Sort Of Book Research Articles

Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology

ISBN 0-7216-3977-1 Ed Richard M Gore, Marc S Levine, Igor Laufer Saunders, £227, pp 2716, Despite its size the Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology is an easy and an enjoyable read - the sort of book one likes to browse through at home. But how does it stand up as a bench book? I kept a copy in my office for several weeks to find out, and I referred to it on several occasions. A patient presented with backache. Radiographs of the lumbar spine showed a ring of calcification, which I thought was likely to be caused by a splenic artery aneurysm. Computed tomography, however, showed a 4 cm solid tumour in the pancreatic body with heavy marginal calcification. What was the probable diagnosis? The textbook's answer was that it was likely to …

Clear-Headed Answers to the Obvious Questions

and a modicum of good luck, the nation can choose the course and move toward the desirable state of affairs‐ lower infant mortality, better education, more effective defense, more readily available drugs, control over Alzheimer’s disease, reduced levels of cancer, lower health costs, and on and on. This is the kind of policy talk I call “crisis mon

Obvious Subversions

Obvious Subversions Lois R. Kuznets (bio) Don't Tell the Grown-Ups: Subversive Children's Literature, by Alison Lurie. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990. I always enjoy reading Alison Lurie's prose, fiction or nonfiction. The pieces collected in this volume, most of which I had read in the seventies in Children's Literature, the New York Review of Books, and the New York Times Book Review, reveal her usual self-confident erudition, wit, and determination to treat the writers and writing of children's literature seriously while taking her role as critic and scholar with the proverbial grain of salt. These qualities are not always found in the rather ponderous American critics and scholars (among whom I include myself) of children's literature. The British are better practitioners of belle-lettres, and Lurie reveals her transatlantic affinities admirably. Ties with the British literary tradition can be seen not only in Lurie's style but also in her subject matter and theoretical approach. With few exceptions, the authors and works Lurie considers are British of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Like many British critics who write about children's literature (Humphrey Carpenter, for instance), Lurie likes to link authors and works through telling biographical detail while generally shunning Freudian analysis of the texts. As Lurie notes in her foreword, in her childhood she discovered that there were: two sorts of books on [the library] shelves. . . . The first kind, the great majority, told me what grown-ups had decided I ought to know or believe about the world. . . . But there was another sort of children's literature. . . . These books . . . recommended—even celebrated—daydreaming, disobedience, answering back, running away from home, and concealing one's private thoughts and feelings from unsympathetic grown-ups. They overturned adult pretensions and made fun of adult [End Page 189] institutions, including school and family. In a word, they were subversive, just like many of the rhymes and jokes and games I learned on the school playground. [ix-x] And in her first chapter, Lurie attempts to tie together the wideranging subjects in the volume under the rubric of "subversive literature," dubbing as subversive all those works that seem to challenge the didactic mode of many children's books from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries. As she loosely defines it, the subversive may be discovered in the scatological sexuality of skiprope rhymes as well as in texts that portray relatively powerless characters—like the children and the protagonists of fairy tales—who subtly challenge or evade prevailing adult authority. She also includes in her idea of subversion a somewhat stronger anti-establishment stance, rarer in children's literature: such politically challenging tendencies as T. H. White's pacifism in the face of World War II or E. Nesbit's late nineteenth-century Fabianism. Only the foreword—in which Lurie expresses her own childhood preference for such subversive literature—seems to have been written especially for this volume, which is made up of diverse works, including book reviews. The subsequent chapters seem not to have undergone much change from their original presentation, although she has occasionally combined two pieces. The short studies that follow Lurie's initial thematic linking chapter meander into many areas and consider the following: folktales as liberating for female and male protagonists; American novelists of the twentieth century ("Fitzgerald to Updike") who employ fairytale motifs; books about elves that have become "Fashionable Folklore for Adults"; the literary and personal effects of Kate Greenaway's relationship with John Ruskin; Lucy Clifford's "Tales of Terror"; the fairy tales of Ford Madox Ford; Beatrix Potter's struggle, expressed in her animal stories, to emerge from her suffocating family; the "Modern Magic" of E. Nesbit; J.M. Barrie's Peter Panism; Frances Hodgson Burnett's need for happy endings; A. A. Milne's retreat to "Pooh Corner"; J. R. R. Tolkien and T. H. White as producing "Heroes for Our Time"; the godlike bear in Richard Adams's Shardik; William Mayne's Games of Dark; and finally, the rhymes, games, jokes, riddles, and superstitions that belong to the "Folklore of Childhood." [End Page 190] Don't Tell the Grown-Ups also includes an extensive bibliography of...

