Tetrahydrofuran Solvent Research Articles

Multicompartment Self-assemblies of Triblock Copolymer for Drug Delivery

Novel multicompartment self-assemblies of triblock copolymer polystyrene–polyisoprene–poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-PI-P2VP) for drug delivery are demonstrated. The triblock copolymer assemblies in dilute solutions in a common solvent (tetrahydrofuran) undergo transformations from core-shell-corona micelles to multicompartment micelles by adding P2VP-selective solvent (water). The effects of water content and pH on the assembled structures were systematically investigated. Multicompartment micelles are also obtained by adding a surfactant, 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid, into the solution. Such multicompartment self-assemblies are used as carriers for encapsulation and release of an anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The drug loading content and drug loading efficiency of DOX were evaluated. The DOX release experiments were performed at 37°C under pH 5.5 and pH 7.4. The DOX release rate was improved as pH decreased from pH 7.4 to 5.0, with 45.6% release of DOX in 32 h.

A Computational Comparison of Ether and Ester Electrolyte Stability on a Ca Metal Anode

Ca-ion batteries (CIBs) have the potential to provide inexpensive energy storage, but their realization is impeded by the lack of suitable electrolytes. Motivated by recent experimental progress, we perform ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to investigate early decomposition reactions at the anode-electrolyte interface. By examining different combinations of solvent—tetrahydrofuran (THF) or ethylene carbonate (EC)—and salt—Ca(BH 4 ) 2 , Ca(BF 4 ) 2 , Ca(BCl 4 ) 2 , and Ca(ClO 4 ) 2 —we identify a variety of behavioral trends between electrolyte solutions. Next, we perform a separate trajectory with pure THF and gradually increased negative charge; despite an addition of -32 e , no THF decomposition is detected. Charge analysis reveals that in a reductive environment, THF distributes excess charge evenly across its hydrocarbon backbone, while EC concentrates charge on its ester oxygens and carbonyl carbon, resulting in decomposition. Graphs of charge vs. time for both solvents reveal that EC decomposition products can be reduced by up to five electrons, while those of THF are limited to a single electron. Ultimately, we find Ca(BH 4 ) 2 and THF to be the most stable solution investigated herein, corroborating experimental evidence of its suitability as a CIB electrolyte.

A Simultaneous Conversion and Extraction of Furfural from Pentose in Dilute Acid Hydrolysate of Quercus mongolica Using an Aqueous Biphasic System

This study optimizes furfural production from pentose released in the liquid hydrolysate of hardwood using an aqueous biphasic system. Dilute acid pretreatment with 4% sulfuric acid was conducted to extract pentose from liquid Quercus mongolica hydrolysate. To produce furfural from xylose, a xylose standard solution with the same acid concentration of the liquid hydrolysate and extracting solvent (tetrahydrofuran) were applied to the aqueous biphasic system. A response surface methodology was adopted to optimize furfural production in the aqueous biphasic system. A maximum furfural yield of 72.39% was achieved at optimal conditions as per the RSM; a reaction temperature of 170 °C, reaction time of 120 min, and a xylose concentration of 10 g/L. Tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and dimethyl sulfoxide were evaluated to understand the effects of the solvent on furfural production. Tetrahydrofuran generated the highest furfural yield, while DMSO gave the lowest yield. A furfural yield of 68.20% from pentose was achieved in the liquid hydrolysate of Quercus mongolica under optimal conditions using tetrahydrofuran as the extracting solvent. The aqueous and tetrahydrofuran fractions were separated from the aqueous biphasic solvent by salting out using sodium chloride, and 94.63% of the furfural produced was drawn out through two extractions using tetrahydrofuran.

