with his actual friends and why his readers, his virtual friends, are expected to supply such a particularly large share of the meaning of his work. Muriel Bassou understood that to be a member of the Happy Few one must oneself see the point of friendship and prove oneself capable of it, not least by recognizing Stendhal’s own friendliness for what it is: a sincere and at times compulsive attempt at communication. She has combined her great erudition with Stendhalian qualities of clarity and sound judgement to produce what will henceforth be seen as the standard work on this important topic.

Cauda Equina Syndrome Clinical Guidelines Review

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the national health services (NHS) had to adopt certain measures to amicably respond to the pandemic on the domestic front. Among these was the suspension of direct patient and physician interface to the extent possible, and the consultations were minimized to telecommunication. This review article aims to share the critical insights of current urgent care practice at the forefront of the advanced practice agenda that deals with complex issues both systematically and creatively, makes sound judgments in the absence of complete data, and communicates conclusions. Moreover, this review also highlights the originality in the application of knowledge, together with a practical understanding of local and national policy and drivers to support and develop an advanced practice that helps to critically evaluate current research and advanced scholarship in advanced practice.

IoT Applications in the Innovation System of Enterprise Human Resource Performance Management Based on the Integration of Big Data

Under the pattern of financial globalization, execution the executives has drawn in a great deal of consideration from scholarly and industry. Related empowering innovations make the human asset execution the executives business smarter. As one of the vital innovations in man-made brainpower, huge information-driven examination further develops the presentation seriousness of human asset industry by mining the secret information worth and expected capacity of modern huge information and assists undertaking pioneers using sound judgment in different complex human asset execution the executives conditions. This paper gives a hypothetical examination premise to large-information-driven innovation to direct decision-production in human asset execution the board, completely exhibiting the practicability of enormous information-driven innovation in the astute human asset execution the executives, including key benefits and interior inspiration. A reasonable system of smart dynamic in view of modern enormous information-driven innovation is proposed in this review, which gives important experiences and musings to the serious difficulties and future examination bearings in this field.

What are the ethical considerations of using video social media platforms such as TikTok in your dental practice?

What are the ethical considerations of using video social media platforms such as TikTok in your dental practice?

Student Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oxford, by Sabine Chaouche

Reviewed by: Student Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oxford by Sabine Chaouche Emily Rutherford (bio) Student Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oxford, by Sabine Chaouche; pp. xv + 318. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, $109.99, $109.99 paper, $84.99 ebook. In 1848, a twenty-two-year-old man named Edward Napleton Jennings appeared before the London Insolvent Debtors' Court in connection with debts of £1,865 that he had incurred while a student at Oxford—a sum over seven times the annual allowance he received from his father. Among other things, Jennings had spent £56 on wine, £40 on billiards, and—to the astonishment of the press reporting on the case—£98 on hats. Jennings was evidently a highly unusual nineteenth-century Oxford student, with his case provoking a furor about unscrupulous merchants who extended too much credit to naïve undergraduates who were too young to possess sound financial judgment. But the details about his spending habits are indicative of how Student Consumer Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oxford recovers what nineteenth-century Oxford undergraduates wanted to buy, what they bought, how they bought it, and how much they spent. Sabine Chaouche has delved into the accounts of Oxford colleges, the records of the Chancellor's Court (which, instead of the county sessions, heard legal cases involving members of the university), students' personal papers, commercial directories, and the national and regional press to reconstruct a fine-grained picture of the spending habits of one specific group of elite young men amid the rise of a mass consumer culture. A monograph that began its life as a PhD thesis, Chaouche's book is organized thematically, with chapters covering topics including the overall cost of attending Oxford; masculinity, the social relations of undergraduate culture, and how they influenced consumption habits; the economic relationships between the university and the city of Oxford; the roles of debt and credit in the Oxford economy; and some students' opposition to consumer culture. Over the course of these chapters, a narrative of continuity and change in student consumer habits emerges. Chaouche demonstrates with convincing detail and precision that the Oxford economy continuously ran on credit over the course of the nineteenth century and did so to a greater extent than wider British commerce in this period. Layers of credit governed the relationships between town and gown, as shopkeepers secured business by extending generous long-term credit to their student customers, but then needed to borrow themselves from banks or wholesale suppliers to cover the risk they took on through their extension of consumer credit. Chaouche identifies two spikes in student spending and indebtedness, for which she offers two very different explanations. The first occurred in the 1830s, when the Chancellor's Court sued as many as twenty percent of students for repayment of truly enormous consumer debts, and it came at a time when the percentage of Oxford students who were noblemen was at a peak. At this time, indebtedness indicated extravagant spending associated with the performance of a lifestyle of extreme privilege. But when student indebtedness rose again in the 1870s, the debts were smaller and reflected significant changes in the university's constitution and student body that followed a series of mid-nineteenth-century university reforms. Chaouche offers two broadly convincing explanations for these latter debtors: a new class of aspirational bourgeois students who spent beyond their means in their efforts to keep up with the conspicuous consumption of their wealthier peers; and a shift to more students living out of college, meaning that [End Page 478] they were more liable to participate in the urban economy—and to fall prey to the temptation of easy credit. It is unusual for literature on Oxford to span the entire nineteenth century, including both sides of the period of university reform. By doing so, Chaouche is able to offer new insights into how both student experiences and the social and economic world of the city of Oxford changed over the course of this dynamic and consequential period. Her sources allow her to say much more about the relationships between town and gown, and about how the city of Oxford and its local economy depended on the...