Healing and Society in Medieval England: A Middle English Translation of the Pharmaceutical Writings of Gilbertus Anglicus ed. by Faye Marie Getz

REVIEWS FAYE MARIE GETZ, ed. Healing and Society in Medieval England: A Middle English Translation ofthe Pharmaceutical Writings ofGzfber­ tus Anglicus. Wisconsin Publications in the History of Science and Medicine, vol. 8. Madison: University ofWisconsin Press, 1991. Pp. lxxiii, 378. $37.50. Faye Marie Getz identified the Middle English text at folios 48-3lOv in Wellcome manuscript 537 as translated from Gilbertus Anglicus's thirteenth-century Compendium medicine. Her edition provides an intro­ duction, the Middle English text with manuscript notes anda commentary, "a rough guide" to thefolionumbers ofsourcepassagesin the1510 printing ofGilbertus's Latin Compendium, a glossary ofMiddle English, a list of plants by genus, and a bibliography. To acquire some sense ofwhat sort ofbook the Middle English transla­ tion might be, we must look to the manuscript in which it occurs. Section 6 of Getz'.s introduction describes Wellcome 537 as a codex comprising a collection ofsix booklets, written on paper and bound together. Ifwe set aside for the moment the question of intended utility raised by the presence of the gold-leaf initials in the Middle English translation, the implied reader or user ofWellcome 537 appears to have been a practicing medicus, knowledgeable about making sizable quantities ofthe medicines he prescribed and capable ofconsulting a book containing both Latin and English texts. The editor's descriptive enumeration ofthe contents shows that Latin items alternate with Middle English in the book. The first seven items (fols. 6-lOv, line 12), mostly calendrical or astrological, appear in Latin, followed by two folios ofshort English recipes (fols. 10v-12v, line 16) after which follow Latin astrological texts (fols. 12v-14v) to complete one booklet of the manuscript. Another booklet (fols. 15-46v), entirely in English, consists primarily of materials translated from four uroscopies, followed by recipes. The largest booklet (fols. 48-310v, pt. 4 of the manuscript)contains the Middle English Gilbertus translation ofdiagnoses and treatments ofailments from headache to hemorrhoids, followed by a medicine for the stone in English. The next booklet (fols. 311-22v) in­ cludes mathematics for calculating dates ofthe moon and the first Sunday in a year and short Latin items on the course ofthe moon in the signs ofthe zodiac, information useful, as our editor points out, for astrological medi­ cine. The last booklet (fols. 323-36), which has "cover" pages ofits own, contains the changes ofthe moon and lunar tables in English. Given these contents, wecan concludethat, z/Wellcome537 was used by a practitioner, 203 STUDIES IN THE AGE OF CHAUCER he was one whose praxis encompassed astrological prognostications and calculations, humoral and uroscopic diagnostics, and the therapeutics of mostly herbal recipes. Dietary and behavioral regimens, phlebotomy, and surgery also regularly play roles in the Middle English Gilbertus text. Comparing this book to recipe collections, whether late antique like Marcellus's or medieval like theLiber de diversis medicinis in the Thornton manuscript, we are immediately struck by how much more there is to this Middle English text than just herbal or animal recipes. For here we find many of Gilbertus's descriptions of symptoms, Middle English "tokens," accompanied by his complex humoral etiologies, as well as a range of treatments that extend well beyond medieval pharmacopoeia. Each chap­ ter opens with a definition ofthe organ discussed ("A man-is tonge hap two seruicis. Oon is to taast with a mannes metis and drinkis; anopir is to speke"). The "greuancis" (Latin do/ores) from which the organ suffers are enumerated in the order they are taken up by each chapter's subdivisions. The various humoral causes call for various remedies. When first remedies fail, other treatments are available. At the level of the individual recipe we observe differences between the Gilbertian recipes for earache and the early-fifth-century recipes, which Getz brings forth for comparison. The recipes for earache in Marcellus can be translated as follows: Bruise the tenderest leaves ofthe ash and squeeze out their juice and pour it warmed into the painful ears. Put a young ash branch, that is already flowing with its own sap, partly in the fire-place. When the juice flows along the other part, catch it carefully and drip it, with oil added, lukewarm, into the ears. The...

