Sonic Waves Research Articles

El tiempo profundo de la infraestructura mediática

En este capítulo del libro Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures, repienso la historia urbana como la historia de las infraestructuras de comunicación. Mezclando la arqueología mediática y la arqueología propiamente dicha, considero a las ciudades como lugares de mediación sónica, a través de las ondas radiales y sonoras, y como sustratos para la inscripción. Asimismo, se esbozan enfoques historiográficos y metodológicos que pueden ayudarnos a pensar en las ciudades mediáticas, la historia urbana y la historia de las infraestructuras en su conjunto.

General perfect fluid perturbations of homogeneous and orthogonal locally rotationally symmetric class II cosmologies

First order perturbations of homogeneous and hypersurface orthogonal LRS (Locally Rotationally Symmetric) class II cosmologies with a cosmological constant are considered in the framework of the 1+1+2 covariant decomposition of spacetime. The perturbations, which are of perfect fluid type, include general scalar, vector and tensor modes and extend some previous works where vorticity perturbations were excluded. A harmonic decomposition is performed and the field equations are then reduced to a set of eight evolution equations for eight harmonic coefficients, representing perturbations in density, shear, vorticity and the Weyl tensor, in terms of which all other variables can be expressed algebraically. This system decouples into two sub-systems, one for five and one for three coefficients. As previously known, vorticity perturbations cannot be generated to any order in a barytopic perfect fluid. Hence the time development of existing first order vorticity perturbations are seen to be completely determined by the background. However, an already existing vorticity will act as source terms in the evolution equations for the other quantities. In the high frequency approximation the four independent Weyl tensor harmonics evolve as gravitational waves on the anisotropic background in the same manner as in the case without vorticity, whereas vorticity gives a first order disturbance of sonic waves.

Audio Legends: Investigating Sonic Interaction in an Augmented Reality Audio Game

Augmented Reality Audio Games (ARAG) enrich the physical world with virtual sounds to express their content and mechanics. Existing ARAG implementations have focused on exploring the surroundings and navigating to virtual sound sources as the main mode of interaction. This paper suggests that gestural activity with a handheld device can realize complex modes of sonic interaction in the augmented environment, resulting in an enhanced immersive game experience. The ARAG “Audio Legends” was designed and tested to evaluate the usability and immersion of a system featuring an exploration phase based on auditory navigation, as well as an action phase, in which players aim at virtual sonic targets and wave the device to hit them or hold the device to block them. The results of the experiment provide evidence that players are easily accustomed to auditory navigation and that gestural sonic interaction is perceived as difficult, yet this does not affect negatively the system’s usability and players’ immersion. Findings also include indications that elements, such as sound design, the synchronization of sound and gesture, the fidelity of audio augmentation, and environmental conditions, also affect significantly the game experience, whereas background factors, such as age, sex, and game or music experience, do not have any critical impact.

Intravascular lithotripsy for calcific coronary and peripheral artery stenoses.

Heavily calcified lesions may be difficult to dilate adequately with conventional balloons and stents, which causes frequent periprocedural complications and higher rates of target lesion revascularisation (TLR). High-pressure non-compliant balloon angioplasty may be of insufficient force to modify calcium and, even when successful, may be limited in its ability to modify the entire calcified lesion. Scoring and cutting balloons hold theoretical value but data to support their efficacy are lacking and, because of their high lesion crossing profile, they often fail to reach the target lesion. Rotational and orbital atherectomy target superficial calcium; however, deep calcium, which may still impact on vessel expansion and luminal gain, is not affected. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL), based on lithotripsy for renal calculi, is a new technology which uses sonic pressure waves to disrupt calcium with minimal impact to soft tissue. Energy is delivered via a balloon catheter, analogous to contemporary balloon catheters, with transmission through diluted ionic contrast in a semi-compliant balloon inflated at low pressure with sufficient diameter to achieve contact with the vessel wall. With coronary and peripheral balloons approved in Europe, peripheral balloons approved in the USA and multiple new trials beginning, we review the indications for these recently introduced devices, summarise the clinical outcomes of the available trials and describe the design of ongoing studies.