S1740 Hematochezia Due to Cholecystocolonic Fistula and Gallstone in the Transverse Colon

Introduction: We present this case, because cholecystocolonic fistulas are rare, accounting for less than 30% of all cholecystoenteric fistulas. This case emphasizes the unique finding of a rare fistula and the importance of sound clinical judgement for timely diagnosis and follow-up, despite the atypical presentation of the patient. Case Description/Methods: The patient is a 65-year-old man, with a history of hypertension, hereditary spherocytosis, alcohol-related cirrhosis (MELD-Na of 20) with prior non-bleeding esophageal varices, who presented with hematochezia. He reported 3 episodes of gross bloody stools for one day, and denied hematemesis and abdominal pain. Seven years prior to this admission, he had a history of choledocholithiasis and presented with painless jaundice. At that time, he underwent an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with sphincterotomy and biliary stent placement. On admission, he was vitally stable. His labs were the following: Hgb 8.3 g/dL (baseline of 12.7 g/dL a year prior to presentation), BUN 6 mg/dL, Cr 0.7 mg/dL, INR 1.4, ALP 108 IU/L, ALT 19 IU/L, AST 41 IU/L, total bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL, and direct bilirubin 1.7 mg/dL. Due to concern for bleeding, both an esophagoduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy were obtained. The EGD showed portal hypertensive gastropathy without significant source of bleeding. The colonoscopy revealed a 2 cm gallstone surrounded by friable mucosa at the proximal transverse colon. Further work-up with a CT abdomen showed a fistula connecting the gallbladder and transverse colon, presence of a stone in the gallbladder, and pneumobilia, with no intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile duct dilation (Figure). The gallstone lead to mucosal irritation and hematochezia. With the image confirmed cholecystocolonic fistula as the cause of the gallstone in the transverse colon, general surgery recommended conservative management given the resolution of the patient’s hematochezia and his poor surgical candidacy. On follow-up, patient had no further bleeding. Discussion: Cholecystocolonic fistulas are typically a rare complication of cholelithiasis with cholecystitis, are commonly reported in the sigmoid colon, and commonly lead to gallstone ileus and bleeding. Although these fistulas are typically challenging to diagnose given non-specific symptoms and although our patient presented with a fistula in the transverse colon and no cholecystitis, sound correlation of reported history with labs, procedures, and imaging lead to timely diagnosis and appropriate follow-up.Figure 1.: The CT abdomen and pelvis shows the area of the cholecystocolonic fistula with gallstone in the gallbladder (both marked with red arrow), and pneumobilia.

