Solving Task Research Articles

국어 교과 역량 측정도구 개발 및 타당화 연구

This study analyzed and developed a tool to measure the concepts and sub-factors of Korean language subject competency, as presented in the revised 2015 curriculum. To do so, previous studies were reviewed comprehensively, and preliminary items were developed based on the achievement standards presented in the curriculum and validated for content validity. Using the revised preliminary items (a total of 117 items), a pilot test was conducted with 162 middle school students in Seoul, and construct validity was verified through exploratory factor analysis. Based on the results, a total of 82 items were selected for the actual test, which was conducted with 507 middle school students. Confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling was conducted, resulting in the completion of the final measurement tool (a total of 71 items). The completed measurement tool consists of critical and creative thinking competencies (analysis, inference, creativity), data and information utilization competencies (task comprehension, data analysis and utilization, task solving and evaluation), communication competencies (understanding, expression, delivery, media communication capability), social and interpersonal relationship competencies (cooperation, respect, community understanding), cultural enjoyment competencies (cultural understanding, cultural acceptance, cultural creation), and self-reflection and development competencies (self-inspection, self-reflection, self-leadership). The tool demonstrated good validity and reliability.

The Digital Task Navigator as a Scaffold for Supporting Higher Education Students while Solving Tasks in Organic Chemistry

The Digital Task Navigator as a Scaffold for Supporting Higher Education Students while Solving Tasks in Organic Chemistry

Transnational constitutionalism – conflicts‐law constitutionalism – economic constitutionalism: the exemplary case of the European Union

AbstractTransnational constitutionalism is both a sociological given and a legal challenge. We observe the emergence of ever more legally framed transnational arrangements with ever more power and impact. Do such arrangements deserve to be called legitimate rule in Habermasian terms? Is it at all conceivable that the proprium of law can be defended against the rise of its informal competitors? This article opts for a third way that listens to neither the siren songs on law beyond the state nor to the defences of nation‐state constitutionalism as the monopolist of legitimate rule. The proposed alternative suggests that transnational legal ordering of the European Union should build on its reconceptualization as a ‘three‐dimensional conflicts law’ with a democracy‐enhancing potential. This reconceptualization operationalizes the ‘united in diversity’ motto of the Draft Constitutional Treaty of 2004, preserves the essential accomplishments of Europe's constitutional democracies, provides for co‐operative problem solving of transnational regulatory tasks, and retains supervisory powers over national and transnational arrangements of private governance.

Minecraft Game as a New Opportunity for Teaching Renewable Energy Topics

In today’s Public Education Sector, the need for creative education is becoming more and more prominent. An excellent method for achieving this is gamification, which provides an opportunity to activate and motivate students by playfully processing the desired knowledge material. Minecraft is a multi-platform video game that can be successfully used in gamified education. This game platform is used at one of the summer camps we announced for elementary and high school students (10–16 years old). The participants mastered the topics of renewable energy sources with the help of the Minecraft game. This study describes the methods used in the camp and presents the research results on the effectiveness of the camp. The students’ current level of knowledge was examined with a questionnaire about renewable energy sources, and the collaborative skills questionnaire was used to assess the collaboration characteristics, and the school creative climate questionnaire was used to explore specific features of the camp. The practical results of the camp and the research results proved that gamification, the use of Minecraft, was excellent for arousing students’ interest, increasing their motivation, and helping them master the knowledge materials, effective task solving, and cooperation (i.e., the camp was equally effective from the point of view of knowledge acquisition and collaboration).

The Work of a Mathematician As a Prefiguring of Mastering Mathematics by Students: The Role of Experiments

This paper considers an approach to mathematical education adequate to the task of developing mathematics and its applications in the 21th century. This approach is based on improving the efficiency of the educational process by maintaining the motivation of students of various categories. The basis for the formation of motivation is, on the one hand, independent design; invention of mathematical objects, methods of action, and models of the world around us; and the discovery of facts of mathematical reality and, on the other hand, solving of new, unexpected, and feasible tasks for the student. The student’s work is similar to the work of a mathematician–researcher and programmer. The possibilities of research work in educational mathematics are significantly expanded due to computer-based intramathematic experiments. Debugging a computer program is a special kind of mathematical experiment.