Ultrafast time-resolved structural changes of thin-film ferromagnetic metal heated with femtosecond optical pulses

As a classic ferromagnetic material, nickel has been an important research candidate used to study dynamics and interactions of electron, spin, and lattice degrees of freedom. In this study, we specifically chose a thick, 150 nm ferromagnetic nickel (111) single crystal rather than 10-20 nm thin crystals that are typically used in ultrafast studies, and we revealed both the ultrafast heating within the skin depth and the heat transfer from the surface (skin) layer to the bulk of the crystal. The lattice deformation after femtosecond laser excitation was investigated by means of 8.04 keV subpicosecond x-ray pulses, generated from a table-top laser-plasma based source. The temperature evolution of the electron, spin, and lattice was determined using a three temperature model. In addition to coherent phonon oscillations, the blast force and sonic waves, induced by the hot electron temperature gradient, were also observed by monitoring the lattice contractions during the first couple of picoseconds after laser irradiation. This study further revealed the tens of picoseconds time required for heating the hundred nanometer bulk of the Ni (111) single crystals.

Use of sonic waves in bubble formation, microhardness and fluoride release of a high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement.

High-viscosity glass-ionomer cements (HV-GIC) are indicated for restorations but their viscosity favors the inclusion of bubbles within it. This study aimed to evaluate the use of ultrasonic and sonic waves in bubble formation, microhardness and fluoride release in a HV-GIC, also considering a different powder:liquid ratio (P/L). Twenty-four molars with occlusal cavities were divided into four groups (N=6): CG, HV-GIC with manual insertion; UG, application of ultrasonic waves; SG, application of sonic waves; and FG, HV-GIC fluid (1:2 P/L) with manual insertion. After 24hours, bubbles and microhardness (50g/5s) were measured. Fluoride release (N=10) was evaluated in CG, SG and UG after cariogenic challenge for 11days. Microhardness, total area and number of bubbles, and fluoride release were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test. The average size of bubbles was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (α=5%). FG presented the lowest value of microhardness and higher average size for bubbles (P<.05). Differences concerning total number, total area occupied by bubbles and fluoride release were not found (P>.05). The use of sonic and ultrasonic waves had no influence on bubble formation, microhardness and fluoride release of a HV-GIC. Changing the P/L is not recommended.

Irovers: Real Time Unmanned Four Wheeled Iot Vehicles for Fire Monitoring and Extinguishing using Sonic Waves

The aim of the proposed system is to build an autonomous mobile robot system for measuring the various levels of air and noise pollution as well as the fire monitoring and in case of fire, this robot is used to extinguish the fire using SONIC WAVES. This is a IOT based robot which moves autonomously avoiding obstacles using the IR sensor. This robot is used for temperature monitoring for the analysis of the presence of fire. The data from the robot is sent and received using WIFI in IOT. This mobile robot is capable of avoiding obstacles using IR sensor thereby it can be easily introduced in places of fire accidents for the process of fire extinguishing. The fire detection are monitored by using the temperature sensor. These information from the sensor are sent to the PIC microcontroller and then using the wi-fi the information are sent to the cloud. The fire extinguishing process is carried out by the sonic fire extinguisher

Experimental investigation of rock-solvent interaction on the properties of carbonate reservoir rock

In recent years, chemical solvents have played an effective role in petroleum laboratory and field environments. In this study, calcite samples of an oil reservoir from southern Iran were washed to investigate the effect of chemical solvents on rock texture. Each sample underwent various tests for analysis: triaxial, P-wave velocity, Brazilian, point load, and SEM tests. The results of the triaxial test showed that toluene/methanol and chloroform/ethanol caused the greatest reduction in rock elastic modulus during the first washing stage, which means a reduction of the compressive strength of the rock matrix and of the cement in contact with the chemical solvent. Wave velocity measurement in unconfined mode indicated that all the sonic wave velocities in each sample decreased. Under confined state, this velocity was the highest for samples washed with the two solvents chloroform and toluene/methanol, which means excessive pore collapse and compression of rocks and signs of weakening of the cement. In the Brazilian test, the samples cleaned with toluene/methanol and chloroform showed the greatest reduction in the tensile strength of the rock. In the point load test, which quantitatively investigates the compressive strength of the rock, chloroform/ethanol, toluene/methanol, and dichloromethane/ethanol solvents caused the greatest weakening of rock compressive strength. All experiments showed that chemical solvents affect rock strength, but this ratio has a different effect on compressive or tensile strength for different solvents. In this study, it can be claimed that solvent polarity is a key factor in weakening the compressive strength of rock. Acidity and polarity also affect the tensile strength of rock.

