Sonochemical Synthesis Research Articles

A sonochemical synthesis of the piperazine-containing adducts of the C60 fullerene

We have worked out a selective and efficient mode of the synthesis of substituted and unsubstituted piperazine-containing mono-adducts of the C60 fullerene. It is based on the C60 reaction with piperazine, 2-methylpiperazine, and 2-oxopiperazine under air, room temperature and ultrasonication. The intermediate of the sonochemical reaction is radical anion C60 •–, which was detected with EPR (g = 1.9968, ΔH = 5.9 G). This intermediate is generated due to one-electron transfer from piperazine to the C60 molecule.

Facile sonochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticle and graphene oxide deposition on bismuth doped manganese oxide nanotube composites for electro-catalytic sensor and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) applications

Pristine silver nanoparticles and silver-graphene oxide nanoparticles have incorporated in Bismuth doped manganese oxide (Bi-MnOx) nanotubes by an ultra-sonication deposition method. Pristine Bismuth doped porous MnO2 has prepared by a non-ionic surfactant (Triton-X-100) assisted co-precipitation and heat treatment process. In the second stage, the biogenic method prepared very fine Ag nanoparticles with a quantum dot size of particles (below 10 nm). They have further deposited on the dried powder of Bi-MnOx by ultra-sonication fabricate the composite material for electrode application. The pure nanotube formation obtained for silver nanoparticle deposited Bi-MnOx (Ag-BiMnOx) and silver/GO nanoparticle(Ag-BiMnOx/GO) nanocomposites have clearly confirmed by high resolution transmission electron micrographs (HR-TEM). The nanotube diameter obtained in the range of 10–25 nm and length of nanotube obtained in the rage of 40–50 nm. Enhanced thermal stability has achieved for Ag-BiMnOx and Ag-BiMnOx/GO composite compared to pristine manganese oxide. Band gap values of prepared compoiste is calculated from Diffuse reflectance spectral data provide the bandgap values of Ag–Bi-MnOx/GO (1.93 eV) and Bi-MnOx (2.47 eV). As prepared graphene oxide modified Bi-MnOx composite modified electrode have further analyzed for hydrogen peroxide sensor and Oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). Silver nanoparticle-graphene oxide modified Bi-MnOx composite shows an enhanced electrochemical capacitance activity of 2.61 mF and improved electrochemical surface area of 65.25 cm2 towards clean energy technology application.

Facile sonochemical synthesis of nano-sized cobalt(III) complex salt and their application as a mordant dye

New nano-sized (1N) and single crystal (1) of 2[Co(NH3)5N3](H2I2O10)∙ 2H2O] complex salt was synthesized by sonochemical and classical method, and was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV/ Visible spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction. Morphology and particle size of 1N was determined by SEM and zeta-sizer. Single crystal X-ray analysis performed for 1 revealed a monoclinic C2/c space group. The crystal structure is built from layers-like regions of cations and anion-water that are connected via N-H...O hydrogen bonds. The nano-sized 2[Co(NH3)5N3](H2I2O10)∙2H2O] complex salt was examined towards the dye ability of cotton, wool and silk fabrics. A good variation in the color demonstrates that 1N can be used as a pigment for printing as well as a mordant dye.

Sonochemical synthesis and swelling behavior of Fe3O4 nanocomposite based on poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogel for drug delivery application

Sonochemical synthesis and swelling behavior of Fe3O4 nanocomposite based on poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogel for drug delivery application

Pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinoxalines in attenuating cytokine storm in COVID-19: their sonochemical synthesis and in silico / in vitro assessment

In view of the recent global pandemic caused by COVID-19 intense efforts have been devoted worldwide towards the development of an effective treatment for this disease. Recently, PDE4 inhibitors have been suggested to attenuate the cytokine storm in COVID-19 especially tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In our effort we have explored the 2-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinoxalines for this purpose because of their potential inhibitory properties of PDE-4 / TNF-α. Moreover, several of these compounds appeared to be promising in silico when assessed for their binding affinities via docking into the N-terminal RNA-binding domain (NTD) of N-protein of SARS-CoV-2. A rapid and one-pot synthesis of this class of molecules was achieved via the Cu-catalyzed coupling-cyclization-desulfinylation of 3-alkynyl-2-chloroquinoxalines with t-butyl sulfinamide as the ammonia surrogate under ultrasound irradiation. Most of these compounds showed good to significant inhibition of TNF-α in vitro establishing a SAR (Structure Activity Relationship) within the series. One compound e.g. 3i was identified as a promising hit for which the desirable ADME and acceptable toxicity profile was predicted in silico.

Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Applications of Metal Organic Framework: A Concise Review

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of those compounds which have drawn attention in various applications due to their several interesting properties like tunable shape, size, pore size, easy functionalization, high surface area, pore volume, etc. Metal organic frameworks due to their uniform structures, tunable porosity, wide variety and stability on various topology, geometry, dimension and chemical functions of the molecular network give a remarkable structural diversity in comparison to other porous materials. This enables scientists to handle numerous framework structures, porosity and functionality effectively. The unique structural architecture and tunable properties of MOF’s makes them an interesting hybrid material consisting of organic and inorganic materials. MOF can be randomly constructed like Lego bricks and superior in terms of versatility in comparisson to other porous materials. A number of MOFs containing a wide variety of metal e.g. zinc, copper, iron, aluminium, magnesium, chromium, zirconium, gadolinium, manganese are gaining rapid growth in commercial markets for gas storage, adsorption, separation and catalytic applications. This concise review emphasizes various synthetic methods e.g. solvothermal process, hydrothermal synthesis, electrochemical synthesis, microwave synthesis, sonochemical synthesis, mechanochemical synthesis, of metal organic framework developed in the last few decades. It also addresses various applications of metal organic framework e.g. hydrogen storage, gas adsorption, drug delivery systems and bioimaging agents, biocatalysts, biosensors, electrochemical sensors, etc. It also comments on various challenges and futuristic applications of metal organic frameworks in various field e.g. liquid wate management, gaseous waste management, sunlight assisted catalysis, water purification, building materials, electronic devices, battery technologies, targeted drug delivery, solar cells, etc. of science and technology in coming decades.

A power-triggered preparation strategy of nano-structured inorganics: sonosynthesis.

Ultrasound irradiation covers many chemical reactions crucially aiming to design and synthesize various structured materials as an enduring trend in frontier research studies. Here, we focus on the latest progress of ultrasound-assisted synthesis and present the basic principles or mechanisms of sonosynthesis (or sonochemical synthesis) from ultrasound irradiation in a brand new way, including primary sonosynthesis, secondary sonosynthesis, and synergetic sonosynthesis. This current review describes in detail the various sonochemical synthesis strategies for nano-structured inorganic materials and the unique aspects of products including the size, morphology, structure, and properties. In addition, the review points out the probable challenges and technological potential for future advancement. We hope that such a review can provide a comprehensive understanding of sonosynthesis and emphasize the great significance of structured materials synthesis as a power-induced strategy broadening the updated applications of ultrasound.

Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of Tl-Hg-I nanocomposites: sonochemical synthesis and characterization.

Efforts to find new and practical solutions to improve water quality and treatment of industrial effluents are ongoing. In this study, Tl4HgI6/HgI2 nanocomposites were synthesized by a rapid ultrasonic method to investigate their photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. Various synthesis conditions such as changes in the ratio of precursors, use of surfactants, and changes in the power and time of sonication to achieve particles with optimal size and morphology were performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the purity and formation of the nanocomposite. Optimal nanoparticles in terms of size and morphology were selected by examining the images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The nanocomposites obtained in the presence of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) as a surfactant (sample no. 8) were selected as the optimal sample. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman, N2 adsorption/desorption analyzes were performed for the optimal sample to evaluate the properties of nanocomposites. The band-gap for Tl4HgI6/HgI2 nanocomposites was calculated to be about 2.3 eV for HgI2 and 3.1 eV for Tl4HgI6. The optimal sample was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity for decolorizing an aqueous solution of six different organic dyes. Finally, for rhodamine B, the decolorization was about 80%. Also, Tl4HgI6/HgI2 nanocomposite showed a significant inhibition zone in the antibacterial test. The maximum inhibition diameter of 50 mm was obtained against Streptococcus pyogenes. The results showed that Tl4HgI6/HgI2 nanocomposites have good potential for many industrial applications.

Sonochemical synthesis of a trinuclear Cu(ii) complex with open coordination sites for the differentiable optical detection of volatile amines.