Assessment of Formation of the Doctor’s Priority Personality Orientation Towards Professional Accomplishments

Background. Numerous psychological traits may contribute to the success of a doctor's career, with the priority orientation of an individual towards qualitative and effective solving of professional tasks being among the most important factors.
 Purpose. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and to study the determinants of priority orientation of an individual towards qualitative and effective solving of professional tasks among internal medicine physicians of the Tver region.
 Materials and methods. This medical and social study was conducted as a selective single-stage study based on a set of methodological procedures and techniques related to sociological, psychodiagnostic and statistical methods. A representative sample (p < 0,05) included 597 internal medicine physicians working in medical organizations in the Tver region.
 Results. Authors assessed the incidence of the priority orientation towards qualitative and effective solving of professional tasks among internal medicine physicians in general and in certain gender and age groups. We identified 16 significant (p < 0,05) medical, social and psychological factors influencing the formation of this priority orientation of internal medicine physicians’ personality, as well as their significance.
 Conclusions
 1. The prevalence of the priority orientation was observed among 32,9% of internal medicine physicians in the Tver region. Statistical data showed that in men the indicators were significantly higher compared to women of all age.
 2. Medical and social factors of professional environment supported by psychological determinants of professional motivational and value plan greatly influence the shaping the priority orientation of an individual towards qualitative and effective solving of professional tasks among internal medicine physicians.

Forecasting methods of intelligent systems technical condition analysis

Modern information processing and control systems reached the level that makes it possible to use detailed information on device and human nervous system functioning. Using a cognitive psychological approach in intelligent systems development, allowed them to imitate human nervous system functions. The development of increasingly powerful intelligent information and control systems with learning and self-learning, including information and measuring systems, is expected as a result.
 They will have enhanced cognitive capabilities due to the stimulation of cognitive functions and processes responsible for perception, learning, thinking, and consciousness in the human nervous system.
 Development of this field allows to develop intelligent systems with thinking and behaviour analysis elements. Adding some creative possibilities, for example, related to automatic hypotheses and models creation and self-learning for new task solving, allows to improve the efficiency of intelligent systems.
 Due to this new approaches to the artificial brain and the artificial nervous system of robots development, which relate not only to artificial intelligence but also to its development in the form of an artificial mind.
 Thus, the main scientific and development task for models, methods, methodics, and algorithms for intelligent systems technical condition forecasting based on soft computing is important and relevant for science and practice.
 Intelligent technologies allowing to develop useful intelligent systems are continuously being improved. Currently, quite powerful tools for implementing the technology of expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural network systems, and multi-agent systems technology are used. They are rapidly improved by adding software packages and hardware tools.
 New technologies are being developed in the so-called neuromorphic systems field that models some brain structures and in the parallel computing and quantum computers field. These technologies aim to raise significantly the intelligence level of systems in the future.

Systems engineering of cybersecured digital and information measuring systems based on the signature Boolean-polynomial algebra synthesis apparatus

Development of DIMSCC models with cyber-controllability of their apparatus and software for computing function (operations) in real time becomes the primary task since the problem relevance of the cyber security of digital information and measuring systems of control complexes (DIMSCC) for critical infrastructure objects is increasing. Based on an analysis of known digital systems functional control methods new term «functional cyber-controllability of the digital informational and measuring system» was defined in the article. New approach to operational functional control of hardware redundancy is proposed. This is the synthesis of DIMSCC computing operations. Hardware redundancy is a synthesized control node chosen for functional control of various DIMSCC basic arithmetic and logical functions (operations) which should be reduced to simple procedure of corresponding switching functionally complete combinational structures from a finite set (standard set). Concerning this, the synthesis task is as follows. Only inputs and outputs of specified object are available for functional control of arithmetic and logical operations on binary operands under external hacker influence. Combination type functional control node structure (operational compositional adaptation) should be developed depending on the type of controlled computing operation being performed. The result of the synthesis task solving is a system of formulae determination (signature control equations) of the signature functional control of all DIMSCC basic arithmetic and logical functions (operations) on a single basis of a single equivalent representation of their known formulaic expression by corresponding (adequate) descriptions in infix notation (infix models). Apparatus of Boolean-polynomial algebra is used aiming to realize infix notation. The practical advantage of the proposed approach to the synthesis of hardware redundancy of operational functional signature control of computing operations is the transition possibility from signature control equations formulae to their realization implementation in the form of a signature control node directly without additional interpreting and minimizing procedures use by simple logical composition (switching) functionally complete combinational structures from a finite set (standard set).