Hildegard of Bingen: a visionary life (review)

150 Reviews they could perhaps have appeared as footnotes on the page on which they appeared. The lack of a bibliography, although annoying, is perhaps understandable in a publication of this nature. The lack of an index, however, is a little more irritating. Sara Warneke Department of History University of Adelaide Flanagan, Sabina, Hildegard of Bingen: a visionary life, London and New York, Routledge, 1990; paper; pp. xiv, 230; 1 map, 10 plates; R.R.P. AUS$24.95 [distributed in Australia by the Law Book Company]. This is, in many ways, just the sort of book for which English readers, and especially English readers interested in women's history, have been waiting. It is concise, yet scholarly, disciplined, yet committed, clearly written, yet not simplified in the writing to excess. The proof-reading is excellent. If I have certain reservations about the whole, the fact remains that it is a useful introductory contribution to a dauntingly difficult subject. The career of the Abbess Hildegard (1098-1179) spanned a period of great turbulence and complexity, from the crises in the relations between the papacy and the empire among which she lived, to the convulsions within that world of the intellect she sought to enter. Her own life partook fully of this turbulence. A contemporary of many redoubtable women, such as Heloise of la Paraclete and Christina of Markyate, she met with some of those resistances which so troubled their paths but she took her own way. She also wrote far more than they. Hildegard's opera, ranging from herfirstgreat account of her visions, the Scivias (completed in 1151), to the simple saints' lives written in her later years, and proceeding through hymns, sequences, medical texts, and further prophetic and visionary treatises, form one of the most precious deposits of medieval women's writing which has reached us. They are also among the hardest to understand. Hildegard's Latin is not always of the clearest and her works are, as we have them now, for the most part poorly edited. W e lack an adequate working knowledge, therefore, both of the manuscript texts of Hildegard's works and, most importantly, of the sources upon which she drew. It has to be said that as long as this remains the case, all efforts to write assessments of her will be premature. Dr Flanagan lowers the reader gently into the mailstrom, with opening pages upon Hildegard's life and the context of her activities, nicely pieced together from the scattered biographical notices. Successive chapters plunge us into the full corpus of her attributed writings. A final section engages with the abbess's activities upon the wider pastoral scene and, especially, with the ways in which her physical infirmities may have affected her visionary life. The Reviews 151 conclusion that Hildegard's 'neuro-physiological profile', especially her susceptibility to migraine headaches, accounts for her visions is a solution with which many wdl feel tempted to agree. There is a list of Hildegard's works and of some of the works upon her, some notation and an index. M y chief reservations concern assumptions for which the grounds are not obvious, the accuracy of the translations from the Latin, and a conceptual framework which seems, in places, rather pre-fabricated than founded firmly upon the evidence. What, for instance, is the basis for the distinction between 'important manuscripts' and mere manuscripts (pp. 225-6)? What are we to make of remarks such as 'The only other women of the twelfth century whose writings have survived were also German nuns' (p. 13)? H o w are we to take such a statement as 'there istittledoubt that the material [of the Physicae and Causae et curae] bears Hildegard's own stamp' (p. 105) when we are certain neither of the sources of these treatises nor, come to that, of their absolute authenticity? Many of the passages in Hildegard's medical works leap to the eye, in fact as simple extracts from old fashioned and familiar monastic compendia. The Latin Liber vitae meritorum does not mean in English 'Book of life's merits' (p. 8), but 'Memorial book of meritorious actions', a very different matter. 'Recluditur' does not...

