Solvent Yield Research Articles

Investigations on the interaction mechanisms of hydrogen donor and non-hydrogen donor on hydrogenation behaviors of asphaltene

In the manuscript, the effects of temperature, H2/N2 atmosphere, ratio of hydrogen donor (HD)/non-hydrogen donor (NHDs) and non-hydrogen donor (NHDs) components on product distributions and hydrogen consumption during asphaltene hydrogenation process were investigated. Besides, the structure of asphaltenes were analyzed. The results showed that increasing temperature can significantly promote the dehydrogenation of THN. The oil-water yields in binary solvents were 16.21 % - 22.54 % lower than that in pure THN (48.20 %)，which may be due to the hydrogenation of NHDs components competing for active hydrogen with free radicals cracked by AS. In N2 atmosphere, the amount of hydrogen transfer from THN was higher than that in H2 atmosphere, and the presence of anthracene promoted the dehydrogenation of THN from 2.70 wt% in pure THN to 2.98 wt% in binary solvents, while the addition of phenanthrene and pyrene inhibited the dehydrogenation of THN. Anthracene and pyrene were susceptible to be hydrogenated to generate hydrogenated aromatics, while phenanthrene was more prone to ring-opening and isomerization reactions in N2 atmosphere, leading to opposite trends of oil-water yield in H2/N2 atmospheres. The H2/N2 atmospheres had a modest effect on oil-water yields in THN/1-MN mixtures, but CH4 yield (4.49 %) in N2 atmosphere were significantly higher than that (1.42 %) in H2 atmosphere, indicating that 1-MN facilitated hydrogen transfer from THN to naphthalene and CH4. The XPS results showed that in H2 atmosphere, C-O-C of asphaltenes was almost removed, and pyrene and 1-MN inhibited the cleavage of ether bond to some extent in N2 atmosphere.

DBU‐Promoted Solvent‐Free One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐1,4‐Dihydropyridines From β‐Enaminones, Aromatic Aldehydes and Malononitrile

AbstractThe synthesis of 2‐amino‐1,4‐dihydropyridines was accomplished starting from β‐enaminones, aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile with DBU and without solvent. The reaction proceeds through a Knoevenegel condensation, which affords the benzylidine olefin intermediate. This can directly react with β‐enaminone, leading to the desired product. Simple reaction conditions with no solvent and good yields are the advantages of this protocol.

Digital twinning, prediction and multi-objective optimization of an azeotrope system separation process in pharmaceutical manufacturing process

Digital twin is to make full use of the physical model, sensor update, operation history and other data to integrate multidisciplinary, multi-physical quantity, multi-scale and multi-probability simulation process, and to complete the full life cycle process of the corresponding physical equipment in the virtual space. In this paper, digital twin technology was used to simulate the production process of a pharmaceutical workshop, thus realizing solvent recovery by an azeotrope system separation process. The separation was optimized by multi-objective genetic algorithm. separation process, wherein the polynomial curve fitting and entropy-weighted TOPSIS data evaluation algorithms were combined to optimize the operating parameters, then the solvent purity and yield reach 99.96 % and 77.9 %, respectively, which is much higher than the corporate requirements. In addition, the effectiveness of the digital twin in providing data-driven prediction capability was verified by a CNN-LSTM-based regression prediction model, and the CNN-LSTM model has an accuracy of more than 98.9 % for all prediction results. Finally, a 3D visualization model was built using the Unity engine, enabling researchers to visualize and explore changes in key metrics during the separation process. This study can provide some guidance for digital transformation and intelligent development in pharmaceutical industry.