Uncertainty Phobia and Epistemic Forbearance in a Pandemic

AbstractIn this chapter I show how challenges to our ability to tame the uncertainty of a pandemic leaves us vulnerable to uncertainty phobia. This is because, contrary to what we might hope, not all the uncertainty that matters can be tamed by our knowledge of the relevant probabilities. Unrelievable wild uncertainty is a hard burden to bear, especially so when we must act in the face of it. We are tempted to retreat into uncertainty phobia, leading to fixed definite opinions precisely when acting on sound judgement requires our opinions to be hedged and mobile. Coping with a pandemic requires us to bear the burden rather than give in to temptation: it requires us to practise the virtue of epistemic forbearance.

Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremity: Doppler US Evaluation Protocols, Patterns, and Pitfalls.

Venous insufficiency is a cause of substantial morbidity and medical expenditures. Diagnostic US evaluation of venous insufficiency requires a thorough understanding of the venous anatomy, including the deep, superficial, and perforator veins. The highly variable venous anatomy requires that operators use sound judgment to expand on protocol images and thus avoid missing important sources of reflux. The US examination requires specific patient positioning and use of provocative maneuvers. A basic understanding of the pathophysiology of venous insufficiency and the various treatment methods helps to identify key observations so that ineffective treatment methods are not pursued. The examination reports should have greater detail than those for the more common lower extremity deep venous thrombosis evaluation, requiring numeric and narrative descriptions of deep and superficial venous patency, reflux, diameter, and pathways. Potential pitfalls include not recognizing or detecting deep venous reflux, misidentifying common femoral vein reflux as deep venous reflux when the reflux is isolated or related to saphenofemoral insufficiency, not recognizing anterior accessory great saphenous vein (AAGSV) involvement in saphenofemoral insufficiency, not recognizing or reporting great saphenous vein or AAGSV superficialization, not suspecting central venous obstruction, and not realizing when provocative maneuvers were ineffective. With knowledge of the lower extremity venous anatomy, venous insufficiency pathophysiology, basic treatment strategies, protocol best practices, patterns of observation, and diagnostic pitfalls, those who interpret venous insufficiency US studies can perform examinations and deliver reports that help patients receive appropriate treatment. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.

Hearing water temperature: Characterizing the development of nuanced perception of sound sources.

Without conscious thought, listeners link events in the world to sounds they hear. We study one surprising example: Adults can judge the temperature of water simply from hearing it being poured. We test the development of the ability to hear water temperature, with the goal of informing developmental theories regarding the origins and cognitive bases of nuanced sound source judgments. We first confirmed that adults accurately distinguished the sounds of hot and cold water (pre-registered Experiments. 1, 2; total N=384), even though many were unaware or uncertain of this ability. By contrast, children showed protracted development of this skill over the course of middle childhood (Experiments. 2, 3; total N=178). In spite of accurately identifying other sounds and hot/cold images, older children (7-11 years) but not younger children (3-6 years) reliably distinguished the sounds of hot and cold water. Accuracy increased with age; 11-year old's performance was similar to adults. Adults also showed individual differences in accuracy that were predicted by their amount of prior relevant experience (Experiment 1). Experience may similarly play a role in children's performance; differences in auditory sensitivity and multimodal integration may also contribute to young children's failures. The ability to hear water temperature develops slowly over childhood, such that nuanced auditory information that is easily and quickly accessible to adults is not available to guide young children's behavior. HIGHLIGHTS: Adults can make nuanced judgments from sound, including accurately judging the temperature of water from the sound of it being poured. Children showed protracted development of this skill over the course of middle childhood, such that 7-11-year-olds reliably succeeded while 3-6-year-olds performed at chance. Developmental changes may be due to experience (adults with greater relevant experience showed higher accuracy) and the development of multimodal integration and auditory sensitivity. Young children may not detect subtle auditory information that adults easily perceive.