Stanislavski's Preface to "An Actor Prepares"

In the near future I am starting the composition of a third volume, which will discuss on the self in the creative process of embodying. The fourth volume I will devote to on the role. Simultaneously with this book I should put out a supplement, a sort of exercise book with a whole series of recommended exercises (Training and drill). I am not doing this now, so as not to be diverted from the main line of my large undertaking, which I consider more important and urgent. As soon as the chief fundamentals of the system have been expressed, I will start work on the composition of the auxiliary exercise book.

Melville and the Woman's Story

MELVILLE AND THE WOMAN'S STORY Nancy Fredricks University of Colorado-Boulder One way to understand the change in direction that Herman Melville's work took in the 1850s is to consider his writing from Moby-Dick through The Piazza Tales in relation to the increasing involvement of women in reading, writing, and publishing. For feminists and traditional critics alike, Melville's Moby-Dick represents a bastion of masculinist aesthetics where women are as out of place as Aunt Charity's ginger beer on the Pequod. Long used to buttress theories of American literature that valorize male bonding and the romantic quest into the wilderness away from home and mother, Moby-Dick is an exemplary text for its generic representation from a male perspective of the segregation of the sexes in nineteenthcentury America.1 Melville himself apparently thought of Moby-Dick as a man's book and wrote to one of his female friends, Sara Moorehead, to dissuade her from reading it for fear of offending her feminine sensibilities: Dont you buy it—dont even read it, when it does come out, because it is by no means the sort of book for you. It is not a piece of fine, feminine, Spitalfield silk—but is of the horrible texture of a fabric that should be woven of ship's cables and hausers.2 When Sophia Hawthorne wrote to Melville praising the book, his response was one of astonishment: I have hunted up the finest Bath I could find, gilt-edged and stamped, whereon to inscribe my humble acknowledgement of your highly flattering letter of the 29th of Dec:—It really amazed me that you should find any satisfaction in that book. It is true that some men have said they were pleased with it but you are the only woman—for as a general thing, women have small taste for the sea.3 "Next time," Melville tells Sophia, he shall not send her a "bowl of salt water. . . . The next chalice I shall commend, will be a rural bowl of milk." He then inquires politely about the state of her "domestic affairs."4 Melville's remarks to these women suggest that he was working under certain gender-determined notions of genre. If genres represent mini-subcultures with their own values, languages, and epistemologies ,5 then it seems understandable that in a period characterized by relatively separate spheres for men and women there would be associated with each sphere types of works that best reflect that group's immediate concerns. Melville had been working most of his career 42Nancy Fredricks with a predominantly male audience in mind. In the six novels leading up to and including Moby-Dick—sea adventures all—women appear as either obstacles to the male romantic quest or as the distant and unattainable object of that quest. Pierre, which Melville referred to generically as a "regular romance," marks a definite shift away from the man's world of the sea adventure to the land-locked domestic world of women.6 In Pierre, Melville finally gives his female characters articulation7 and begins to face, on a generic level, the challenge that the female community presented to male writers like himself who had excluded them for too long. If women barely make it to the margin of Moby-Dick, the woman as artist takes center stage in Pierre. Pierre, for many readers, represents Melville's "Waterloo." One cannot help but wonder what could have led Melville, at the height of his creative powers, to plunge into the alien territory of the domestic romance. By following Moby-Dick with Pierre, he may have been trying to grant equal time to two competing myths of his day.8 After pursuing the romantic quest into the wilderness to its limits in Moby-Dick, it seems that Melville decided to turn to its generic "opposite ," the domestic romance, and take that to its limits also. Possibly Melville (who was nothing if not artistically ambitious) wanted to capture the totality of his world and knew he could not hope to do it with the Pequod alone as his setting. The familiar trope of the "ship as world," which had served Melville well for...