Optimization of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) Extraction Using Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation Method

Red ginger is a spice plant that has high economic and social value. One of the uses of red ginger is to process it into a product, namely essential oil. This study aims to determine the optimization of the extraction process conditions on solvent volume, time, and extraction power that can produce optimum yield and residual content of red ginger essential oil solvent. The extraction was carried out with the help of microwaves. The research method is experimental design and optimization process with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) type Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The results showed that the optimum yield was at 700 mL solvent volume, 1 min extraction time, and 10% power (69.9 watts) with the equation Y = 0.2076 + 0.0262A – 0.0300B – 0.0013C and the concentration conditions the optimum remaining solvent with the equation Y = 4.98 – 1.0000A + 4.56B + 5.44C. The optimal yield of red ginger essential oil was 0.205%, with a residual solvent content of 3.8%, specific gravity 0.885, acid number 1.399, refractive index 1.485. The results of the optimum residual solvent content of -6.023%. Based on the results obtained, the yield value with the help of microwaves is higher than that without the help of microwaves. Keywords: Essential oil, Microwave, Residual solvent content, Response surface methodology (RSM), Yield.

Less solvent solid state reaction method synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and the adsorption properties of their derived carbon materials

In recent years, a variety of nanomaterial synthesis methods have been used to explore the preparation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), are typically synthesized through high cost and environmentally unfriendly solvothermal methods, require a large amount of organic solvents, and have extremely low yields. Therefore, exploring scalable and environmentally friendly synthesis routes for ZIFs is crucial. The metal oxide and 2-methylimidazole are completely converted into submicron size ZIFs in stoichiometric ratio via less solvent solid state reaction (LSR) method. The ZIFs synthesized by LSR method have good crystallinity, large specific surface area, and the use of tiny solvent amount can achieve a yield of nearly 100%, which solves the problems of low yield and serious waste of solvent in the synthesis of ZIFs by traditional methods. Additionally, the fabricated ZIFs derived materials through high-temperature pyrolysis have high specific surface area, nitrogen rich content, and excellent chemical stability, being favorable for promoting the adsorption of organic dyes. The adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 derived materials fabricated by the LSR method for organic dyes is significantly better than that of ZIF-67 and bimetallic ZIFs (BZIFs) derived materials. Compared with the traditional method, the LSR method is a green and scalable manner to synthesize submicron ZIFs materials, paving the way for the preparation of various ZIFs with different metal centers, and also providing a new strategy for the commercial production of ZIFs derived materials widely used in the environment protection.

Supercritical enhanced atomization induced particle entrapment for continuous production of injectable micro and nano-suspensions

The production of micro- and nanosized dry powder formulations of pharmaceutical drugs by spraying methods with high yields and desired rheological characteristics is typically challenging from laboratory up to commercial scales. In this work, supercritical CO2 was used in a supercritical enhanced atomization (SEA) process as a bottom-up method to create micro- and nanoparticles, with an enhanced control over their physicochemical properties, to produce injectable aqueous suspensions of itraconazole (ITZ). The existing drying chamber design was optimized to significantly improve the SEA process product yield. Additionally, a novel set-up was integrated for the continuous production of ITZ particles directly collected in an aqueous stabilizer media by the supercritical enhanced atomization-induced particle entrapment into suspension (SEA-PES) process. To evaluate the influence of various SEA-PES processing parameters on the particle size, morphology, residual solvent, and particle collection yield of each experimental run utilising the in-house built continuous set-up, a solvent screening study followed by a design of experiments (DoE) was carried out. Based on the given output parameters, tetrahydrofuran (THF) was selected as the optimum solvent for ITZ. The best excipient/s for stabilising ITZ micro- and nanoparticles in suspension, respectively, have previously been discovered to be vitamin E TPGS (0.5% w/w) in combination with PVP K30 (0.5% w/w). Using both the SEA and SEA-PES methods, homogeneous ITZ micro- and nanosuspensions (solid content of 200 mg/g) with D50 0.23 ± 0.06 μm and 3.5 ± 0.2 μm were produced, respectively. These suspensions were stable and resuspendable after 365 days of storage at 25 °C. Finally, utilising a newly developed discriminatory dissolution method, the in vitro release characteristics of ITZ micro- and nanosuspensions were evaluated. There was no significant difference between the SEA and SEA-PES methods to generate the drug micro- and nanosuspensions, according to both solid-state and in vitro release profiles analysis. This work provides proof of concept for establishing a cost-effective experimental platform for the continuous production of injectable micro-and nanosuspensions of ITZ.