Metformin Versus Glyburide in the Management of Gestational Diabetes; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Globally gestational diabetes remains one most common medical problem facing a significant proportion of women in pregnancy. Understanding safe therapeutic and management measures is imperative to inform effective and sound decision and judgment for clinicians and concerned groups. Aim: This review aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of Metformin versus Glyburide in managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Cochrane Library, PUBMED, MEDLINE and LILACs were subjected to literature search for randomized controlled trials addressing the primary aim of this study. The Key used for the search strategy was: “Metformin”, “Glyburide”, ‘Gestational Diabetes” and other varying terms from Medical subject Headings. The review systematized a PRISMA Checklist and demonstrated Meta analyzed studies mathematically on weight gain after using glyburide and metformin during and after pregnancy, fasting blood glucose, birthweight and postprandial blood glucose. Results: Neonatal hypoglycaemia, mode of delivery, birth weight, Apgar score, weight during and after pregnancy, postprandial blood glucose and requirement for intensive care were all assessed in the study. In 60% of the studies safety and efficacy of glyburide and metformin diabetes management showed no significant difference. From postprandial blood glucose (P=0.217), birth weight (p=0.194), and fasting blood glucose (p=0.821) revealed no statistical differences between the medications in the meta analysis conducted. However, on the other hand, weight growth during pregnancy among patients revealed significant variations (p=0.036). Conclusion: Both metformin and glyburide showed no differences in safety and efficacy considering birth weight, fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose. However, in babies of women treated with metformin, problems associated with neonates such as respiratory issues and hypoglycemia and also increase in weight during pregnancy or gestation are more less common and lower. Keywords: Diabetes, Therapy, Metformin, Glyburide, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Capturing Essentials in Wound Photography Past, Present, and Future: A Proposed Algorithm for Standardization.

To discuss a standardized methodology for wound photography with a focus on aiding clinicians in capturing high-fidelity images. This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. After participating in this educational activity, the participant will be able to:1. Discriminate the components of high-quality wound photography.2. Identify the technological innovations that can augment clinical decision-making capacity.3. Choose strategies that can help clinicians avoid adverse medicolegal outcomes.

Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion for Small-Scale Enterprises in Sunyani Municipality in the Brong -Ahafo Region of Ghana

This study sought to examine the relationship between financial literacy and financial inclusion among owners/managers of SSEs in the Sunyani Municipality. Primarily, the research examined the financial literacy level, the extent of financial inclusion, and the relationship between financial literacy and financial inclusion for SSEs in Sunyani Municipality, which was necessary for their business. The study’s objective employed primary data and used a mixed method approach as well as a descriptive design survey design to randomly sample 230 owners/managers from five categories of SSEs in the Sunyani Municipality. The findings revealed that managers with high financial literacy were more likely to have sound judgment about financial issues, make the right decision among financial alternatives, and have sound personal finance practices. In addition, it was found that the extent of financial inclusion depended mainly on SSEs’ knowledge levels of financial products/services. The positive outcomes of being financially literate and financially inclusive were driven by behaviour such as planning expenditures and building up a financial safety net. Since financial literacy is necessary for business financial inclusiveness, it was recommended to SSEs strive for financial knowledge to enable them to make good financial decisions and aid their financial inclusiveness. Again, any policy that aims at the growth and development of SSEs with adequate training and education to help increase their financial status which will affect their financial inclusion.

Does Financial Technology Matter? Evidence from the Indonesia Healthcare Industry During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has created various new restrictions, including restrictions on direct interaction in the administrative process of hospitals. In fact, the administrative process in Indonesian hospitals is still complex, not well organized, and has not used technology properly. This study aims to analyze the effect of financial technology (fintech) and financial literacy on the efficiency of the Indonesian healthcare industry during the Covid-19 pandemic era. This study uses a quantitative method with an online survey for data collecting. The purposive sampling was applied to get 225 respondents. The dependent variable is financial technology usage, which is measured through three perceptions of fintech users: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and internet usage of all healthcare service users in the healthcare industry in Indonesia. The moderating variable adopted in this study is financial literacy, which is a combination of the understanding (knowledge), skills, attitude, and ability to make sound judgement and decision (behavior) on personal financial matters resulting in individual financial well-being. This study uses the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) method to analyze the efficiency of the healthcare industry. The study results show that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have an effect on fintech; fintech has a positive effect on efficiency, where financial literacy also strengthens the effect of fintech on efficiency in the Indonesia healthcare industry during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study are expected to make a significant contribution to the development of the healthcare industry that currently becomes a top priority, given the urgency in handling public health, including Covid-19 patients. Additionally, this research provides a theoretical contribution by increasing fintech literacy in the healthcare industry in increasing efficiency during the Covid-19 pandemic. While practical contribution is about giving new insight to consider the technology in improving management process in healthcare industry.