Expectations of Life: A Study in the Demography, Statistics, and History of World Mortality

A large number of books at various levels of sophistication have been written on the effects of disease and population change on world history. Thus, we are told that the Renaissance was an indirect result of the black death, and George Washington became the first president of the United States because of a typhus epidemic. Expectations of Life is a different sort of book, one that is difficult to classify. It covers wide sweeps of biomedical knowledge, mainly from an historical approach and is thus heavily referenced. In fact, the 98 pages of references may be the most generally useful portion of this book. As stated in the introduction, the author has attempted not only to examine cause-specific mortality over time, but also to review microbiology, epidemiology, and economic history. So much is included that little is covered in detail, but the reader looking for more depth on a particular

Toward the Modern Economy: Early Industry in Europe, 1500–1800 by Myron P. Gutmann

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 517 example of a technologically complicated, basic industry that can be compared to those of the celebrated Industrial Revolution. A table (pp. 301 ff.) of innovations and innovators classifies the former into only five, relating to furnaces and boilers (Pfanneri), preconcentration (Gradierung), management (Leitungeri), reconstruc­ tion (Neugrundung), and the use of coal as fuel (Kohlenfeurung). This hardly does justice to the variety of applications and seems not to include the piping of brine from one location to another. The principal objective of the table seems to be to stress the number of innovators (eighty-four are named) and applications (eighty-nine); but it also reveals only seven applications of coal as fuel. Here was the innovation probably most frequently mentioned in connection with the Industrial Revolution in Britain. In view of that, Piasecki’s account of Kohlenfeuerung seems a bit brief; but it is instructive, and he is after all dealing with a century before the advent of the Industrial Revolution. And his objective is the analysis of an industry as it was, not as it might or should have been. Although it is questionable whether the author is correct in hanging his book on the hook of a currently fashionable topic, inventioninnovation -diffusion studies, this is an important work. One hopes that Piasecki may go on to produce a version directed to a more general readership, in a more elegant format than that to which German dissertations seem to be fated—and with an index. Robert P. Multhauf Dr. Multhauf has been editor ofIsis and director of the National Museum of History and Technology of the Smithsonian Institution. Toward the Modern Economy: Early Industry in Europe, 1500—1800. By Myron P. Gutmann. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988. Pp. xxi + 257; figures, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95. Myron Gutmann, inaugurating a new series from Temple Univer­ sity Press, has succeeded in writing a difficult sort of book, one that is analytically sophisticated and at the same time accessible to students and general readers. He has worked through the major historical debates that have given us more accurate information and new questions, and he has explained them so clearly that no prior knowledge is necessary. Students will not be the only beneficiaries, since Gutmann’s careful work is important to historians of technology as well. The author calls into question the reliance of historians of technology on technology itself as a single or primary cause of economic change and ultimately of the Industrial Revolution. 518 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Gutmann argues his case by showing how political and economic crises constricting the urban guild industry of the Middle Ages caused a parallel line of rural industry to develop. This cottage industry in the countryside was exempt from guild regulations and monopoly and was managed by entrepreneurs who integrated and controlled all aspects of production. Industrial specialization, the emergence of a rural proletariat, and the experience of the merchant-manager provided the preconditions for modern industri­ alization. Thus, the application of machines and steam power was virtually an inevitable end product of the process of economic modernization, not its cause. In Gutmann’s view, the Industrial Revolution fitted into institutions that had evolved through the 16th to 18th centuries. Workers had already been gathered under one roof for economic efficiencies; the experienced rural and urban proletariat already depended on man­ ufacturing jobs; even by the late 15th century, English and Flemish wool producers had the modern idea of generating profit from a large quantity of inexpensive goods. Illustrating his argument with case studies from the Lowlands, Gutmann asserts that political, economic, and social elements were all contributory. Industrialization was not the cause of urbanization, population increase, class differ­ entiation, and class consciousness; rather, it was itself an artifact of a long, complex historical process. Two elements make Gutmann’s argument important to readers of Technology and Culture. First, despite his effort to demote technology as monocause, he is a conscientious historian of technology. His clear descriptions show how technical advances—in wool processing and nail making, for instance—lend themselves to institutional change. In each situation, he evaluates the role of technology. His individual...