Optimization of extraction and lyophilization conditions of Feretia apodanthera (Rubiaceae) leaf powders for galenic formulation

Feretia apodanthera (Rubiaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various pathologies. Its leaves are chewed and swallowed to treat stomach aches, sleep disorders, etc. With the aim of improving the extraction method in order to obtain high contents of phytochemical compounds and good antioxidant activity, this study aimed to highlight the extraction and lyophilization conditions of two extracts (aqueous and hydro-ethanolic) leaves of Feretia apodanthera.
 An aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extraction was carried out from the leaf powder of Feretia apodanthera, after a maceration plan (mass/volume ratio and extraction time). The extracts obtained were freeze-dried (flask size, filling volume and freeze-drying time) in order to determine the optimal extraction conditions. A phytochemical screening of the extracts with extreme yields of different solvents was carried out by TLC, which led to the determination of certains compounds of interest and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP method.
 The optimal maceration conditions were 02 hours and m/V ratio of 1/20 for the aqueous extract and those of the ethanolic extract were 30 min and m/V ratio of 1/20. The optimal freeze-drying conditions were 60h and a 500ml flask 1/3 filled. The presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponosides, coumarins, triterpenes and sterols has been highlighted. The phenolics compounds contents of hydro-ethanolic lyophilisates were higher than those of aqueous lyophilisates. There was no statistical difference between the antioxidant activity of the different extracts.
 The optimal conditions will serve as a standard for the production of the extract necessary for the formulation.
 Keywords : Feretia apodanthera, extraction, freeze-drying, phenolics compounds, antioxidant.

A comprehensive LCMS/MS characterization for the green extracted cucurbitane-triterpenoid glycosides from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fruit

A first-time green extraction and LCMSMS analysis for karavilosides (KVs) VIII, X, and XI in different parts (skin, pith, and seed) of the fresh and dried fruit of bitter melon (BM) is reported herein. Ultrasonication for green extraction whereas, LCMS/MS for KVs quantification were used. More extract yield (675.80 ± 163.57 mg/g) was observed for the dried fruit parts compared to the fresh BM-fruit parts (513.20 ± 75.42 mg/g). The fresh skin (343.40 ± 54.07 mg/4g) and dried seeds (311.80 and 77.95 ± 38.98) exhibited more yield whereas, the solvent yield (mg/4mg) observed was; H2O (651.70) > EtOH (227.20) > EtAC (163.30) > ACT (146.80). The LCMS/MS yield for the KVs revealed a descending order; KVXI (2376.44 ppb) > KVX (639.17 ppb) > KVVIII (599.83 ppb). More correlation was seen for the solvent Vs extract yield whereas, the KVs revealed more correlation for the BM-fruit part (P = 0.05). The study comprehensively characterized the parts of fresh and dried BM-fruits in terms of extract yield and KVs amount.

DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT (RELINE) AS CATALYTIC SYSTEM IN SYNTHESIS OF SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM GLUCOSE AND DIFFERENT AMINES

In this work, seven new Schiff bases were obtained in two ways. In method (A), an equimolecular aqueous solution of glucose and an alcoholic solution of amine were refluxed for three hours, and in method (B), a deep eutectic solvent (Reline), prepared from one mole of choline chloride and two moles of urea,was used as catalyst. The reaction yield percentage in the traditional method (A) was found to be 60-79%, and in the catalytic method (Method B) using a deep eutectic solvent (Reline) yield percentage was 88-95%. The deep eutectic solvent catalytic system (Reline) is an environmentally friendly solution with the triple benefit of increased percentage yield, elimination of solvent, and faster reaction time by reducing reflux time by up to three times (i.e., just one hour).

