Sonneratia Caseolaris Research Articles

FACIES ANALYSIS AND PALAEODEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE TANJONG FORMATION IN THE KALABAKAN AREA, SOUTHEAST SABAH

An integrated approach is adopted to study the sedimentary deposits of the well-exposed Early to Middle Miocene Tanjong Formation in the Southeastern part of Sabah. The integrated sedimentological and palynological data will provide a better insight into the depositional architecture of the area. This work presents the first detailed sedimentological facies analysis of the Tanjong Formation within the Kalabakan area. The integration of facies analysis, ichnological and palynological data provide a better evaluation of the organic matter (OM) origin and the reconstruction of the palaeodepositional model. An extensive outcrop-based sedimentological facies analysis was performed on eight (8) well-exposed outcrops with studied stratigraphic sections. Seven facies associations are classified in the Tanjong Formation from twelve lithofacies elements which have been interpreted from the fluvialdeltaic to shallow marine environment: FA1 - Floodplain facies association; FA2 – Fluvial channel facies association; FA3 - Coastal swamps facies association; FA4 – Tidal flat facies association; FA5 – Delta front facies association; FA6 – Mouth bar facies association; FA7 - Upper shoreface facies association. The palynomorphs of the studied coal samples yielded abundant mangrove and freshwater types of pollen assemblage, while the analysed mudstone samples suggest deposition within a lower coastal plain setting with proximity to the marine environment. The presence of Florschuetzia levipoli (Sonneratia caseolaris) and Florschuetzia trilobata suggest an age not older than the Early Miocene and/or younger. The reconstructed palaeodepositional environment model is essential in improving the predictability of the petroleum system mechanisms and the hydrocarbon potential for conventional petroleum exploration.Keywords: Sedimentology, facies association, fluvial-deltaic, shallow marine, geochemical, palynology

Effect of additional carrageenan concentration on the characteristics of wet noodles based on mangrove fruit flour variation

In general, wet noodles are made from tapioca flour, but the weakness of noodles made from tapioca flour is the lack of nutrients, high carbohydrate content, low protein content, low vitamin content and high gluten content. Making wet noodles with the fortification of mangrove fruits flour and carrageenan is expected to produce wet noodles with physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics. The method used in this study was an experiment with a factorial randomized block design (RBD). The test was carried out with three replications (triple) with two test parameters, the concentration of carrageenan flour (8%, 12%, 15%) and three mangrove fruit species, namely, Avicennia marina, Bruguierra gymnorrhiza, and Sonneratia caseolaris. Based on the results, the addition of various concentrations of carrageenan flour in wet noodles and using different types of mangrove fruit flour gave significantly different effects (P<0.05) on several test parameters, namely proximate test, crude fibre content, antioxidant activity, water absorption, cooking time, power dropping of noodles, cooking loss, and sensory testing. The addition of carrageenan flour affected the physical and sensory properties of mangrove flour noodles. In addition, different types of mangrove fruit flour affect the increasing nutritional characteristics and antioxidant activity of wet noodles.

Anatomical properties of branches and twigs mangrove woods

In order to optimize the utilization of mangrove woods, particularly branches and twigs parts, this research was conducted to investigate anatomical properties of three species of mangrove woods, namely api-api (Avicennia marina), bakau minyak (Rhizopora apiculata), and berembang (Sonneratia caseolaris). The properties were comprised of both microtome sections and macerations dimensions. Procedure for microtome followed Sass method, resulted in three sections for each part, namely cross-section (L/longitudinal), radial/R section, and tangential/T section. Technical procedure for maceration based on Forest Product Laboratory (FPL) method, resulted in measurement of fiber dimension and derivative of fiber dimension. In term of microtome, the anatomical features between branches and twigs for each species in L, R, T sections are similar, but their quantitative anatomical observations between twigs and branches have differences in the vessel, rays and fiber parameters statistically. In term of fiber dimension and its derivatives (Runkel Ratio, Felting Power, Mulhstep Ratio, Coefficient Rigidity, Flexibility Ratio) both branches and twigs showed same quality class, namely 3rd class with scored 150-175 points.

Study on Suitability of Artificially Planted Native Mangroves in Coastal Areas of Guangzhou

At present, the mangrove species planted in the coastal area of Guangzhou is relatively single, and the dominant species is mainly the non-petal Sonneratia caseolaris (alien species). From 2020 to 2021, after the observation of the growth of mangroves on the north shoreline of the Humen Bridge (Guangzhou Section) in Nansha District, Guangzhou, it is shown that the dominant local mangrove species suitable for growth in the coastal area of Guangzhou are Kandelia obovata and Aegiceras corniculatum.