M. D.: Doctors Talk About Themselves

A large portion of our citizenry seems to occupy itself talking and reading about us physicians. The television screens are filled with programs offered to show what life in hospitals is like. The distance of these programs from the realities of doctor-hospital existence is great, but the ratings are often high. There are all sorts of books about doctors available at the booksellers. The persistent reader can find out what we were like in medical school, in residency and fellowship, and in practice. The reader can learn about us when we are well and when we are sick. We physicians may not always be honored as much as we think we deserve to be, but we are, at least, read about. The author of<i>M. D.: Doctors Talk About Themselves</i>is not a physician, but he appears to be able to put physicians at ease. He interviewed doctors in different

Book Review: Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge by Eitenne Wenger (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers)

Upon first encountering Etienne Wenger's book, "Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge," I assumed that it was the sort of book that would serve only as a reference. To find out about the EXCHECK tutoring system, I would just look it up in the exhaustive subject index. To see what tutoring work Beverly Woolf had done, I would look up her name in the author index. But, upon further examination, Wenger's book was revealed to be a good introductory text, first laying out basic issues in Chapters 1 and 2, then covering systems from SCHOLAR and SOPHIE to GUIDON and ACTP in Chapters 3 through 13. Each review chapter ends with a summary and an excellent set of bibliographic notes, further reinforcing the utility of the book as a reference and introduction to the field. In addition, it became clear that the book had another facet. As John Seely Brown and James Greeno point out in the introduction, "... this book is no mere catalog of programs and techniques... he has also laid out a provocative framework for analyzing and comparing intelligent tutoring systems." This framework is presented in Chapters 14 through 20. Thus, Wenger's book serves three purposes: it acts as a reference, it provides a comprehensive introduction to intelligent tutoring systems, and it develops a coherent framework for thinking about issues in any intelligent system that must communicate its knowledge.

What Sort of Book Do You Have in Your Hands?

What Sort of Book Do You Have in Your Hands?

Book reviews

As the authors state, without pretension, this small book is simply a crammer for the primary examination of the FRCR. It is difficult to assess this sort of book, not only because it is aimed at a specific and ephemeral audience, but also because it gives a personal selection of those parts of the syllabus which the authors consider to be either particularly important or difficult to remember.

A flexible vision-based algorithm for a book sorting system

A flexible vision-based algorithm for a book sorting system is presented. The algorithm is based on a discrimination model that is adaptively generated for the current object classes by learning. The algorithm consists of an image normalization process, a feature element extraction process, a learning process, and a recognition process. The image normalization process extracts the contour of the object in an image, and geometrically normalizes the image. The feature extraction process converts the normalized image to the pyramidal representation, and the feature element is extracted from each resolution level. The learning process generates a discrimination model, which represents the differences between classes, based on hierarchical clustering. In the recognition process, the input images are hierarchically discriminated under the control of the decision tree. To evaluate the algorithm, a simulation system was implemented on a general-purpose computer and an image processor was developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Greek Bronzes

When I first began to study Greek art, back in the mid 1950s, a book on Greek sculpture had recently been published in Germany and in England that did much to encourage my interest. It was Reinhard Lullies and Max Hirmer's big picture book,Greek Sculpture, since enlarged and running into three German and two English editions. Its basic idea was not totally novel but was rare for its time and never previously done so well. It presented large, clear photographs of original Greek works (by Hirmer) with a scholarly commentary to each piece (by Lullies); it omitted anything that was known, or considered, not to be original. In doing so, it provided a strong contrast to the sort of book with which I had already come into contact, the sort best characterized perhaps by Ernest Gardner'sSix Greek Sculptorsof 19252which contains not one single original piece by the six chosen sculptors and in which all the photographs are seen through a glass darkly. Gardner's title and approach, with heavy emphasis on literary evidence and Roman copies, accompanied by a sprinkling of original, unattributed pieces for ballast, was typical of a traditional line of study-that ofKopienkritik, an approach not dead yet by any means and in fact one which must continue to be pursued, though nowadays it is tackled with more caution than earlier. But until one incontrovertible example of a named sculptor's work is found, all attributions must be arguable approximations.