Determination of formation shear attenuation from dipole sonic log data

ABSTRACT Formation S-wave attenuation, when combined with compressional attenuation, serves as a potential hydrocarbon indicator for seismic reservoir characterization. Sonic flexural wave measurements provide a direct means for obtaining the in situ S-wave attenuation at log scale. The key characteristic of the flexural wave is that it propagates at the formation shear slowness and experiences shear attenuation at low frequency. However, in a fast formation, the dipole log consists of refracted P- and S-waves in addition to the flexural wave. The refracted P-wave arrives early and can be removed from the dipole waveforms through time windowing. However, the refracted S-wave, which is often embedded in the flexural wave packet, is difficult to separate from the dipole waveforms. The additional energy loss associated with the refracted S-wave results in the estimated dipole attenuation being higher than the shear attenuation at low frequency. To address this issue, we have developed a new method for accurately determining the formation shear attenuation from the dipole sonic log data. The method uses a multifrequency inversion of the frequency-dependent flexural wave attenuation based on energy partitioning. We first developed our method using synthetic data. Application to field data results in a shear attenuation log that is consistent with lithologic interpretation of other available logs.

Utilization of Wave Attenuation in Time-Lapse Sonic Logging Data for the Monitoring of CO2 Migration Along the Well

This paper discusses seismic wave attenuation by injected CO2 in the formation. Many experimental results reported that there is amplitude attenuation by CO2 invasion, as well as the reduction of P-wave velocity. In the field observation, however, quantitative evaluation of amplitude attenuation had been limited. We studied P-wave amplitude in the time-lapse well logging at the Nagaoka site, and found attenuation and dispersion of the sonic wave field by the existence of CO2. The use amplitude in the analyses would provide more reliable evaluation of CO2 saturation.

Reliability of vibration based tests for masonry compactness evaluation in sensitive case studies

The reliability evaluation of vibration based (VB) tests in compactness evaluation of masonry bearing parts in sensitive case study as monuments and historic construction, is here proposed. The scientific aim is through a comparison between a lot of experimental data in situ relieved for different construction with different building age and level of conservation. In detail the investigation focuses on sonic device employed in direct and indirect way, whose use is very strategic in structural conservation. Final diagrams outline sonic wave trend in function of century, loads applied in investigated masonry structural part and in combination with similar non-destructive (ND) devices as the rebound hammer.

A machine learning approach to predict drilling rate using petrophysical and mud logging data

Predicting the drilling rate of penetration (ROP) is one approach to optimizing drilling performance. However, as ROP behavior is unique to specific geological conditions its application is not straightforward. Moreover, ROP is typically affected by various operational factors (e.g. bit type, weight-on-bit, rotation rate, etc.) as well as the geological characteristics of the rocks being penetrated. This makes ROP prediction an intricate and multi-faceted problem. Here we compare data mining methods with several machine learning algorithms to evaluate their accuracy and effectiveness in predicting ROP. The algorithms considered are: artificial neural networks (ANN) applying a multi-layer perceptron (MLP); ANN applying a radial basis function (RBF); support vector regression (SVR), and an hybrid MLP trained using a particle swarm optimization algorithm (MLP-PSO). Data preparation prior to executing the algorithms involves applying a Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing filter to remove noise from petrophysical well-logs and drilling data from the mud-logs. A genetic algorithm is applied to tune the machine learning algorithms by identifying and ranking the most influential input variables on ROP. This tuning routine identified and selected eight input variables which have the greatest impact on ROP. These are: weight on bit, bit rotational speed, pump flow rate, pump pressure, pore pressure, gamma ray, density log and sonic wave velocity. Results showed that the machine learning algorithms evaluated all predicted ROP accurately. Their performance was improved when applied to filtered data rather than raw well-log data. The MLP-PSO model as a hybrid ANN demonstrated superior accuracy and effectiveness compared to the other ROP-prediction algorithms evaluated, but its performance is rivalled by the SVR model.

Identifying metrics to predict annoyance due to Mach-cutoff flight ground signatures

Theoretically, Mach-cutoff flight under ideal atmospheric conditions could lead to boomless supersonic flight observed under the flight path on the ground. Such ideal atmospheric conditions refract the sonic boom waves upwards at the caustic line, so they do not reach the ground. This presentation describes the perception of the evanescent sound field below the flight path. The work investigates perceptual attributes and metrics related to these unique sounds. Annoyance and three other perceptual factors (“Thunderous,” “Rumbly,” and “Swooshing”) were analyzed through subjective testing using pair-wise comparison. Stimuli used were from recordings made during NASA’s “Farfield Investigation of No-boom Thresholds” (FaINT). Linear regression with principal component analysis indicated which perceptual factors contribute to annoyance, and stepwise regression identified candidate metrics for predicting annoyance. Traditional loudness metrics (i.e., weighted Sound Exposure Level) were analyzed alongside sonic-boom specific metrics (i.e., Perceived Loudness) and sound quality metrics (i.e., Sharpness). [Work supported by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration Office of Environment and Energy through ASCENT, the FAA Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and the Environment, Project 42 through FAA Award No. 13-C-AJFE-PSU under the supervision of Sandy Liu. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the FAA.]