Seeking autonomy: Grounded theory of clinical reasoning processes during simulation based experiences

AimTo conceptualize how undergraduate nursing students’ reason and think during Simulation-Based experiences (SBE) and explore the indicators of sound clinical judgment. BackgroundNursing students’ clinical reasoning processes during Simulation Based Experiences (SBE) are not well understood and underexplored. The purpose of this study is to conceptualize how undergraduate nursing students’ reason and think during SBE. DesignA constructivist grounded theory methodology was used to explore nursing students’ clinical reasoning during SBE MethodA grounded theory methodology was used to explore nursing students’ clinical reasoning during SBE. A purposive sample was used to recruit participants including 32 third-year nursing students. Data collection using semi-structured interviews conducted over 9 months in 2020–2021. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and the data were analyzed using the logic of constant comparison supported by memoing, theoretical sampling and conceptual mapping. ResultsSeeking autonomy is the core category that emerged from the participants’ responses that conceptualizes the students' reasoning process during SBEs. ConclusionEvidence from this grounded theory study adds validation to the practice of using SBEs to support students’ clinical reasoning process and prepare them to be competent in clinical practice.

Sound Judgment: Review of Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment (2021) by Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony, and Cass R. Sunstein

In Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment (2021), Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony, and Cass R. Sunstein convincingly demonstrate the pervasiveness and harmfulness of unwanted internal variability or noise. Using examples from both public and private sectors to demonstrate the quality and limits of the judgments we make, they argue that, despite objections based on possible cost, difficulty, and dehumanization, the reduction of noise is imperative for the fairness and equitability of systems upon which we depend.

Statement from the ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media on the Intravenous Iodinated Contrast Media Shortage.

The ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media, within the ACR Commission on Quality and Safety, is aware of the current global shortage of iodinated contrast media. The following statement offers some recommendations on how providers may address this emergency locally. The recommendations are not exhaustive or prescriptive. They are intended as a resource for imaging providers and their institutions to continue to provide high-quality patient care during times of shortage of contrast media. Providers and administrative leaders are encouraged to incorporate sound clinical judgment in all decisions affecting patient care.

Ramiz Zöhrabovun yaradıcılığında “Azerbaycan rengleri” ve “Rast deramed”inin nezeri cehetden tehliline bir nezer

Teqdim olunan meqalede görkemli musiqişünas-alim, Azerbaycan Respublikasının xalq artisti, senetşünaslıq üzre elmler doktoru, professor Ramiz Zöhrabovun “Azerbaycan rengleri” haqqında elmi-tedqiqat eserinin xüsusiyyetleri tedqiq edilmişdir. Melumdur ki, professor Ramiz Zöhrabov xalq musiqi yaradıcılığının araşdırılması istiqametinde bir çox elmi eserlerin müellifidir ve musiqişünasın “Azerbaycan rengleri” adlı kitabı da şifahi eneneli Azerbaycan professional musiqisinin esas janrları ile bağlıdır. Meqalede Azerbaycan renglerinin janr, lad-meqam ve melodik xüsusiyyetlerin tedqiqi meseleleri esas götürülmüşdür. Bundan ireli gelerek meqalede esas meqsed kimi vurğulanmışdır ki, R.Zöhrabov Azerbaycan renglerini şifahi eneneli Azerbaycan professional musiqisinin bir esas janrı kimi seciyyelendirmiş ve onların xüsusiyyetlerini elmi-nezeri aspektden araşdırmışdır. Onu da qeyd edek ki, müasir Azerbaycan musiqişünaslığında reng ve onun janrlarının tedqiqi meseleleri mehdud saydadır. Meqalede R.Zöhrabovun Azerbaycan renglerinin araşdırılması ile bağlı müddeaları tedqiq edilmiş ve esas prinsipleri işıqlandırılmışdır. Xüsusile bu janrın növleri olan diringi ve deramedin quruluş xüsusiyyetlerinin etraflı tedqiqi gosterilmisdir. Meqalenin metodologiyası nezeri ve tarixi melumatlara esaslanmış ve ireli sürülen fikirler müqayiseli şekilde etraflı tedqiq edilmişdir. Eyni zamanda R.Zöhrabovun yaradıcılığına istinaden “Rast deramedi”nin nezeri esaslarının tehlili meqam, melodik xüsusiyyetler, musiqi forması ve diger cehetler baxımından tehlile celb edilmişdir. Meqalede ilk defe olaraq, R.Zöhrabovun “Azerbaycan rengleri” adlı elmi-tedqiqat eserindeki ireli sürdüyü müddealar kompleks şekilde araşdırılmışdır. Bu zaman “Rast deramedi”nin nezeri cehetden tehlili xüsusile vurğulanmış ve lad-meqam esası ile melodik xüsusiyyetleri nezere çatdırılmışdır. Bele neticeye gelinmişdir ki, professor R.Zöhrabovun bu kitabı Azerbaycan renglerinin seciyyevi janr xüsusiyyetlerinin araşdırılması istiqametinde mühüm ehemiyyet kesb edir.