Lectures paysannes. La bibliothèque de l'enquête Grégoire

This article analyses the answers to three questions concerning the ownership of books and reading habits included in the abbé Grégoire's August 1790 question naire on ' patois and the customs of countryfolk After having emphasized the distance separating Grégoire's informants from the peasants' world, we study the contradictory diagnoses concerning the appetite for reading in the countryside and the role of the clergy ; then we see the sort of books found, according to the correspondants, and the peasant's access to books. The answers can be seen both as an indication of the educated provincials' image of peasant reading habits and as a way of discovering, through this distorted image, the true situation and the way it was changing.

Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid

This book edited by James H. Wood, MD, is a scholarly compendium of everything you wanted to know about cerebrospinal fluid. The chapters are written by recognized leaders in their particular fields. A good part of the book contains information of primary interest to persons who are doing research on spinal fluid or on particular diseases in which spinal fluid becomes altered. As a source book for them, it should prove invaluable. An example, chapter 18, Immune Response in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid, contains a bibliography of 616 references. The clinician will find things of interest, especially toward the second half of the book in which are presented the CSF findings in the everyday conditions seen by neurologists and neurosurgeons. This is not the sort of book to buy for a personal library, unless one were primarily interested in CSF, but it is an excellent reference book for any library collection

Dangerous Secrets: Maladaptive Responses to Stress

Psychiatrists often divide the world of patients into those who suffer the pain of their illness in the form of symptoms such as depression or phobias, and those who inflict the struggle of their psyche on the world in the form of out. The author of this book about some of the more wrenching kinds of the latter conditions tells us that much acting out is kept hidden and surfaces only in moments of severe stress and crisis. As a guide to these dark and secret parts of what we now call behavior disorders, Dr Weissberg is an exemplary instructor in telling us just how to recognize the deviant behavior, how we may expect to react to it, and how we should handle it. It is the sort of book that excels so much in these essentials that I enthusiastically recommend it to my fellow psychiatrists as well as

Lieber's Code and the Law of War (review)