A discrete trinuclear Cu(ii) complex, namely, [Cu3(pzdc)2(dpyam)2(H2O)4] (1) (H3pzdc = pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, dpyam = 2,2′-dipyridylamine) was simply synthesized by the sonochemical process and structurally characterized. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that three adjacent Cu(ii) centers are linked via two bridging pzdc ligands to form a trinuclear Cu(ii) unit. Each trinuclear Cu(ii) unit contains open coordination sites with two trigonal bipyramidal Cu(ii) centers and one elongated octahedral geometry. Moreover, the open coordination site of 1 was occupied by a small molecule, leading to the guest-induced structural transformation with chromism that was verified by FT-IR, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, elemental analysis, PXRD, and SEM techniques. Compound 1 exhibits color change along with structural transformation in methanol media and after the dehydration process. Also, 1 shows different color responses after exposure to different amine vapors. In addition, compound 1 was conveniently deposited onto a filter paper by a sonochemical method used as a portable test strip for the discriminative qualitative detection of amines.

Two routes for sonochemical synthesis of platinum nanoparticles with narrow size distribution

The ultrasonic conditions of different sonochemical reactors can be tuned to obtain Pt-nanoparticles of similar sizes. At low ultrasonic frequencies (20 kHz) Ti/V/Al-contaminants were produced due to the probe erosion leading to improved kinetics.

Green sonochemical synthesis of BaDy2NiO5/Dy2O3 and BaDy2NiO5/NiO nanocomposites in the presence of core almond as a capping agent and their application as photocatalysts for the removal of organic dyes in water.

The present work reports the sonochemical synthesis of DBNO NC (dysprosium nickelate nanocomposite) using metal nitrates and core almond as a capping agent. In addition, the effects of the power of ultrasound irradiation were investigated. The BaDy2NiO5/Dy2O3 and BaDy2NiO5/NiO nanocomposites were synthesized with sonication powers of 50 and 30 W, respectively. The agglomerated nanoparticles were obtained using different sonication powers, including 15, 30, and 50 W. The results showed that upon increasing the sonication power, the particle size decreased. After characterization, the optical, electrical, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of the NC were studied. The nanocomposites showed an antiferromagnetic behavior. In this study, the photocatalytic degradations of two dyes, AR14 and AB92, were investigated in the presence of DBNO NC. Furthermore, the effects of the amount of photocatalyst, the concentration of the dye solution, the type of organic dye, and light irradiation on the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite were studied. The results showed that with an increasing amount of catalyst and decreasing concentration of dye, the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite was increased. This activity for the degradation of AR14 is higher than that of AB92. Both AR14 and AB92 dyes show higher photocatalytic degradation under UV irradiation than under Vis irradiation.

Facile Synthesis of Fe/ZnO Hollow Spheres Nanostructures by Green Approach for the Photodegradation and Removal of Organic Dye Contaminants in Water

In this research, a facile and clean sonochemical synthesis was described for Fe/ZnO hollow spheres nanostructures as high-efficiency UV-Vis light photocatalyst through an environmentally-friendly procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were utilized for the investigation of the produced Fe/ZnO hollow spheres nanostructures. Then, the photocatalytic activities of the catalysts were evaluated on the degradation of Methylene Blue and Congo Red in an aqueous solution under both UV and visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). Also, to illustrate the influence of morphologies on the degradation of these organic dyes, the Fe/ZnO nanostructures with the wood-like, flower-like, rod-like, and nanoparticle morphologies were synthesized and the photocatalyst efficiency of them was determined. The obtained results confirmed that the Fe/ZnO hollow spheres have significant photocatalytic activity compared to other morphologies and could be used as outstanding potential photocatalyst materials for removing dye pollutants from water.

Sonochemical synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles deposited on GO sheets and their potential application as a nanofiller in MMMs for O2/N2 separation.

In this study we report an environmentally friendly, facile and straightforward sonochemical synthetic strategy for a Co3O4/GO nanocomposite using N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediaminocobalt(ii) as a precursor and graphene oxide sheets as an immobilization support for Co3O4 nanoparticles. The synthesis was facilitated by physical and chemical effects of cavitation bubbles. The synthesized nanocomposite was thoroughly characterized for its composition and morphology using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible, Raman and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), etc. The results show Co3O4 nanoparticles of 10 nm (SD 3 nm) were prepared on well exfoliated sheets of GO. The applicability of the synthesized Co3O4/GO nanocomposite was optimized as a nanofiller for mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) comprised of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) and polyvinyl chloride. The affinity of the prepared MMMs was evaluated for the separation of O2/N2 gases by varying the concentration of nanofiller, i.e. 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05% and 0.075% (w/v). The results display high separation performance for O2/N2 gases with excellent permeance (N2 167 GPU and O2 432 GPU at 1 bar) and O2/N2 selectivity of 2.58, when the MMMs were loaded with 0.05% (w/v) of Co3O4/GO nanocomposite.