Preparation techniques of thin cyanoacrylate adhesive films for interface analysis

ABSTRACT For understanding the interactions between adhesives and different surfaces, the in-situ characterization of the interface is essential. Especially for highly reactive cyanoacrylates, better known as super glues, the adhesion mechanism is poorly understood because, among other things, the characterization of the interface is difficult. The aim of this work is to evaluate methods to produce nm-thin, homogeneous films of cyanoacrylate to enable spectroscopic analysis of the interface in the future. Two deposition techniques, thermal evaporation and spin coating, of ethyl-cyanoacrylate, are compared. Thickness and composition of the cured films are investigated by atomic force microscopy, laser scanning microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermal evaporation in ultra-high vacuum leads to cluster-like depositions and is therefore not suitable for interface analysis. Spin coating is strongly dependent on solvent and concentration. While the solvent tetrahydrofuran leads to porous and inhomogeneous films, spin coating with anisole as solvent provides homogeneous films of cyanoacrylate with a thickness of only 4 nm. This allows surface-sensitive analytical methods to access the interface and possible interactions can be characterized in-situ.

A Solvent System Involved Fabricating Electrospun Polyurethane Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications.

A novel Trichloromethane (TCM)/2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE) solvent system was developed for fabricating electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofibers. TPU solution stability made from this novel solvent system was improved compared to that from the traditional N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF)/Tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent system. The minimum TPU solution concentration that can be electrospun was decreased to 0.5% w/v. The conductivity and viscosity of the TPU solution increased with the increasing ratio of TFE in the solvent system. The obtained electrospun TPU nanofibers fabricated from this novel solvent system showed smooth morphology and uniform diameter distribution. Mechanical strength of TPU nanofibers was improved using this new solvent system. Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the electrospun TPU nanofiber meshes first decreased and then increased, while the strain elongation ratio first increased and then decreased. The new solvent system significantly improves the fiber elongation ratio while maintaining the modulus and tensile strength. The chemical structure of the TPU was not affected by the TCM/TFE solvent system. Electrospun TPU nanofiber meshes prepared by using the TCM/TFE solvent system showed better cytocompatibility, which means the electrospun TPU fibrous scaffold has great potential in biomedical application.

Characterization of α-phenyl-4′-(diphenylamino)stilbene single crystal and its anisotropic conductivity

Presently, organic-semiconductor electronics suffer from low performance owing to their amorphous nature. Improving their crystallinity, and thus the charge transport properties is a crucial endeavor. Accordingly, this study aims to elucidate the conductivity mechanism of a novel triphenylamine-derivative single crystal. We successfully synthesized an α-phenyl-4′-(diphenylamino)stilbene (TPA) single crystal via a solution method employing the solubility and supersolubility curves of TPA in the tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent. Its crystal structure was determined via single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), which revealed that the obtained single crystal contains not only TPA but also THF. The molecular ratio of TPA to THF was found to be 2:0.74. We further analyzed the hole transport property in three directions of the single crystal, and the anisotropic conductivity was observed. Based on the results of the observed molecular packing and charge transport property, we confirm that the observed anisotropic conductivity is determined based on the orientation of the triphenylamine unit in each direction of the TPA single crystal. Overall, the findings can help in guiding the design of high-mobility organic semiconductors for realizing more effective organic electronic devices.

Computational Assessment of the Three-Dimensional Configuration of Dissolved Organic Matter Chromophores and Influence on Absorption Spectra.

The three-dimensional configuration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important factor in determining the role of DOM in natural and engineered systems, yet there is still considerable uncertainty regarding the formation and potential stability of molecular aggregates within DOM. In this paper, we describe a computational assessment of the three-dimensional configuration of DOM. Specifically, we were interested in evaluating the hypothesis that DOM forms thermodynamically stable molecular aggregates that as a result were potentially shielded from water solvent molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations of DOM model compounds carefully selected based on ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry data revealed that, while DOM does indeed form molecular aggregates, the large majority of molecules (especially, O-atom bearing molecules) are solvent accessible. Additionally, these computations revealed that molecular aggregates are weak and dissociate when placed in organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether). Time-dependent density functional theory calculations demonstrated long-wavelength absorbance for both model DOM chromophores and their molecular aggregates. This study has important implications for determining the origin of DOM optical properties and for enhancing our collective understanding of DOM three-dimensional structures.