The Occurrence of Pteroptyx tener Olivier Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Malaysia

A field survey of synchronized fireflies (Pteroptyx tener Olivier) was conducted in Kuala Sepetang, Perak. It involved sampling efforts for six months, from November 2021 to April 2022. A total of 10 sampling stations were selected along 5.63 km from the upstream to the downstream of the river. A sweep net was used for sampling at each station, and the net was swept for two minutes. Such sampling was replicated twice at each station. At the same time, collecting vegetation samples was done by taking the leaves, flowers, fruits, tree trunks, and roots. For species identification, collected specimens were taken to the Laboratory of the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). From this survey, a total of 111,622 individuals were recorded. This species has been observed on Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia caseolaris. The distribution and abundance of fireflies in the sampling area were undocumented prior to this study. This study is being conducted to understand Pteroptys tener’s distribution in Malaysia better and to add knowledge about the undocumented area of Kuala Sepetang. By adding an undocumented location for this species, this study can contribute to and expand the knowledge of the distribution and occurrence of fireflies in Malaysia, particularly in Perak.

Mapping of Mangrove Ecosystem In Segara Anakan Lagoon using Normalized Different Vegetation Index and Dominant Vegetation Index

Mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) Cilacap as a typical and specific semiclosed estuary. SAL is dominated by many species like as Rhizophora spp., Sonneratia spp., Bruguiera spp., Avicennia spp., and other species. The normalized different vegetation index (NDVI) and dominant vegetation index (DVI) are a suitable method to support the mapping analysis of mangrove structure and mangrove density. This research aimed to develop mapping of mangrove species distribution, density and dominated species using NDVI and DVI. The method of this research used NDVI analysis using satellite imagery 2017-2020 and domination vegetation with line and quadrat transect method. The results showed that West Segara Anakan had mangrove dense (25 %), moderate density (25 %), rare density (50%) and East Segara Anakan had mangrove dense (43,86 %), moderate density (47.99 %), rare density (8,24 %). Based on domination species showed that East Segara Anakan was dominated by Rhizophora stylosa (233-1633 trees ha-1), Rhizophora apiculata (100-1067 trees ha-1), Nypa frutican (50-2775 trees ha-1), whereas West Segara Anakan was dominated by Nypa frutican (565-2333 trees ha-1), Avicennia marina (198-933 trees ha-1), Sonneratia caseolaris (132-700 trees ha-1) and Avicennia alba (107-1000 trees ha-1). Keywords : Mangrove density, mapping analysis, Segara Anakan Lagoon, NDVI and NDWI

Some Abiotic and Biotic Factors Influencing Firefly Population Abundance in Southeast Asia: A Review

This paper reviews biotic and abiotic factors that influence the life cycle of fireflies. This review paper has screened and chosen articles by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) from two databases: Semantic Scholar (n = 1080) and Google Scholar (n = 2280). From this review, generally, abiotic factors, i.e., water level in soil, air temperature, air humidity, rainy season, altitude, water salinity (NaCl), wind direction, wind speed, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and maximum air pollution index (API) were most likely influenced the population abundance and distribution of the fireflies in Southeast Asia. Biotic factors include the presence of <i>Cyclotropis carinata</i> snails, vegetation health, tree suitability (leaf size, density, arrangement of leaves, tree location), insecticides (Saponins) in some vegetation species, plant structural architecture, and food (nectar and sap) were the most likely to influence the presence of fireflies species even though synchronous firefly of Southeast Asia were found in other vegetation species, <i>Sonneratia caseolaris</i> (Berembang) still the most preferred display tree. From this review, we also found that Malaysia has the highest reported findings on firefly studies in this region. To conclude, numerous abiotic and biotic elements should be researched further to determine their relationship to firefly populations and other vertebrate - invertebrates in their natural environment.