TRADITIONAL RULERS AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: A CASE STUDY OF ETINAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA- IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

Traditional Institutions in Africa was once held in high esteem by African societies. The Institution based on the pedigree of the traditional leaders was known for the preservation of culture(ral) values maintenance of law and order and effective conflict resolution in their respective domain(s). They are trusted to give sound judgment and justice that is not legally or judicially bias. The advent the introduction of the 1976 Local Government Reform crippled the well-defined and hallowed system of Tradition in Nigeria which was using alternative dispute resolution to ensure that peace reigned in their domains.This is based on the perception that Alternative Dispute Resolution through mediation is a viable instrument for dispute settlement by the Traditional Rulers in Etinan. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate Alternative Dispute Resolution Techniques used by Traditional Rulers in Etinan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The population of the study are men and women from the Local Government Area while the sample size(50 ) was purposively selected for the study. A self-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Interviews were conducted with key informants.Journals, archival materials, and internet articles were used to affirm certain facts that traditional rulers uses Alternative and negotiation techniques for dispute resolution through mediation process. The study reveals that traditional rulers employs the use of Reconciliation, Mediation,and Litigation to resolve all forms of conflict. However , Litigation is used when conflicting parties are not satisfied with the outcome of the mediation process. It was also revealed that the use of Personal Data of Spouses and Close Kinship is another form used to resolve conflict in Etinan. The paper recommends that asides traditional rulers, mediators and the society at large should adapt the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution dispute settlement at all levels and devoid of court proceedings

Fostering Clinical Judgement Ability among Nursing Students by Application of Concept Mapping in the City of Bangalore, India

Each clinical encounter demands competent clinical skills and expertise from a student nurse. This period also becomes the most challenging as many have trouble linking theory with practice. Thus, they experience less confidence at the bedside of patients. Delivering high-quality, safe nursing care at the bedside requires sound clinical judgement. Nurses with clinical judgement have evidence-based knowledge enabling them to identify intuitively salient patient care information and respond accordingly. Developing these critical clinical judgement abilities takes time, and many new nurses lack them. Concept mapping is a robust instructional technique that may assist novice nurses in making links between many aspects of nursing care concepts, allowing for the development of clinical judgement. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of the concept mapping approach to foster clinical judgement among nursing students in Bangalore, India. A quantitative, quasi-experimental pretest-post-test design with a control group was implemented among Bachelor of Science in Nursing students. The subjects were undergoing medical-surgical nursing courses in four nursing colleges in an urban setting. The allocation of four colleges to the control and experimental group was random. A sample size of 300 participants completed a questionnaire on baseline characteristics and the Lasater Clinical Judgement Rubric. The experimental group was taught using the concept mapping technique, and participants prepared a concept map for their assigned patient in the clinical area. The intervention group’s mean pretest clinical judgement score was 18.24 (SD = 3.17), while the control group’s was 20.18 (SD = 4.85). The intervention group’s mean post-test clinical judgement score (29.56, SD = 5.42) is greater than the control group’s (22.33, SD = 4.63). The experimental group had a substantially higher post-test clinical judgement score (t = 3.99, P<0.001) than the control group. The findings imply that concept mapping will help nursing students improve their clinical judgement abilities.