Compensating elastic transmission losses for P‐wave attenuation estimation from sonic logs

ABSTRACTThe decay of seismic amplitude is caused by a variety of physical phenomena that can be divided broadly into elastic transmission losses (including geometrical spreading, interface transmission losses and scattering attenuation) and intrinsic attenuation, where wave energy is converted into heat due to viscous friction. The so‐called statistical averaging method is currently considered as the most advanced sonic wave attenuation estimation method, and there exist various implementations of this method. But the way elastic transmission losses – that mask the true intrinsic attenuation – are compensated for appears to be an issue and in some cases this correction has been overlooked. In this paper, we revisit the statistical averaging method for intrinsic attenuation estimation with particular focus on the role of elastic transmission losses. Through synthetic examples, we demonstrate the importance of compensating for elastic transmission losses even if the variation of velocity and density with depth is not notable. Our implementation of the method uses finite‐difference simulations thereby providing a versatile and accurate way to generate synthetic seismograms. We use a combination of elastic and viscoelastic finite‐difference simulations to demonstrate the significant error without accurate compensation of the elastic transmission losses. We apply our implementation of the method to sonic waveforms acquired in an exploration well from Browse basin, Australia. The resulting intrinsic attenuation estimates are indeed indicative of gas‐saturated zones identified from petrophysical analysis in which viscous friction are thought to be of importance.

Viscoelastic effects on asymmetric two‐dimensional vortex patterns in a strongly coupled dusty plasma

Strongly coupled dusty plasma medium is often described as a viscoelastic fluid that retains its memory. In a flowing dusty plasma medium, vortices of different sizes appear when the flow does not remain laminar. The vortices also merge to transfer energy between different scales. In the present work, we study the effect of viscoelasticity and compressibility over a localized vortex structure and multiple rotational vortices in a strongly coupled viscoelastic dusty plasma medium. In case of single rotating vortex flow, a transverse wave is generated from the localized vortex source and the evolution time of generated waves is found to be reduced due to finite viscoelasticity and compressibility of the medium. It is found that the viscoelasticity suppresses the dispersion of vorticity. In the presence of multiple vortices, we find, the vortex mergers get highly affected in the presence of memory effect of the fluid, and thus the dynamics of the medium gets completely altered compared to a non‐viscoelastic fluid. For a compressible fluid, viscoelasticity dampens the energy in the sonic waves generated in the medium. Thus a highly viscoelastic and compressible fluid, in some cases, behaves similarly to an incompressible viscoelastic fluid. The wave‐front like rings propagate in elliptical orbits keeping the footprint of the earlier position of the point‐vortex. The rings collide with each other even within the patch vortex region forming regions of high vorticity at the point of intersection and pass through each other.

Mikaşistlerin deformabilite, modül oranı ve anizotropik davranışlarının belirlenmesi; Burgaz baraj sahasından (İzmir-Türkiye) örnek bir çalışma

Base rock of the Burgaz dam in the eastern part of the city of İzmir consists of micaschists having different physical and mechanical properties due to weathering and fracturing. The first aim is to compute the amount of settlement and ultimate bearing capacity value of micaschist both in and beneath the cutoff zone by using the results of pressuremeter tests. In addition, data from in-situ and some laboratory tests, which were used in the establishment of the relations between elastic modulus of the micaschist rock mass (EM) and uniaxial compressive strength (σc), EM/Eintact ratios and RQD values. Comparison of in-situ and estimated rock mass deformation moduli by considering the RQD values was also performed. Pressuremeter tests indicate that for a dam with 115 m height and a base width of 58 m, the settlement will vary between 2.13 and 2.26 mm. The second aim of this work is to measure compression and shear wave velocities in order to obtain both the ratio of dynamic elastic modulus to Poisson′s ratio (E/v) dynamic and to compare (E/v)dynamic to (E/v)static. Test results reveal a positive linear relation of (E/v) dynamic =(E/v) static0.968. The sonic wave velocity of the micaschist is highly related to the testing direction. This study not only discusses the relationships between Estatic and sonic wave velocity (Vp) and Edynamic, but also the anisotropy effect arisen due to the schistosity planes with different orientations.