Finger millet starch extraction: Comparative analysis of solvent efficiency, yield, and colour attributes

Finger millet starch extraction: Comparative analysis of solvent efficiency, yield, and colour attributes

Investigation of Swelling Properties and Liquefaction of Solid Fuels

In this study, the effect of various parameters on the swelling of Edirne Uzunköprü, Edirne Keşan Çanakkale Yeniçirpılar and Bursa Mustafa Kemal Paşa lignites was investigated. In the first part of the study, swelling processes were applied to the lignites. Swelling measurements were made in closed glass tubes using 10 different solvents. Swelling ratios of lignite samples treated with solvents were determined and the dependence of these ratios on the properties of the solvent was examined. In the second part, the original lignite samples, swollen with various solvents, were subjected to soxhlet extraction with THF and the liquid product yields obtained from each sample were determined. Then, the same samples were extracted with toluene under supercritical conditions, and the effects of temperature, pressure, and pre-expansion on the extract yield were investigated. Extract yields of lignite samples swollen with solvents such as THF, TBAH, DMSO, DMF, and EDA were found to be higher than those of other solvents. The common features of these solvents are that they have atoms containing unpaired electrons such as N, O, etc. In addition, it was thought that the high extract yields of solvents with a large and positive difference in the number of donors and acceptors may be related to the breaking of the cross-links in the lignites by the solvent.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCE TECHNIQUES FOR PLANT EXTRACTION AND EFFECT ON THE EXTRACT YIELD: REVIEW

Medicinal plants are bringing so much attention from the researchers, nutritionists and consumers due to their potent nutritional value and ethno-medicinal properties. Extraction plays a critical role to study the medicinal properties of plants, herbs and spices. The present review was conducted to elaborate the advance method of extraction with small use of solvent and better yields of extract in short time duration. Nowadays purity is a major concern for the researcher to evaluate effective analysis. To obtain the phytochemicals from the plant majorly depends on the extraction procedure. Inappropriate extraction may cause loss in quantitative phyto-components. Advance methods like MAE, ASE, SPE and UAE are studied on compare with conventional methods on the basis of yield, efficacy and purity of extracts. In this review article, commonly used extraction techniques discussed based on their strength to obtain high yields and better purity of extract to assess the economical attainability of the methods and further used for chemical, biological and pharmaceutical analysis.

Cold Plasma-Assisted Extraction of Phytochemicals: A Review.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in bioactive plant compounds for their beneficial effects on health and for their potential in reducing the risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The extraction techniques conventionally used to obtain these phytocompounds, however, due to the use of toxic solvents and high temperatures, tend to be supplanted by innovative and unconventional techniques, in line with the demand for environmental and economic sustainability of new chemical processes. Among non-thermal technologies, cold plasma (CP), which has been successfully used for some years in the food industry as a treatment to improve food shelf life, seems to be one of the most promising solutions in green extraction processes. CP is characterized by its low environmental impact, low cost, and better extraction yield of phytochemicals, saving time, energy, and solvents compared with other classical extraction processes. In light of these considerations, this review aims to provide an overview of the potential and critical issues related to the use of CP in the extraction of phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols and essential oils. To review the current knowledge status and future insights of CP in this sector, a bibliometric study, providing quantitative information on the research activity based on the available published scientific literature, was carried out by the VOSviewer software (v. 1.6.18). Scientometric analysis has seen an increase in scientific studies over the past two years, underlining the growing interest of the scientific community in this natural substance extraction technique. The literature studies analyzed have shown that, in general, the use of CP was able to increase the yield of essential oil and polyphenols. Furthermore, the composition of the phytoextract obtained with CP would appear to be influenced by process parameters such as intensity (power and voltage), treatment time, and the working gas used. In general, the studies analyzed showed that the best yields in terms of total polyphenols and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the phytoextracts were obtained using mild process conditions and nitrogen as the working gas. The use of CP as a non-conventional extraction technique is very recent, and further studies are needed to better understand the optimal process conditions to be adopted, and above all, in-depth studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of plasma-plant matrix interaction to verify the possibility of any side reactions that could generate, in a highly oxidative environment, potentially hazardous substances, which would limit the exploitation of this technique at the industrial level.