Use of personal knowledge of 8-year-old students in creative solving of technical tasks

Arranging tasks at the level of device design is an important part of supporting children's mental development in technical education classes. Due to little interest in this area of education, there is little research on children's task-solving skills in device design (por. Furmanek, 2007, part 1). This paper presents the situation of solving, by 8-year-old pupils, a task involving the use of a turnstile mechanism to design a device that sends planes into the air. The investigation showed that pupils make strong use of familiar devices (e.g. lift, crane) in designing the device. Referring to the names of the devices, they easily communicate with each other, and when designing a common structure, they complete their ideas and evaluate their practicality. Group creation of a new device is creative and stimulates children's thinking.

RELAP5-CFX COUPLING MODULE: TESTING ON SIMPLE THERMOHYDRAULIC MODELS

The modern direction in the study of the safety of nuclear power plants is to ensure the maximum level of detail in process modeling with a satisfactory level of computational resources. One of the approaches of such task solving is the coupled use of special software with the required levels of detail, for example, systemic thermohydraulic codes with computational hydrodynamics codes.
 This article describes the developed coupling module between the system thermohydraulic code RELAP5/Mod. 3.2 and the CFX computational hydrodynamics code, using an external explicit interfacing scheme without overlap, in which CFX acts as the main code and RELAP5 as the secondary one. The development of this module is part of the work on integrated coupled modeling of severe accidents and makes it possible to model the defining processes and phenomena that occur during a severe accident within the reactor vessel using the CFD model, and the elements of the reactor unit using the RELAP5 model with an acceptable cost of resources and with a high level of detail. To check the coupling technology, the module was tested on simplified models containing serially connected RELAP5- and CFD-models of horizontal pipes, as well as on a closed loop. In view of the further use of the interface module on a full-fledged model of the VVER-1000, testing is performed for three main interface types: "input flow", "output flow" and their combination "input/output flow" on a closed loop. After completion of the testing, the accuracy and credibility of the results of the coupled calculations was evaluated by comparing them with the results of autonomous RELAP5 calculations. Results of the tests calculations support the possibility of using the RELAP5-CFX coupling module on more complex and large-scale RELAP5 and CFD models.

Approach to Formalizing Software Projects for Solving Design Automation and Project Management Tasks

GitHub and GitLab contain many project repositories. Each repository contains many design artifacts and specific project management features. Developers can automate the processes of design and project management with the approach proposed in this paper. We described the knowledge base model and diagnostic analytics method for the solving of design automation and project management tasks. This paper also presents examples of use cases for applying the proposed approach.

Originative Educational Protocols in the Post Pandemic Period in the Romanian Primary Schools

The pandemic period had let deep traces on the educational processes all over the world. Schools had to reevaluate their approach towards education in general, replacing methods and strategies with adaptable ones to this new situation. Now, in the post-pandemic times, there are new challenges that educational systems and families have to face. Due to social distancing, children have specific fears regarding group activities in the classrooms. Some of them refuse to completely get involved and participate in the daily routines, especially when the activities are built in an interactive manner. Considering these facts, we have created this article which contains a few original educational practices that are based on outdoor learning activities that are carried out in the outside areas, in order to promote healthy interactions between pupils. In the first part of the article, we present a few theoretical and conceptual bases of outdoor education, the way it is practiced in the primary schools from Romania and some of its advantages. In the second part, we are presenting some innovative good practices that are based on outdoor education and that are dedicated to primary school pupils. The main results of implementing these protocols in the practice show that children are more open to participate in the solving of common tasks, also they cooperate more and socialize, also developing transversal competencies.

A method of optimizing the structure of hierarchical distributed control systems

A description of the control system represented in the form of an oriented graph and a method for formalization of the problem of choosing a variant of the control system structure are proposed. The research results of hierarchical distributed control systems based on analytical and statistical models for evaluating performance indicators and optimizing their structure are presented. A model and a method for optimization control systems with a hierarchical structure have been developed which makes it possible to optimize a control system with an arbitrary structure based on the synthesis of a reference variant of a homogeneous hierarchical structure. In comparison with the known methods, the assumption of uniformity of the structure of the control system makes it possible to use an analytical solution when choosing a reference plan in accordance with the proposed criterion in the vector space “efficiency-cost”. The proposed optimization method is based on proofing the possibility to analytically investigate homogenous hierarchical distributed control systems and on establishing the dependency of the cost and time of task solving in the control system on the structure parameters. The method for optimizing the structure in hierarchical distributed control systems consists of two main stages. At the first stage, within the framework of the analytical model, the direct optimization problem is solved by minimizing the processing time with a cost constraint and the inverse optimization problem is solved by minimizing the cost with a processing time constraint. The result is the choice of the best reference plan for a homogeneous control system structure. At the second stage, based on simulation modeling, the problem of determining the “critical” areas (control points) that limit the effectiveness of the control system is solved. The found “critical” areas are subject to improvement by changing their structure and introducing new technical solutions that provide the specified performance indicators of the entire management system. A model of the hierarchical structure of the management system is given. The procedure for selecting the reference variant and the algorithm for modifying the structure of the control system are shown. An example of optimizing the structure of the control system is given according to the criterion of the required throughput. The example showed that the application of the proposed method allows choosing a variant of the structure of the control system that satisfies the selected criterion and the specified constraints. It is advisable to apply the proposed method at the early stages of designing distributed information control systems when choosing variants of their construction and substantiating requirements for the technical characteristics of structural elements.