KARAKTERISASI SIFAT FISIK DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA TEPUNG BUAH PEDADA (Sonneratia caseolaris) DENGAN SUHU PENGERINGAN BERBEDA

Pedada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a commodity of the fisheries and marine sectors that is able to prevent abrasion and as a place to live for several marine biotas. The part of the pedada fruit can be used starting from the leaves, stems, skin, and fruit. The advantages obtained are that the fruit can be directly eaten and has a variety of nutritional content of vitamins and secondary metabolites. Pedada fruit flour is able to become the substitution for flour that has high nutritional value. The role of drying temperature can improve physical and chemical properties, as well as increase the nutritional content and secondary metabolites that affect the quality of products. The research aimed to find out the physical characterization and antioxidant activity of pedada fruit flour (Sonneratia caseolaris) with different drying temperatures. This research method used the different drying temperatures of 40oC (R1), 50oC (R2), and 60oC (R3) with three repetitions. The main parameters are the characterization of physical properties which include yield tests, Particle Size Index (PSI), colour, and antioxidant activity. The supporting parameters were proximate analyses. Data analysis used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 1 factor and Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed that the physical characteristics of pedada fruit flour produced yields ranging from 8.38±0.08 to 11.31±0.10 with a Particle Size Index (PSI) above 96% in all treatments and the best colour appearance was light olive-brown at 40oC temperature. The value of antioxidant activity varies between 15.49±0.03 to 71.63±0.01 which decreases with increasing drying temperature and has a proximate analysis that is suitable for use as a substitute for consumption according to SNI. The effect of drying temperature on pedada fruit flour (Sonneratia caseolaris) had a significant effect (p<0.05) on physical characteristics, antioxidant activity, and proximate analysis.

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF FLORAL AT MANGROVE FOREST IN PITAS SABAH MALAYSIA

The aim of the study was to determined and record mangrove species composition anddiversity at Pitas mangrove forest, Sabah. Mangroves forest occurs in waterlogged, saltysoils of sheltered tropical and subtropical shores. It usually found along the coastlinesthroughout the world, usually between 25º N longitude and 25º S latitude. This study wasconducted in Pitas district (N 06?43’, E 117?4’) which is located at the northern tip ofSabah, Malaysia. Whereas, Pitas district has an approximately 38,564 ha of the mangrovearea. In this study, the mangrove location covered an area ranges from Malawali island(N 07?2.023', E 117?16.883'), Tobo island (N 07?01.070', E 117?19.008'), Layak-layakisland (N 06?56.587', E 117?14.323'), Mapan-mapan (N 06?51.608', E 117?14.861'), andJambongan island (N 06?45.016', E 117?25.816'). The random sampling method wasdone with simple plots sizes of 20m x 20m to determine the species’ biodiversity,composition and structure. As a result, 13 mangrove species have been identified in allstudy locations namely known as Sonneratia caseolaris, Ceriops tagal, Bruguieragymnorhiza, Rhizophora mucronata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina,Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera cylindrica, Lumnitzera littorea,Pemphis acidula, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, and Scaevola taccada. The result showsthat the Shannon –Wiener biodiversity index (H’) at the island and disturbed mangroveareas is less diverse (H’ below than 1.5) compared to the undisturbed mainland areaswith (H’=1.95). Sonneratia caseolaris is the dominant mangrove species in the islandwith the highest value of Important Value Index (IVI) with 144.77% compared to allspecies in the study location. These areas show the importance of ecological aspectswithin the forest ecosystem. Therefore, the protection and conservation of this mangrovein this area is a necessity.Keywords: Mangrove, species composition, diversity, Important Value Index (IVI),island, mainland, disturbed, Pitas Sabah

Antioxidant Activity Test of Red Pidada Leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) using ABTS Method (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin)-6-sulfonicacid)

The Red Pidada (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) is one of the plants used in traditional ways, especially by Borneo's people, where the red Pidada leaves are used as a cool powder composition and applied to the face while doing activities under exposure to sunlight over a long time. Red Pidada extract has a very strong antioxidant activity of 21.62 ppm because it has secondary metabolite, which is a medicinal ingredients and have a strong molecular structure, and have various biological activities. Pidada redplant (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) is a mangrove that has antioxidant potential. Free radicals can cause cancer, heart disease, premature aging, and other degenerative diseases. The research objective was to determine the antioxidant activity of the Pidada red leaf extract and fraction.The research was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative test was carried out by the colour change test and the quantitative test using the ABTS method (2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl benzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) with a UV-Visspectrophotometer. Pidada redleaves were extracted and fractionated, namely ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction, and made inti various concentrations compared to vitamin C.The IC50 value determined the antioxidant activity. The results showed that the ethanol extract had an IC50 value of 1.32 ppm (very strong), n-hexanefraction of 19.89 ppm (very strong), ethylacetate fraction of 0.50 ppm (very strong), and ethanolfraction of 1.63 ppm (very strong).