Green Synthesis of New Xanthene-based Azo Dyes Using CuI-graphene Nanocomposite and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

A number of bioactive azo dyes based on xanthene moiety were synthesized through an eco-friendly route using CuI-graphene nanocomposite as a sustainable reusable catalyst in ethanol aqueous solution at room temperature. The procedure involved the reaction of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)aniline with pre-synthesized (E)-1,2-diphenyl-1-diazene in 2: 1 molar ratio. The use of water as a green and nonvolatile solvent, energy-saving, and high yields of products within a short reaction time increase the economic and environmental superiority of the current protocol. Some of the synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Good results were obtained in both cases of antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Highlights The present study provides new insight into the application of CuI-graphene nanocomposite as a sustainable reusable catalyst for the preparation of some new xanthene-based azo dyes. It was established that several of the synthesized compounds show good antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Due to the best of our knowledge of these previously known compounds, this study is the first report of their promising antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Using water as a green and nonvolatile solvent, energy-saving, and high yields of products within a short reaction time increases the economic and environmental superiority of the current protocol.

Water Influence on the Physico-Chemical Properties and 3D Printability of Choline Acrylate-Bacterial Cellulose Inks.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of water as a co-solvent on the interaction between a polymerizable ionic liquid-choline acrylate (ChA)-and bacterial cellulose. Bacterial cellulose dispersed in ChA is a new type of UV-curable biopolymer-based ink that is a prospective material for the 3D printing of green composite ion-gels. Higher cellulose content in inks is beneficial for the ecological and mechanical properties of materials, and leads to increased viscosity and the yield stress of such systems and hampers printability. It was found that the addition of water results in (1) a decrease in the solvent viscosity and yield stress; and (2) a decrease in the stability of dispersion toward phase separation under stress. In this work, an optimal composition in the range of 30-40 wt% water content demonstrating 97-160 Pa of yield stress was found that ensures the printability and stability of inks. The rheological properties of inks and mechanical characteristics (0.7-0.8 MPa strength and 1.1-1.2 MPa Young's modulus) were obtained. The mechanism of influence of the ratio ChA/water on the properties of ink was revealed with atomic force microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies of bacterial cellulose after regeneration from solvent, and computer simulation of ChA/water mixtures and their interaction with the cellulose surface.

A Systematic Study on the Effects of Solvating Solvents and Additives in Localized High‐Concentration Electrolytes over Electrochemical Performance of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractLocalized high‐concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) based on five different types of solvents were systematically studied and compared in lithium (Li)‐ion batteries (LIBs). The unique solvation structure of LHCEs promotes the participation of Li salt in forming solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphite (Gr) anode, which enables solvents previously considered incompatible with Gr to achieve reversible lithiation/delithiation. However, the long cyclability of LIBs is still subject to the intrinsic properties of the solvent species in LHCEs. Such issue can be readily resolved by introducing a small amount of additive into LHCEs. The synergetic decompositions of Li salt, solvating solvent and additive yield effective SEIs and cathode electrolyte interphases (CEIs) in most of the studied LHCEs. This study reveals that both the structure and the composition of solvation sheaths in LHCEs have significant effect on SEI and CEI, and consequently, the cycle life of energetically dense LIBs.

A Systematic Study on the Effects of Solvating Solvents and Additives in Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes over Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) based on five different types of solvents were systematically studied and compared in lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LIBs). The unique solvation structure of LHCEs promotes the participation of Li salt in forming solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphite (Gr) anode, which enables solvents previously considered incompatible with Gr to achieve reversible lithiation/delithiation. However, the long cyclability of LIBs is still subject to the intrinsic properties of the solvent species in LHCEs. Such issue can be readily resolved by introducing a small amount of additive into LHCEs. The synergetic decompositions of Li salt, solvating solvent and additive yield effective SEIs and cathode electrolyte interphases (CEIs) in most of the studied LHCEs. This study reveals that both the structure and the composition of solvation sheaths in LHCEs have significant effect on SEI and CEI, and consequently, the cycle life of energetically dense LIBs.

An Overview of the Role of Membrane Proteins in Microbial Solvents Tolerance.