Self-Assembly CNTs@PANi Coffee Rings on Poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) Triblock Copolymer for Largely Stretchable Electronics.

In this paper, CNTs@PANi nanocomposites were prepared by in-situ oxidation polymerization of aniline, and their structure, morphology and conductivity were characterized. A mixed solvent of toluene and tetrahydrofuran was used to prepare dispersions of CNTs@PANi and poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) (SEBS) triblock copolymer, and bilayer composite film was prepared. According to the solvent phase separation and uneven evaporation flux, CNTs@PANi self-assembled into the interconnected coffee ring structure on the SEBS matrix. The prepared bilayer composite film had excellent stretchability, and the conductivity of the functional layer was close to that of CNTs@PANi, which could light up an LED lamp under 100% strain and restore the topological structure. Electrochemical tests showed that the bilayer film had obvious heterogeneity. The impedance characteristics of the CNTs@PANi functional layer and the SEBS matrix were analyzed, and its heterogeneous corrosion resistance mechanism further discussed.

Comparative performance analysis of electrospun TiO2 embedded poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposite membrane for supercapacitors

AbstractFor an efficient energy storage system, effective material is to be used. In the present work, novel poly(vinylidene fluoride)/titanium oxide (PVdF/TiO2) composite membranes were developed using electrospinning technique, as separator for supercapacitors. Different weight percentages of TiO2 nanoparticle (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were mixed with 20 wt% of PVdF in a 50:50 wt% of tetrahydrofuran and dimethylacetamide solvent. Various physical and electrochemical properties including fiber diameter, thermal stability, crystallinity, porosity, and electrolytic uptake were studied to identify the best membrane with optimum TiO2 wt% exhibiting superior characteristics. SEM and TGA studies revealed that the developed PVdF/TiO2 composite membrane with 10 wt% showed improved properties with a lower average diameter of about 66 ± 8 nm, enhanced thermal stability up to 513.15°C and higher porosity of 89%, respectively compared to other membranes. The crystallinity, ionic conductivity, and specific capacitance of the nonwoven separator membranes were determined using X‐ray diffraction technique, electrolytic uptake, and charge–discharge studies, respectively. The present study revealed that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles improved the physical and thermochemical properties of the separator membrane substantially and PVdF/TiO2 composite membrane with 10 wt% displayed superior performance compared to other membranes.

Influence of Carbon Nanotubes on Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Composites

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) on mechanical properties of polyurethane composite. Synthesis of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) was done by solution processing method using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvents. The small compact particles of polyurethane was converted into blend polyurethane by heating at 100°C in tetrahydrofuran solvent (THF).Samples were prepared using different wt%ages of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) i.e. (i= 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1) and Polyurethane (PU) i.e. (i=100, 99.9, 99.5, and 99) in respective order. These samples were characterized by stress strain curve, modulus of elasticity (E) and percentage elongation by using universal testing machine (UTM).The addition of 1wt% of carbon nano tubes showed the higher stress in 19.2551 N/mm2 and respective strain in 700.2294. Maximum elongation and modulus of elasticity is 140.0459mm, 0.26N/mm2 . Hence, results show that increase in stress strain, E, and percentage elongation is direct relation with nano particles.

Development of Coarse-Grained Models for Poly(4-vinylphenol) and Poly(2-vinylpyridine): Polymer Chemistries with Hydrogen Bonding.