Sonochemical Synthesis of Dolomite from Removed-K Bittern for Color-Tunable Phosphor Applications

Sonochemical Synthesis of Dolomite from Removed-K Bittern for Color-Tunable Phosphor Applications

Guanidine functionalized core-shell structured magnetic cobalt-ferrite: an efficient nanocatalyst for sonochemical synthesis of spirooxindoles in water.

Core/shell nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in the science of chemistry and biomedicine. The core–shell material can be different and modified by changing the ingredients or the ratio of core to the shell. In this research, a CoFe2O4@SiO2-guanidine nanocomposite was prepared and identified as an efficient catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives in water under ultrasonic irradiation conditions. The advantages of this method are in its simplicity, saving costs and energy, high yields, short reaction times, environmental friendliness, reusability and easy recovery of the catalyst using an external magnet. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, TGA and VSM techniques.

Sonochemical synthesis, characterization and investigation of the electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of TlPbI3/Tl4PbI6 nanocomposite

Hydrogen storage is an important technology for the promotion of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies in applications such as transportation, portable power, and stationary power. Hydrogen possesses the most energy per mass of each fuel; despite its low room temperature density leads to a low energy per unit volume, since demanding the improvement of high-level storage techniques that possess the potential for higher energy density. For this regard, novel nanocomposite (TlPbI3/Tl4PbI6) has been fabricated for electrochemical hydrogen storage by the importance of the optimum state to obtain higher efficiency. TlPbI3/Tl4PbI6 nanocomposite was prepared by a facile and low-cost sonochemical pathway. The sonochemical method performs a significant figure in the synthesis of nanostructures with large surface area and tiny crystal size, characteristics that are useful for electrochemical hydrogen storage. The influence of multiple factors, including stoichiometric ratios, types of surface-active agents, time, and power of sonication was studied on the structure, purity, shape, size, and uniformity of the samples. The electrochemical characteristics of the TlPbI3/Tl4PbI6 were examined via charge-discharge chronopotentiometry procedures in an alkaline medium. The discharge capacity of TlPbI3/Tl4PbI6 with particle shape was evaluated 61.45 mAhg−1 after 15 cycles. The discharge capacity nanocomposite with rod-like structure was calculated 99.06 mAhg−1. The results confirm that the hydrogen storage capacity for rod-like samples is higher than particle shape nanocomposite, and the capacity reduces by enhancing the diameters of rods.

Excellent, Lightweight and Flexible Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Nanocomposites Based on Polypropylene with MnFe2O4 Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles and Reduced Graphene Oxide.

In this work, various tunable sized spinel ferrite MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (namely MF20, MF40, MF60 and MF80) with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were embedded in a polypropylene (PP) matrix. The particle size and structural feature of magnetic filler MnFe2O4 nanoparticles were controlled by sonochemical synthesis time 20 min, 40 min, 60 min and 80 min. As a result, the electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics of developed nanocomposites MF20-RGO-PP, MF40-RGO-PP, MF60-RGO-PP and MF80-RGO-PP were also controlled by tuning of magnetic/dielectric loss. The maximum value of total shielding effectiveness (SET) was 71.3 dB for the MF80-RGO-PP nanocomposite sample with a thickness of 0.5 mm in the frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz). This lightweight, flexible and thin nanocomposite sheet based on the appropriate size of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles with reduced graphene oxide demonstrates a high-performance advanced nanocomposite for cutting-edge electromagnetic interference shielding application.