Solvent tolerance is a desired feature of microorganisms for their application in biotechnology. Organic solvent-tolerant microorganisms are able to thrive in the presence of organic solvents. Several mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate their intrinsic tolerance to organic solvents. The present review aims to summarize the state of the art of the roles of membrane proteins in microbial organic solvent tolerance. Strategies and challenges for improving the protective function of membrane proteins in organic solvent stress are also proposed. Membrane proteins related to transporter, signal transduction, and material and energy metabolism are involved in solvent tolerance. Optimization of the expression level of membrane proteins and engineering of membrane proteins are utilized to tackle the toxicity caused by organic solvents. Membrane proteins occupy a strikingly important position in microbial solvent tolerance. Further research on novel methods in membrane proteins, trade-offs among overexpression and toxicity of membrane proteins and solvent yield, and a direct relationship between signaling pathways and solvent tolerance will advance the utilization of organic solvent-tolerant microorganisms in biotechnology.

An efficient and sustainable synthesis of morpholino-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylates using recyclable SeO2/HAp catalyst

• Excellent yields (95 to 98%) in short reaction times (less than10 min). • Superb reusable (8 times) catalyst 2.5 %SeO 2 /HAp. • Synthesis of novel morpholino-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylates analogues. • One-pot/four-component green solvent (ethanol) protocol. • Easy recovery catalyst and cost effective reagents. A novel, facile, incredibly stable, and environmentally benign Selenia-loaded hydroxyapatite (SeO 2 /HAp) catalysts have effectively synthesized. The catalyst material is characterized by different spectroscopic analyses like BET, TEM, SEM, P-XRD, and SEM-EDS. The nanomaterial catalytic activity was used to synthesize morpholino-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylates under mild reaction conditions. This greener approach exhibits several advantages: simplicity, low-cost, eco-friendly, simple work-up procedure, short reaction time (less than 10 min), minimizing wastes, greener safe solvent, simple purification, and excellent product yields (95–98%). Notably, the material could be detached from the reaction mixture using simple filtration and recycled for several periods without activity loss.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF LEILEM (Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.) ON GROWTH GRAM - POSITIVE BACTERIA Staphylococcus aureus strains ATCC 25923

Leaf leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae Teism. & Binn.) commonly used by the Minahasa as food and traditional medicine for treating intestinal worms, abdominal pain, and pain in the chest. Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strain is a type of bacteria that is found in humans and can be the cause of the emergence of the disease. This research aims to know the types of solvents are most effective and how the antibacterial activity of extracts of leaves of leilem on the growth of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus strains ATCC 25923. The solvent used is ethanol is polar, ethyl acetate which is semi polar, and n-heksan which is non polar. Preliminary research has been conducted on konsenterasi extract with 100 ppm 200 ppm 400 ppm and 800 ppm, the antibacterial activity of the most optimal at 800 ppm so the data will be used for the analysis in this study was konsenterasi 800 ppm. Deuteronomy was done by as much as 3 times. Positive control using antibiotics clindamicyn 400 ppm and negative controls using aquades and 10% DMSO. Isolation of bacteria using scratch in zig-zag and to test the antibacterial activity of using diffusion well in order. Results of the study showed that the percentage yield of solvent is ethanol that is 1,2329% in maceration 1:4. Drag the diameter of most bacteria are grown on ethyl acetate extract polar spring with a grade average of 12.6 mm. Based on the analysis of OneWay ANOVA showed different results for real then followed by Tukey test, to see that these three types of different extract significantly in inhibiting the growth of gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus strains ATCC 25923. In conclusion, namely the first ethanol is a solvent that is most effective in dissolving the leaves leilem, both of the antibacterial activity in sequence from the most minor to the most massive is the n-heksan (non-polar), ethanol (polar), and ethyl acetate (semi polar). The third conclusion in the optimum konsenterasi 800 ppm, extract n-heksan n-heksan (non-polar), ethanol (polar), and ethyl acetate (semi polar) showed antibacterial activity significantly different.