In this paper, we identify the modifications needed in a recently developed generic coarse-grained (CG) model that captured directional interactions in polymers to specifically represent two exemplary hydrogen bonding polymer chemistries—poly(4-vinylphenol) and poly(2-vinylpyridine). We use atomistically observed monomer-level structures (e.g., bond, angle and torsion distribution) and chain structures (e.g., end-to-end distance distribution and persistence length) of poly(4-vinylphenol) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) in an explicitly represented good solvent (tetrahydrofuran) to identify the appropriate modifications in the generic CG model in implicit solvent. For both chemistries, the modified CG model is developed based on atomistic simulations of a single 24-mer chain. This modified CG model is then used to simulate longer (36-mer) and shorter (18-mer and 12-mer) chain lengths and compared against the corresponding atomistic simulation results. We find that with one to two simple modifications (e.g., incorporating intra-chain attraction, torsional constraint) to the generic CG model, we are able to reproduce atomistically observed bond, angle and torsion distributions, persistence length, and end-to-end distance distribution for chain lengths ranging from 12 to 36 monomers. We also show that this modified CG model, meant to reproduce atomistic structure, does not reproduce atomistically observed chain relaxation and hydrogen bond dynamics, as expected. Simulations with the modified CG model have significantly faster chain relaxation than atomistic simulations and slower decorrelation of formed hydrogen bonds than in atomistic simulations, with no apparent dependence on chain length.

Behavior of Araujiain, a new cysteine phytoprotease, in organic media with low water content

In this paper we studied the effect of different organic solvents (1-octanol, trichloroethylene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, propanone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chlorobenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetophenone, diethyl ether, methanol, ethylene glycol and toluene) with low and constant water content on substrate preferences, thermostability and stability (caseinolytic activity retention after 4 h) of proteases of Araujia hortorum Fourn. ( Asclepiadaceae ). The stability of araujiain was high in N,N-dimethylformamide and ethanol at 40oC, but decreased at higher temperature. Araujiain substrates preferences in buffer Tris-HCl (pH 8), ethylene glycol and N,N-dimethylformamide exhibited different patterns, but the enzyme showed a high preference by glutamine derivative in all cases. According to FTIR spectroscopy studies, araujiain changed its secondary structure and as a consequence, it also changed its substrate preferences. This enzyme showed lower α-helical character and greater β-sheet folding in buffer than in organic media. A larger amount of antiparallel β-sheet residues indicates the formation of tighter intermolecular hydrogen bonds and enzymatic aggregates. These facts could explain the higher esterolytic activities, the greater stability and good hydrolytic potential of araujiain in some organic media such as N,N-dimethylformamide.

Solubility determination and thermodynamic modelling of Progesterone in twelve pure solvents and three binary solvents at 278.15 to 323.15 K

The solubility of Progesterone at T = 278.15–323.15 K was measured by static equilibrium method combined with HPLC in twelve solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, n-heptane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and toluene) and three binary solvents (tetrahydrofuran + n-heptane, 1,4-dioxane + n-heptane, and toluene + n-heptane). The results showed that progesterone has the highest solubility in toluene (0.2249 in mole fraction) and other low-dielectric constant solvents, and the smallest in n-heptane (1.120 × 10−4 in mole fraction). Moreover, the solubility increases as the temperature rise both in pure and mixed solvents. As expected, the DSC and XRDP results showed that there was no crystal form difference between the raw material and all the precipitate. Herein, the Modified Apelblat model, Buchowski-Ksiazaczak λh model, Jouyban-Acree model, CNIBS/R-K model, and SUN model were employed to fit the experimental data. As a result, the maximum RAD doesn't exceed 5.0%, and the maximum RMSD was less than 0.1%. Furthermore, we chose KAT-LSER model to explore the solubility of progesterone and the solute-solvent interaction relationships. The results showed that when hydrogen bond acidity and polarizability/dipolarity of solvents increases, the solubility of progesterone increases. Meanwhile, comparing the experimental data and the fitting results, it can be concluded that the experimental data was reliable and almost consistent with the fitting results. Furthermore, it also proved that the above mentioned five thermodynamic equations were advantageous and trustworthy.