Progressive Interpretation Synthesis: Interpreting Task Solving by Quantifying Previously Used and Unused Information.

A deep neural network is a good task solver, but it is difficult to make sense of its operation. People have different ideas about how to interpret its operation. We look at this problem from a new perspective where the interpretation of task solving is synthesized by quantifying how much and what previously unused information is exploited in addition to the information used to solve previous tasks. First, after learning several tasks, the network acquires several information partitions related to each task. We propose that the network then learns the minimal information partition that supplements previously learned information partitions to more accurately represent the input. This extra partition is associated with unconceptualized information that has not been used in previous tasks. We manage to identify what unconceptualized information is used and quantify the amount. To interpret how the network solves a new task, we quantify as meta-information how much information from each partition is extracted. We implement this framework with the variational information bottleneck technique. We test the framework with the MNIST and the CLEVR data set. The framework is shown to be able to compose information partitions and synthesize experience-dependent interpretation in the form of meta-information. This system progressively improves the resolution of interpretation upon new experience by converting a part of the unconceptualized information partition to a task-related partition. It can also provide a visual interpretation by imaging what is the part of previously unconceptualized information that is needed to solve a new task.

Podsticanje likovnog stvaralaštva učenika u zoni narednog razvoja

The goal of the study is to experimentally examine the possibility of encouraging artistic creativity in the zone of proximal development. Cooperation with the more competent person enables the pupils to solve more complex tasks more successfully than they would independently, thereby practicing those functions. This progress was monitored before and after the assignment of visual, verbal, and auditory levels of assistance during the solving of art tasks. The instrument used is an adapted version of the LV1 test. The participants were pupils in the sixth grade of elementary school in Trebinje. The results of the research indicated that the pupil showed improvement in all tasks and it was much easier to do the testing after the experimental program which was designed to monitor the zone of proximal development. These results are considered in the context of Vygotsky's theory. The paper discusses the theoretical and practical implications and possibilities of encouraging artistic creativity in the zone of proximal development.

The influence of mathematical modeling on the physical impact in soils

The behavior of soils in the foundations of buildings and structures, as well as in ground structures and massifs, is formed under the influence of force (surface and volume) and physical (temperature, humidity, etc.) influences. However, if mathematical modeling of force impacts in ground environments can be considered a completely solvable task today, then we consider such a statement premature in relation to physical impacts. The peculiarity of physical impacts is that they can be both the cause of forced deformations and the cause of changes in soil properties. The ground environment with creep properties, which is under both force and physical influences, is considered. The systems of equations of mechanics of a deformable solid for a triaxial stress state and a differential equation of thermal conductivity are used. Within the framework of the model of a linearly deformable continuous isotropic body, mathematical modeling of physical impacts in ground media with creep properties was performed. In a quasi-elastic formulation, a solution is obtained for an unlimited soil massif with a flat surface under the action of a plane -parallel heat flow. In the absence of force influences in a quasielastic medium for deformations from physical influences, we have the usual equations of elasticity theory. The solution obtained for an unlimited soil massif allows the calculation of stresses taking into account creep caused by temperature fluctuations on the surface in it.

Comparison of image palette trimming techniques for segmentation task

This paper offers a comparison of palette quantization techniques for image segmentation task, raster image vectorization optimization purpose. Image color spaces are reviewed. The elaborated methods are characterized, their strong side and weaknesses are pointed out, the application advisability of listed methods are analyzed. Image segmentation is a highly demanded task in lots of areas requiring application of advanced algorithms both for shape recognition and color processing. Color quantization continues to be a subject of active research. The latest research is aimed at optimizing existing algorithms and finding new methodologies. The significant progress in the field of digital technologies in cooperation with artificial intelligence technologies solves old problems and raises new ones. The trade-off between computational efficiency and segmentation accuracy is still a key challenge, especially in real-time applications. In addition, the adaptation of these methods to various fields, such as medical industry, video assistants in sports, analysis of space images, surveillance systems, creates challenges for future research. Purpose: research of color quantization methods, their efficiency and applicability for image segmentation tasks solving.