A Study of Improving Fuel Droplet Movement with Sonic Wave Radiation

A Study of Improving Fuel Droplet Movement with Sonic Wave Radiation

Petrophysical aspects of deep reservoirs in the Absheron and Baku Archipelagos

Many Geological exploration and Geophysical assessments have been conducted recently in Azerbaijan which based on Oil and gas perspective of deeper layers, scientific criterion have been prepared that can be basement for the future exploration. It was noted that main oil and gas deposits are related with South Caspian and Kura basin which exposed to intensive depression during the Mesozoic period. The quantity and numerical expression has not been reflected properly yet, despite the high perceptivity of the central part and deeper layers doesn’t create suspicion in explorers. It is known that exploration, production and assessment of potential of Oil and gas deposits highly depends on the information gathered about the petro-physical characterization of strata encountered in geological profile. In this point of view the process mentioned above should be carried out in the oil and gas regions of Absheron and Baku Arxipelaqo the Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits are spread widely. In the article different geological-geochemical and physical aspects which affect the gas and collector potentials of oil and gas-condensate deposits encountered in area have been researched. Carried investigations show that, in the Paleo-profiles created along the Kurdakhany-Shahdeniz anticline in the north-west side of the field the Pliocene -Anthropogenic deposits were accumulated in small thickness from 100m to 200 m. The thickness increases in Qum island structure to 3600 m, in Shahdeniz to 6000 m. In the edges of synclines the thickness of named deposits have higher numbers which is in north-west is 3000 m and in Shah deniz around 10000 m. So, without enough knowledge about the collector characteristics of the strata of the field the estimation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and the determination of concrete of production as well as change in exploration direction is impossible. Beside the geological-geophysical investigations carried in the field, the Lithological-petrographic and collector characteristics, for the determination of change in conformity along the field, the carbon contest, porosity, permeability, density, granular content and the velocity of the sonic waves of the above mentioned strata, specially lower parts of it have been investigated. Correspondingly the table has been prepared which reflects the collector characteristics of the field. Also the upper, middle and lower limits of physical characteristics of the field has been identified in the table. At the same time, the dependence of collector characteristics on each-other, on depth and on different physical aspects have been assessed. The research showed that the same named and the same age rocks physical property change at the result of geological- physical process and getting different prices. The collector properties of rocks of productive unit have been learned. The physical properties of rocks of productive unit have been shown in the table. The table and the graphs have been compiled, which showed the petrophysical parameters in the area in time and place and the regularity their spreading in the column of productive unit.

An Inverse Problem of Acoustic Flow

A one-dimensional mathematical model is suggested for nonstationary incompressible flow in a cylindrical tube under the action of a sonic wave propagating in it. Within the framework of this model, a problem of determining the acoustic energy density at the beginning of the tube from the given volumetric flow rate of the fluid in the tube is posed. This problem relates to the class of inverse problems associated with the restoration of the dependence of the right-hand sides of parabolic equations on time. A computational algorithm is proposed for solving the problem posed.

A Student and Postqualitative Inquiry Walk Into a Bar: Syncretistic Methodology and Practices of Becoming-Researcher

In this essay, I playfully engage the reflections of scholars pursuing postqualitative inquiry by presenting how I employed methodological syncretism as a practice of figuration. I show how I enacted a “groping experimentation” with postqualitative research in the leisure context of a brewery, combining the conventional humanistic qualitative method of ethnographic observation with the new materialist and posthumanist sensibilities of postqualitative inquiry. I share how I engaged my body to join in the affective sociomateriality of a drinking establishment, attending to the object materiality and performativity of beer as it sluiced its way through tap lines, synced up with the sonic waves of background music, and danced its way around the silicate of pint glasses before sliding down esophagi, into capillaries, and slipping between the cracks of conversation. Ruminating on this syncretistic practice, I grapple with the multiple subjectivities of the researcher-literature-field assemblage, the possibility of “observing” material actors, and the incommensurability of methodological syncretism. I speculate that (1) methodological syncretism, while ontologically and epistemologically unintelligible, may work as a strategy of researcher-becoming and (2) a fallibilistic attitude fosters freedom to play with methodological knowledge/practice, recognizing the possibility that such play might produce different ways of knowing, being, and doing (research).