Catalyst structure-based hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) hydrogenation mechanisms, activity and selectivity over Ni

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of hydroxymethylfurfural was investigated in a three-phase batch reactor over a range of reaction temperatures (170–230 °C), under 5 MPa of hydrogen, and tetrahydrofuran solvent. Nickel-based carbon-supported catalysts were also promoted by lanthanum and niobium, despite promoters alone demonstrated no activity. Based on experimentally-obtained liquid products, a reaction pathway was proposed and a microkinetic model was established, by considering adsorption, desorption and surface reaction kinetics, mass transfer and thermodynamics. An unpromoted Ni/C resulted in primarily unsaturated furan diol, a highly desirable intermediate in the polymer industry. As reaction temperatures increased > 200 °C, dehydration yielded deoxygenated products suitable for solvents and biofuel. In spite of enhancements to reducibility, La-promotion significantly decreased both hydrogenation (8-times) and deoxygenation (25-times) rate constants. Alternatively, Nb-incorporation offered additional acidity, while lower activation energies resulted in 200% higher deoxygenation rates via dehydration reactions and humin formation at lower temperatures. It exhibited the highest deoxygenation activity.

Double diamond structured bicontinuous mesoporous titania templated by a block copolymer for anode material of lithium-ion battery

Titania has received considerable attention as a promising anode material of Li-ion battery (LIB). Controlling the structure and morphology of titania nanostructures is crucial to govern their performance. Herein, we report a mesoporous titania scaffold with a bicontinuous shifted double diamond (SDD) structure for anode material of LIB. The titania scaffold was synthesized by the cooperative self-assembly of a block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene template and titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) as the inorganic precursor in a mixture solvent of tetrahydrofuran and HCl/water. The structure shows tetragonal symmetry (space group I41/amd) comprising two sets of diamond networks adjoining each other with the unit cell parameter of a = 90 nm and c = 127 nm, which affords the porous titania a specific surface area (SSA) of 42 m2·g−1 with a mean pore diameter of 38 nm. Serving as an anode material of LIB, the bicontinuous titania scaffold exhibits a high specific capacity of 254 mAh·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1 and an alluring self-improving feature upon charge/discharge over 1,000 cycles. This study overcomes the difficulty in building up ordered bicontinuous functional materials and demonstrates their potential in energy storage application.

Temperature Variation Enables the Design of Biobased Block Copolymers via One-Step Anionic Copolymerization.

A one-pot approach for the preparation of diblock copolymers consisting of polystyrene and polymyrcene blocks is described via a temperature-induced block copolymer (BCP) formation strategy. A monomer mixture of styrene and myrcene is employed. The unreactive nature of myrcene in a polar solvent (tetrahydrofuran) at -78°C enables the sole formation of active polystyrene macroinitiators, while an increase of the temperature (-38°C to room temperature) leads to poly(styrene-block-myrcene) formation due to polymerization of myrcene. Well-defined BCPs featuring molar masses in the range of 44-117.2kgmol-1 with dispersities, Ð, of 1.09-1.21, and polymyrcene volume fractions of 30-64% are accessible. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry measurements reveal the temperature-controlled polymyrcene block formation, while both transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements prove the presence of clearly microphase-separated, long range-ordered domains in the block copolymers. The temperature-controlled one-pot anionic block copolymerization approach may be general for other terpene-diene monomers.

Evaluation of halogen chain-end functionality in 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate esters of poly(oxyalkylene) polymers by MALDI-TOF spectroscopy

Esters of 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate of poly(oxyalkylene) polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) or α-methyl poly(ethylene glycol) were prepared in high yields and characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods (NMR, FT-IR, mass spectroscopy and SEC). The halogen chain-end group in the poly(oxyalkylene) bromine-terminated esters were characterized by MALDI-TOF MS. The effect of the solvents (methanol or tetrahydrofuran) and the cationic agents such as silver trifluoroacetate (AgTFA), silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (AgTFS) and sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA) on the mass spectra was studied. Analysis of the mass spectra demonstrated that the analyte was transformed to unsaturated (elimination), alkoxy or hydroxyl end groups (substitution) molecules when silver cationic agents were used, these results were also supported by 1H NMR study. When sodium salt was used as a cationic agent, well-defined bromine-terminated macromolecules were successfully determined through MALDI-TOF MS. Well characterized esters of 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate of poly(oxyalkylene) polymers could be used as ATRP macroinitiators for the synthesis of a variety of polymeric architectures of interest as drug delivery bioconjugates.