The specialized knowledge of middle school teachers concerning the concept of function

This study presents research focusing on in-service mathematics teachers and their approach to tasks aimed at developing of functional thinking. The analysis is based on the model of The Mathematics Teachers' Specialised Knowledge -- model MTSK by Carrillo et al. (2018). The research question is the following: What ``specialised knowledge'', in the sense of the MTSK framework, is revealed when a~middle school teachers solve and discuss the selected tasks? The research was conducted with 9 teachers, who voluntarily participated in the professional development. The teachers solved a~set of 30 tasks that were selected with a~focus on 4 aspects of the concept of function, different representations and transitions between them and different actions that learners engage in the task solving. In this study, we analysed the teachers' written solutions and the discussion with the teachers about a~particular task. Reflecting on their work as learners was very important in moving from dealing with the mathematics itself to shifting to developing their knowledge of mathematics teaching (KMT) and knowledge of features of learning mathematics (KFLM) in terms of the MTSK framework. The results helped us to identify gaps in teachers' specialised knowledge and consequently will help us to improve professional development courses for both in-service and pre-service teachers.

GENERAL PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF FORMING THE COGNITIVE INTEREST OF STUDENTS OF 5-6 GRADES IN STUDYING THE TECHNOLOGY OF PROCESSING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

The article discusses general pedagogical aspects of the formation of the cognitive interest of students of grades 5-6 in the study of construction materials processing technologies. It was determined that, accordingly, the educational technologies used in the process of teaching students of 5-6 grades the technology of processing construction materials should be oriented to different levels of validity, generalization, and abstractness of knowledge, should be aimed at the development of various types of project-technological activities of students with different main types thinking and with different focus of interests. It is noted that the main condition for the formation of cognitive activity is active independent solving of cognitive tasks by students. The role of cognitive skills in the process of mastering construction materials processing technologies in the 5th-6th grade is justified, which is of great importance, their formation is one of the important tasks of technological education, because on this basis the development and improvement of students' cognitive abilities, their competence, their individuality is revealed .

WORK WITH FORENSIC VERSIONS AS A METHOD OF LEGAL KNOWLEDGE

Researching the aspects of the forensic version as a method of legal knowledge is an urgent issue of improving the typical method of working with forensic versions regarding the identity of the criminal, the circumstances of the crime and the planning of investigative actions. Also, the methodological function and applied role of the version in highlighting and justifying the need for a logical-methodological approach to the investigation of the identity of the criminal and the circumstances of the crime need a deeper analysis. One of the promising areas of improvement and optimization of the process of disclosure, investigation and prevention of certain types of crimes is research and further development of the concept of standard versions. Thanks to their formation and application in criminal procedural knowledge, the solution of tasks related to the search for evidence in typical investigative situations becomes more active, the possibility arises in the construction of logical action programs for persons who carry out the investigation process. It is thanks to the construction of various investigative versions and their subsequent verification that factual data is established. The origins of the concept of version, the modern meaning of this term, types and classifications of versions, functions of versions, its importance for establishing the circumstances of the proceedings, etc. have been studied. The conclusions emphasize that the methodological core of the research of the forensic version should be through the analysis of its epistemological, logical and psychological aspects in unity. It is indicated that the further development of the theoretical foundations of the forensic version should be based on the sequential treatment of two interdependent problems, the discussion of which cannot be considered completed yet. The first of them includes issues of the epistemological status (cognitive nature) of the version and its relationship with the hypothesis. The second problem is related to determining the place of the doctrine of versions in the structure of the science of criminology and its functional role in the investigation of crimes. The current state and trends in the development of the science of criminology requires a separate study of the version as an independent element of its general theory. It is clear that the version is closely related to the planning of the investigation, precedes it and serves as its basis. But this does not mean that the version is an element of planning. A frankly weak link in the practice of proposing and verifying versions is the use of probabilistic mathematical methods, which would allow us to get qualitatively new opportunities for faster and more effective solving of complex mental tasks that arise during the detection and investigation of crimes. In the opinion of the author, the further study of the doctrine of the forensic version should have a complex interdisciplinary nature and be built on the interfaces and taking into account the data of various sciences – natural, technical and social – and, above all, philosophy, logic, psychology, informatics and criminologists.