Influence of Brewing Time and Temperature on Antioxidant Activity of Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) Fruit Peel Extract as a Potential Functional Drink

Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) are plants that live in the mangrove ecosystem. The fruit of the pedada plant is round, has stemmed tip, base is wrapped by petal, non-toxic and edible. The flesh of the pedada fruit is used as syrup, but the peel is considered as waste. On the other hand, pedada fruit peel contains antioxidant activity compound, such as phenol, tannin, and flavonoid. A way to process the pedada fruit skin into a functional drink is required so that it has economic value. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different brewing temperatures and duration on the antioxidant activity of pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) peels extract. The research method used was experimental with Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) as the experimental design. The factors used are temperature (70○C, 85○C, and 100○C) and time (5, 10, and 15 minutes) with 3 replications. The main parameter observed was the extract’s antioxidant activity. Supporting parameters observed were water content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of pedada fruit peel. Data analysis used was Two Way Analysis of Variance (Anova) and followed by Honest Significantly Difference (HSD) by 5%.The results showed that the increase in temperature and duration increased the antioxidant activity of the pedada fruit peel extract. The best treatment was obtained by 100○C treatment for 10 minutes which was not significantly different from 100○C treatment for 5 minutes and 85○C for 15 minutes. In addition, there was an increase in antioxidant activity of 12,10% from the best treatment compared to the control treatment.

Allelopathic Potential of Mangroves from the Red River Estuary against the Rice Weed Echinochloa crus-galli and Variation in Their Leaf Metabolome.

Mangroves are the only forests located at the sea–land interface in tropical and subtropical regions. They are key elements of tropical coastal ecosystems, providing numerous ecosystem services. Among them is the production of specialized metabolites by mangroves and their potential use in agriculture to limit weed growth in cultures. We explored the in vitro allelopathic potential of eight mangrove species’ aqueous leaf extracts (Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Sonneratia apetala, Sonneratia caseolaris, Aegiceras corniculatum, Lumnitzera racemosa and Rhizophora stylosa) on the germination and growth of Echinochloa crus-galli, a weed species associated with rice, Oryza sativa. Leaf methanolic extracts of mangrove species were also studied via UHPLC-ESI/qToF to compare their metabolite fingerprints. Our results highlight that A. corniculatum and S. apetala negatively affected E. crus-galli development with a stimulating effect or no effect on O. sativa. Phytochemical investigations of A. corniculatum allowed us to putatively annotate three flavonoids and two saponins. For S. apetala, three flavonoids, a tannin and two unusual sulfated ellagic acid derivatives were found. Some of these compounds are described for the first time in these species. Overall, A. corniculatum and S. apetala leaves are proposed as promising natural alternatives against E. crus-galli and should be further assessed under field conditions.

Anti-aging Activity, In Silico Modeling and Molecular Docking from Sonneratia Caseolaris

BACKGROUND: Anti-aging agents contribute to the prevention and control of skin photoaging. Antioxidant containing cosmetic has anti-aging therapy that can inhibit free radical formation. Sonneratia caseolaris leaf extract has robust antioxidant activity. AIM: This study aimed to determine the anti-aging activity in-silico and in-vitro. METHODS: In vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cation (ABTS+) radical scavenging and FRAP. Investigation of in-silico docking activity was done for ROS (3ZBF), collagenase (966C), hyaluronidase (1FCV) receptors. Metabolomics analysis were conducted through HR-LCMS on the extract Sonneratia caseolaris. To explore the use value of antiaging, we analyzed the molecular docking of metabolites profiling Sonneratia caseolaris. RESULTS: The result of metabolite profiling on the HR-LCMS from Sonneratia caseolaris extract are Luteolin, Betaine, and Choline. Molecular docking involves the exploration of protein or nucleotide, 3D structural modeling, and binding energy calculation. DPPH method showed IC50 28.214±0.809 ppm. The ABTS method showed IC50 1.528±0.042 ppm and FRAP is 345,125±4,196 mM/g sample. The compound luteolin had the Lowest binding energy scores with most of the target proteins: ROS (-8,3), collagenase (-11), and hyaluronidase (-6,8), according to molecular docking results. CONCLUSION: It concluded that the study indicates extract Sonneratia caseolaris has the potential to be developed as a new drug for antiaging.

Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, and In Silico Measurements of Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Fruits from Sundarbans, Bangladesh.