Sonochemical Catalyst Synthesis for HER and OER

Improvements on catalysts for electrochemical energy conversion is highly important if technologies such as fuel cells and electrolyzers are to become economically viable in the future. These improvements typically lie in the optimization of the catalyst’s particle size and available surface area, which means that nucleation and growth conditions during the synthesis must be controlled precisely. Common ways of producing such catalysts today involve chemical reduction methods were reducing agents like NaBH4 or ethylene glycol are used to reduce metal salts to their metallic state [1]. Even though such methods are fast and scalable, few ways are available for careful control over the nucleation and growth of the nanoparticles.To allow for better control over the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles, a sonochemical synthesis method can be employed instead [1]. In sonochemistry, high power ultrasound is applied to an aqueous metal precursor solution resulting in the formation of H-radicals and OH-radicals in the cavitation bubbles [1]. The highly reactive radicals will diffuse into the solution and reduce the metal ions to metallic nanoparticles. The nucleation and growth conditions can therefore simply be manipulated by controlling the rate of radical formation which is directly related to the ultrasound parameters. Several studies have found that the radical formation rate (or the metal reduction rate) is affected by the ultrasound frequency [2][3], ultrasound power [3], solution temperature [3], types of dissolved gasses [3], types of alcohols used [4], and types of surfactants used [5]. The ease of changing these parameters therefore ensures that nanoparticles of optimal sizes can be produced.In this project we have started to investigate exactly how ultrasound parameters influence the radical formation rate in aqueous systems. This information can therefore be used to synthesize electrocatalysts optimized for HER and OER. Initial investigations of how Ni- and Fe -precursors are affected by ultrasound have also been performed. Sonochemical assisted synthesis of NiFe nanoparticles with NaBH4 was also assessed as a potential hybrid solution.The results from the investigations of the ultrasound parameters suggested that the addition of ethanol effectively leads to a scavenging of the primary radicals in the solution. Consequently, more radicals become available for reducing metal ions, and the reduction rate increases. Higher ultrasonic power and lower ultrasonic frequency (580 kHz was the lowest frequency used in the experiment) increase the radical formation, which is supported by previous findings [2][3]. The effect of dissolved gasses showed that O2 saturation gave the highest radical yield. However, this can be traced to the sonolysis of O2 itself which lead to additional radical formation from the dissolved gas, and not just from the water vapor in the cavitation bubbles [3]. The ideal solution temperature was found to be dependent on the type of dissolved gas, with Ar exhibiting a higher ideal temperature than O2.The initial investigations of Ni- and Fe-precursors showed that the sonochemical reduction was not appreciable in the short time frame which was used (30 min). Longer sonication times will be attempted in future works.For the sonochemical assisted synthesis, NaBH4 was added as a reducing agent to aid the reduction, and an ultrasonic bath was used as the ultrasound source (42 kHz). Physical characterization of the resulting particles showed a significant decrease in the particle size due to the application of ultrasound. However, these changes were attributed to the mechanical effects most dominant at lower ultrasonic frequencies. Similar experiments will be attempted at higher frequencies to observe if the chemical effects of ultrasound act similarly.References Bruno G. Pollet. “The use of ultrasound for the fabrication of fuel cell materials”. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35.21 (2010). VIII symposium of the Mexican Hydrogen Society, pp. 11986–12004K Okitsu et al. “Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles: effects of ultrasound frequency”. The journal of physical chemistry. B109.44 (2005), p. 20673S Merouani et al. “Sensitivity of free radicals production in acoustically driven bubble to the ultrasonic frequency and nature of dissolved gases”. Ultrasonics – Sonochemistry 22.2 (2015), pp. 41–50Rachel A Caruso et al. “Sonochemical formation of colloidal platinum”. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 169.1-3 (2000), pp. 219–225K Okitsu et al. “Sonochemical preparation of ultrafine palladium particles”. Chemistry of Materials (USA) 8.2 (1996), pp. 315–317

Solution-Processed Fabrication of Light-Emitting Diodes Using CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals

The sonochemical synthesis of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) is an attractive method for the large-scale synthesis and low-cost production of PNC at low temperature; however, there are no r...

Sonochemical Synthesis of Differently‐Sized Nanoparticles of a Silver(I) Compound: An Optical, Anticancer, and Thermal Activity Evaluation Study

AbstractNano silver‐based inorganic structure with the chemical formulation of [Ag(dafo)2(NO3)] (1), dafo=4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐one, was synthesized using sonochemical method. Three different ultrasonic generator output powers of 30 W, 60 W, 90 W, each in two different reaction temperature ranges of 0–10 °C and 25–35 °C, were our sonochemical reaction conditions. After preparing compound 1 with differently‐sized nanoparticles under the sonochemical reaction conditions, we conducted an evaluation study into the optical, anti‐cancer, and thermal activities of the compound. High ultrasonic generator output power and low reaction temperature were the two prevailing conditions that affected the size and purity of the nanoparticles of compound 1. Based on our identifying methods, nanoparticles of 90 W at 0–10 °C showed the lowest particles size among other nanoparticles. The best optical, anticancer, and thermal activities appertained to the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were heated to 500 °C in an electric furnace to synthesize phase‐pure silver nanoparticles.