10-Phenyl-10H-phenoxazine-4,6-diol tetra-hydro-furan monosolvate.

In the crystalline state of the title solvate, C18H13NO3·C4H8O, hydrogen-bonding inter-actions between hydroxyl groups on a phenoxazine backbone and the tetra-hydro-furan solvent are observed that suggest the ability for this compound to act as a chelating ligand. The O⋯O donor-acceptor distances for this hydrogen bonding are 2.7729 (15) and 2.7447 (15) Å. The three-ring backbone of the phenoxazine bends out of planarity by 18.92 (3)°, as computed using mean planes that encompass each half of the three-ring structure, with the central N and O atoms forming the line of flexion. In the crystal, a π-π stacking arrangement exists between inversion-related mol-ecules, with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.6355 (11) Å. In the disordered tetra-hydro-furan solvate, all atoms except oxygen were modeled over two positions, with occupancies of 0.511 (8) and 0.489 (8).

Studies of hydrogen isotope scrambling during the dehalogenation of aromatic chloro-compounds with deuterium gas over palladium catalysts.

Catalytic dehalogenation of aromatic halides using isotopic hydrogen gas is an important strategy for labelling pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, environmental agents and so forth. To extend, improve and further understand this process, studies have been carried out on the scrambling of deuterium isotope with protium during the catalytic deuterodehalogenation of model aryl chlorides using deuterium gas and a palladium on carbon catalyst in tetrahydrofuran solution. The degree of scrambling was greatest with electron-rich chloroarene rings. The tetrahydrofuran solvent and the triethylamine base were not the source of the undesired protium; instead, it arose, substantially, from the water content of the catalyst, though other sources of protium may also be present on the catalyst. Replacement of the Pd/C catalyst with one prepared in situ by reduction of palladium trifluoroacetate with deuterium gas and dispersed upon micronised polytetrafluoroethylene led to much reduced scrambling (typically 0-6% compared with up to 40% for palladium on carbon) and to high atom% abundance, regiospecific labelling. The improved catalytic system now enables efficient polydeuteration via the dehalogenation of polyhalogenated precursors, making the procedure viable for the preparation of MS internal standards and, potentially, for high specific activity tritium labelling.

Seventeen-Armed Star Polystyrenes in Various Molecular Weights: Structural Details and Chain Characteristics.

Star-shaped polymers are very attractive because of their potential application ability in various technological areas due to their unique molecular topology. Thus, information on the molecular structure and chain characteristics of star polymers is essential for gaining insights into their properties and finding better applications. In this study, we report molecular structure details and chain characteristics of 17-armed polystyrenes in various molecular weights: 17-Arm(2k)-PS, 17-Arm(6k)-PS, 17-Arm(10k)-PS, and 17-Arm(20k)-PS. Quantitative X-ray scattering analysis using synchrotron radiation sources was conducted for this series of star polymers in two different solvents (cyclohexane and tetrahydrofuran), providing a comprehensive set of three-dimensional structure parameters, including radial density profiles and chain characteristics. Some of the structural parameters were crosschecked by qualitative scattering analysis and dynamic light scattering. They all were found to have ellipsoidal shapes consisting of a core and a fuzzy shell; such ellipse nature is originated from the dendritic core. In particular, the fraction of the fuzzy shell part enabling to store desired chemicals or agents was confirmed to be exceptionally high in cyclohexane, ranging from 74 to 81%; higher-molecular-weight star polymer gives a larger fraction of the fuzzy shell. The largest fraction (81%) of the fuzzy shell was significantly reduced to 52% in tetrahydrofuran; in contrast, the lowest fraction (19%) of core was increased to 48%. These selective shell contraction and core expansion can be useful as a key mechanism in various applications. Overall, the 17-armed polystyrenes of this study are suitable for applications in various technological fields including smart deliveries of drugs, genes, biomedical imaging agents, and other desired chemicals.