Sonneratia caseolaris is a widely distributed mangrove plant having much therapeutic importance in traditional medicine. This plant is reported for possessing numerous compounds that are already used for many therapeutic purposes. After finding the presence of antioxidant components in the qualitative antioxidative assay, we went to conduct quantitative tests where the total contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were estimated as 122 mg GAE/gm, 613 mg QE/gm, and 30 mg GAE/gm, respectively. In DPPH free radical, H2O2, and superoxide radical scavenging assay, the SC50 values were found to be 87, 66, and 192 μg/ml, respectively. In FeCl3 reducing power assay, the RC50 of SC extract and ascorbic acid were 80 and 28 μg/ml, respectively. This extract revealed a significant peripheral analgesic effect in the acetic acid-induced writhing model in mice by reducing the writhing impulse by about 21% and 39% at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses, respectively, and a central analgesic effect in the tail immersion method by elongating the time up to about 22% and 37% at the same doses. In the anti-inflammatory test in mice, this extract reduced the paw edema size over the observed period in a dose-dependent manner. It also showed a significant reduction in the elevated rectal temperature of mice in the observing period in Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia model. In silico analysis revealed better binding characteristics of ellagic acid and luteolin among other compounds with various receptors that might be responsible for antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. From our observation, we suppose that SC fruits might be a potential source of drug leads for various inflammatory disorders.

Study of pectin extraction from pedada fruit and kepok banana peel

This work represents a comprehensive analysis of pedada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) as a less desirable fruit, but valuable content such as pectin which obtained through extraction using microwave assisted extraction (MEA) method. Pectin is a water-soluble fiber widely used as a functional component in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The analysis focuses on the comparison profile of pectin from pedada fruit and Kepok banana peel. In addition, the effect of the concentration of the extracting solvent on the methoxyl levels of pectin was also evaluated using the chemometric method (partial least square (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA)). PLS was performed to determine the methoxyl content which plays a role in determining the pectin type. While PCA was to determine the pectin classification pattern based on the fruit supply location and the extracting solvent. The results showed that the PLS of extracted pectin of pedada fruit and Kepok bananas peels showed an R2 value of 1. This means that the pectin data model of each sample using the MAE method was in good classification. In addition, the PCA results show that the pectin extraction data plots are close together between samples in the quadrant, indicating the same characteristics and quality of pectin.

Comparative transcriptome analysis unveiling reactive oxygen species scavenging system of Sonneratia caseolaris under salinity stress.

Many mangrove forests have undergone major changes as a result of human activity and global climate change. Sonneratia caseolaris is a common tree located in inner mangroves, and its range extends inland along tidal creeks, as far as the influence of salinity extends. This study investigated the physiological and molecular response mechanisms of S. caseolaris by analyzing its antioxidant defense capacity, including its differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under similar salt stress conditions. Salt treatment significantly affected the osmoprotectants and lipid peroxidation in S. caseolaris seedlings, which increased proline (Pro) content by 31.01–54.90% during all sample periods and decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) content by 12.81 and 18.17% at 25 and 40 days under 3.0% NaCl treatment. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased significantly following 3.0% NaCl treatment. Transcriptome analysis following De novo assembly showed 26,498 matched unigenes. The results showed that 1,263 DEGs responded to transcription factors (TFs) and plant phytohormones and mediated oxidoreductase activity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the control vs. 3.0% NaCl comparison. In addition, the transcription levels of genes associated with auxin and ethylene signal transduction also changed. Under salt stress, ROS scavenging genes (POD, CAT, and APX) and part of AP2, MYB, NAC, C2C2, bHLH, and WRKY TFs were upregulated. This study identified important pathways and candidate genes involved in S. caseolaris salinity tolerance and provided suggestions for further research into the mechanisms of salt tolerance in S. caseolaris.

EVALUATION OF FOLIAR DISEASE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF MANGROVES IN UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

Mangroves are an important ecosystem because of their ecological roles and services, particularly in nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. However, habitats have declined over the year, mostly due to anthropogenic and natural threats. Mangrove plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungal invasion are poorly described. The status of diseased mangroves remained unknown, primarily in Malaysia. The current study evaluates the disease incidence and severity of mangrove trees in the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) campus. This study aimed to determine the dominant type of foliar disease in the UMT campus and identify the most affected mangrove species using Disease Incidence and Disease Severity approach. 30 leaves from each of five mangrove species; Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Avicennia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris were collected, observed and analysed for the Disease Incidence and Disease Severity. A total of six types of foliar diseases were observed, with leaf blight as the dominant, followed by brown leaf spot, insect graze, grey leaf spot, black leaf spot and anthracnose. Mangrove trees at Jalan Biawak have the highest percentage value of Disease Incidence and Disease Severity compared to mangroves at Pusat Islam UMT. Fungal invasion rate variation could be caused by factors such as temperature, humidity and mangrove species’ resilience toward fungal invasion. Therefore, further study needs to be done to understand this issue better.