88civil war history monolithic apologies for nor monolithic indictments of Confederate or Union prison systems get at the heart of the matter. Mr. Davis appears to be feeling more than ever before the need to interpret these photographs as art objects. He includes an introduction which helps explain why the Civil War photographs were saved and collected, and he includes a section on the craft of the camera which attempts to describe some pictures, not altogether successfully, as works of art. That he feels the urge to attempt it is commendable. The weaknesses are similar to those found in the earlier volumes, most notably, a certain monotony in subject matter and a weak selection of portraits. To these may be added a growing tendency to overwrite the captions in an attempt to inject excitement into some rather dull photographs. More important, however, is the fact that the weaknesses of the book remain few and small. Mark E. Neely, Jr. Louis A. Warren Lincoln Library and Museum Lieber's Code and the Law of War. By Richard Shelly Hartigan. (Chicago : Precedent Publishing, Inc., 1983. Pp. vii, 157. $17.95.) This slender book is probably not destined to be widely read by historians . Written by a political scientist, about a minor figure in American intellectual history, and with a title suggesting a forbidding combination of military and legal history, Lieber's Code is the sort of book usually read by a small group of specialists. This work deserves a better fate. It raises issues of historical and contemporary importance , and it does so in a way that is provocative, informative, and unexpectedly readable. Lieber's Code, which became General Orders, No. 100 of the U.S. Army during the Civil War, was an attempt by Dr. Francis Lieber to codify various aspects of the proper behavior of armies during war. For the first time vague theories of international law became official policy of a major government. The Code was soon adopted by several European nations, and played a central role in shaping the rules of warfare from the Civil War and Franco-Prussian War to the Geneva Convention. Among the thorny problems which Lieber considered was the widespread emergence of guerrilla warfare in the Civil War. What constituted guerrilla war? What rights did guerrillas have if captured? A related set of problems concerned the rights of civilian noncombatants . To what degree can an army justly wage war against an innocent civilian population? Other issues dealt with in the Code included martial law, treatment of prisoners, the legitimacy of forced labor, the status of enemy private property, slavery, looting, surrender procedures , spying, and so on. Such complex problems can hardly be explained in detail here. The point is simply that this book reveals an BOOK REVIEWS89 individual and a government grappling with a set of crucial and timeless moral and ethical issues related to government policy, armies, and war. The book consists of three parts: an excellent brief introduction to Lieber, his Code, and international law; the heart of the book, the Code itself and an accompanying essay on guerrilla war; and a final section of correspondence and documents relating to the genesis, adoption, and reception of the Code. I cannot imagine any historian—military, political, intellectual, social , or otherwise—who would not find this fascinating reading. In addition to its historical significance, the shadow of Vietnam looms over every page. Perhaps it should be made required reading for members of Congress, the executive branch, military officials, and the CIA. Section IX, No. 148, includes one of many points in this book worth pondering and remembering: "Civilized nations look with horror upon offers of rewards for the assassination of enemies as relapses into barbarism ." Kent Blaser Wayne State College Soldiers When They Go: The Story of Camp Randall, 1861-1865. By Carolyn J. Mattern. (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1981. Pp. xi, 135. $7.95.) The Hardtack Regiment: An Illustrated History of the 154th Regiment . By Mark H. Dunkelman and Michael J. Winey. (East Brunswick, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981. Pp. 211. $19.50.) Ruggles' Regiment: The 122nd New York Volunteers in the American Civil War. By David B. Swinfen...

COMMUNITY LAW: THE GENERAL PART

The Foundations of European Community Law is the sort of book one would expect Trevor Hartley to write, and the Oxford University Press to publish. It is subtitled An Introduction to the Constitutional and Administrative Law of the European Community, but in truth it is in the nature of a definitive text. It explores the essential themes: the Community institutions and legal system; the reception of Community law in the Member States; the judicial review of Community acts by the Court of Justice; and the contractual and non-contractual liability of the Community. The entire work amounts to all but five hundred and fifty pages of systematic exposition, not only of the provisions of the EEC Treaty, but also of the ECSC and Euratom Treaties. The recital of case-law is extensive, yet does not burden the text. The end result is a major work of reference for anybody who wishes to acquire a detailed appreciation of what has been so aptly described as Community Law: the General Part. Part I of the book is entitled 'Community Institutions', and contains an introduction (as do all the parts) and two Chapters-Chapter i, on 'The Political Institutions', and Chapter 2, on 'The European Court' (sixty-three pages in all). In the 'Introduction', Hartley describes the 'hybrid' nature of the Community (i.e. the ECSC, Euratom and EEC), which possesses some of the attributes of an 'ordinary international organisation', and, less prominently, but nevertheless quite distinctly, some features of a federation. The most important characteristic of a typical international organization, it is argued, is that it is but a form of institutionalized intergovernmental co-operation, being based on the principle that no Member State may be bound without its consent. Furthermore, if 'the decisions of the organisation are taken by majority vote, they are no more than mere declarations; if on the other hand, they are to have any real bite, they must be approved by each Member State'. Ironically, of course, as Hartley explains in Chapter I, in the section on the Council of Ministers, the 'constitutional convention' of the veto robs the Community in practice of the facility of majority voting. Even after what your reviewer would describe as the 'refinement' of the convention which resulted from the Council Decision of 18 May 1982, on agricultural prices, this still seems essentially to be the case. Is it possible that one is sometimes tempted to over-stress the legal (as opposed to economic and political) distinctions between the Community and other international organizations? Decisions of both the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations are after all capable of having legal consequences (see