Characterization of Dry Noddles with Additional of Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) Mangrove Flour as Alternative Food Resource

Pedada fruit has a nutritional content that can be used as a food source because it contains high carbohydrates, but this fruit is easily spoiled because of the water content, which reaches 79%. Therefore, apple mangrove processing into flour to increase added value, one of the product is ingredient of the dried noodles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional content and panelist preference of dry noodles with addition of mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) flour with various concentrations. The research method used was experimental with a completely randomized design (CRD) as an experimental design. The treatment used was the substitution of mangrove apple powder (Sonneratia caseolaris), which is P0 (0%), P1 (5%) P2 (10%), and P3 (15%). The main parameter observed was the fibre content of dry noodles. The supporting parameters observed were proximate and organoleptic of dry noodle products. Data analysis used One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by the further test of Least Significant Difference (LSD) 95%. The results showed that increasing the concentration of apple mangrove fruit flour (Sonneratia caseolaris) could increase the fiber content of dry noodles.

Chemical characteristics of juice of mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) added with sugar

Jambi Province possesses mangrove species that grow along the waters of the Kuala Tungkal area, West Tanjung Jabung Regency. One of the species is the mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris), locally known as pedada. The fruit of this plant has a fairly good nutritional content, such as 221.97 IU of vitamin A, 5.04 mg of vitamin B, 7.65 mg of vitamin B2, and 56.74 mg of vitamin C. Proximate analysis of mangrove apples reported that the fruit has 84.76% water content (NW), 8.4% ash content (GW), 4.82% fat (GW), 9.21% protein (GW), and 77.57% carbohydrate (GW). This study was carried out from May to July 2019, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. In addition, the researcher applied a two-way ANOVA statistical analysis. Furthermore, the treatments studied were coded P1 (150 g of mangrove apple + 0% sugar), P2 (150 g of mangrove apple + 60% sugar), P3 (150 g of mangrove apple + 70% sugar), P4 (200 g of mangrove apple + 0% sugar), P5 (200 g of mangrove apple + 60% sugar), and P6 (200 g of mangrove apple + 70% sugar). 200 g of mangrove apple added with 70% sugar produced the best result. Based on chemical testing, mangrove apple contained 10.83% carbohydrates, 2.04% protein, 1.01% fat, 13.76% water, 0.07% ash content, 0.77% fiber, 36.96% vitamin C, 29.66% total sugar, and 90.10% antioxidant activity. Based on chemical characteristics, the addition of sugar on the mangrove apple juice provides a positive result in which the best formula is 200 g of mangrove apple added with 70% sugar.

Arthropod Communities on Sonneratia caseolaris along Selangor River, Kampung Kuantan, Kuala Selangor, Malaysia

Sonneratia caseolaris commonly known as mangrove apple or Berembang in the Malay language, is a species of plant in the family Lythraceae. Area of S. caseolaris along Selangor River in Kampung Kuantan has become a natural habitat for a variety of arthropods. This study aimed to identify the species variations in arthropod communities at different selected stations along Selangor River at two different sampling times. Present study was conducted for six consecutive months (August 2010 until January 2011) at 19 selected stations along the Selangor River. Sampling was conducted once per day and night. Sweeping method by using sweep nets were used as the arthropod sampling method. Data analysis was done quantitatively to determine the composition of arthropod community. A total of 7,707 individual arthropods collected belonging to 10 different orders consisting of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera, Blattodea, Mantodea and Araneae. A total of 4,563 arthropod individuals were sampled at night, which was more than the daytime (3,144 individuals), with Station 17 recorded the highest arthropod individual out of the 19 sampling sites. During the night, the firefly, that belongs to the Lampyridae family showed the highest arthropod composition. The presence of arthropod biodiversity along the Selangor River reveals that the S. caseolaris area is important in maintaining a diverse community of fireflies and other arthropods for conservation purposes.