Solvent Fractions Research Articles

Aqueous Extract and Solvent Fractions of Hancornia speciosa Fruits, Rutin, and Chlorogenic Acid Attenuate the Edema, Inflammation, and Myonecrosis Caused by Bothrops jararaca Snake Venom in Mice

Aqueous Extract and Solvent Fractions of Hancornia speciosa Fruits, Rutin, and Chlorogenic Acid Attenuate the Edema, Inflammation, and Myonecrosis Caused by Bothrops jararaca Snake Venom in Mice

Assessment of different solvents effect on bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and nutritional formation of red seaweed, Gracilariopsis longissima, from Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Seaweed is known to empower a mass embodiment of bioactive compounds with potent health convenience. Current perusals intended to explore the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant dynamism of red seaweed, Gracilariopsis longissima as pervaded by different solvents and solvent fractions (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water). The extracts dynamism to antioxidant were assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Here, 100% methanolic and acetonic extract asserted maximal extent of total phenolic and flavonoid content (88.70 mg of gallic acid/g and 75.06 mg of quercetin/g respectively) in a sufficiently great way. However, 50% methanolic DPPH and ABTS solution (74.32%, IC50 = 0.027 mg/ml and 70.51%, IC50 = 0.033 mg/ml) significantly demonstrated the highest percentage of inhibition and antioxidant activity compared to other solvents. Gracilariopsis longissima also contains a high amount of protein (30.63%) and minerals especially potassium (4.47%) and calcium (2.54%). According to the results of this study, G. longissima extracts prepared using 100% methanol as a solvent showed higher total phenolic and total flavonoid quantity and 50% methanol as a solvent showed higher antioxidant potential. These properties will be valuable for nutritional food and medicinal uses.

Appraisal of phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of folkloric Pentanema confertiflorum rootbark extracts

BackgroundMedicinal plants have cultural prominence in the management of ailments worldwide. The different organs of Pentanema confertiflorum (hereafter referred as P. confertiflorum) as have been used to ameliorate different diseases in Ethiopia. Thus, this study focused on the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial screening of P. confertiflorum rootbark solvent fractions. MethodsThe rootbark of P. confertiflorum was successively soaked with petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. The total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and alkaloid contents (TAC) of the different crude extracts were determined through Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR), aluminum chloride colorimetric, and bromocresol green (BCG) assays, respectively. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were employed to determine the antioxidant activity of crude extracts. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was assessed against different bacteria strains via the disc diffusion method. ResultsThe qualitative phytochemical investigation study resonated with the abundance of several secondary metabolites, especially in the methanolic rootbark extract (MRBE). In addition, the MRBE had the highest TPC (76.7 mg GAE/g extracts), TFC (86.89 mg QE/g extracts), and TAC (80.68 mg ATE/g extracts) as compared to petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. Consistent with its TPC, TFC, and TAC, the MRBE demonstrated better antioxidant activity against DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 44.53 ppm) and FRAP assays (EC50 = 42.72 ppm). Moreover, all the rootbark extracts induced dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Streptococci pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. ConclusionsThe preliminary findings suggested the presence of a strong correlation between the folkloric use of P. confertiflorum and its observed antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Rigorous studies on the extracts such as the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds, and detailed bioactivity and toxicity studies are desirable to bring about safe and effective lead compounds.

Chemical Analysis of SU-Eohyeol Pharmacopuncture and Its In Vitro Biological Activities.

Introduction: Pharmacopuncture (PA) is widely used in traditional Korean medicine to treat various diseases, including abdominal obesity, nervous system diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders. In the present study, we attempted to identify the chemical components of SU-Eohyeol PA (SUEHP), comprising extracts of eight medicinal herbs and Cervi Parvum Cornu, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of SUEHP. Methods: Volatile components of SUEHP were identified by GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and distilled water-acetonitrile (DW-CAN) solvent fractions. LC-MS was performed to identify small metabolites of SUEHP using a water-methanol solvent fraction. In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of SUEHP was evaluated using cell-free biochemical assays and a BV2 microglial cell culture system. Results: GC-MS of SUEHP using the n-hexane, DCM, and DW-ACN solvent fractions detected 32 components. The major components (>3%) were 9-octadecenamide (25.9%) and eicosane (5.4%) in n-hexane fraction, 9-octadecenamide (29.1%) and cis-11-octadecenoic acid (3.1%) in DCM fraction, and 9-octadecenamide (31.1%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (17.9%) in DW-CAN fraction. LC-MS of SUEHP using a water-methanol solvent fraction detected 36 primary metabolites, including (a)symmetric dimethylarginine, L-pyroglutamic acid, n,n-dimethylglycine, n-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, and amino acids. Enrichment analysis and subsequent network analysis of the primary metabolites suggested their association with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Cell-free biochemical assays and molecular signaling studies of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 murine microglial cells demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of SUEHP. Conclusion: The present study identified the biochemically active components of SUEHP and suggested their therapeutic potential against diseases related to inflammatory and oxidative stress.

Melinjo Seeds (Gnetum gnemon L.) Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effects on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: A Study Based on Tracing of Resveratrol Compound.

Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. One of the polyphenols, namely, resveratrol, has been proven to have anticancer activity. Melinjo seeds which contain resveratrol need to be tested for their potential as an anti-breast cancer agent. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of melinjo seeds based on solvent variations and resveratrol tracing. Extraction of melinjo seeds was performed using the soxhletation method. Antioxidant test was performed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil method. The in vitro cytotoxic test was carried out using the microtetrazolium method. Cytotoxic test was carried out on MCF-7 breast cancer cells using a concentration range of melinjo seeds between 31,25 and 1000 μg/mL. Antioxidant and anticancer potentials are expressed in inhibitory concentration (IC)50 values. Resveratrol was traced using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC). Melinjo seed ethanol extract provided the largest total phenolics (126,154 ± 0,865 mg GAE/g sample) and total flavonoids (44,576 ± 0,611 mg QE/g sample) among all solvent fractions. The antioxidant activity of melinjo seeds from ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction was 263,307 ppm, 317,595 ppm, 160,878 ppm, and 181,159 ppm, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds showed the strongest cytotoxic effect (94.6 μg/mL) among all extracts and solvent fractions. Prep-HPLC showed that the ethanol extract of melinjo seeds contained resveratrol, while the ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions of melinjo seeds were thought to contain resveratrol derivatives. The antioxidant activity of melinjo seeds showed a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, which varied based on solvent polarity and total phenolic and total flavonoid. The ethyl acetate fraction which is thought to contain resveratrol derivatives provides the most potent antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect. These results indicate that melinjo seeds containing resveratrol and its derivatives have the potential for anticancer of the breast. Further studies are still needed in determining the structure of resveratrol compounds and their derivatives to ensure their biological activity and mechanism of action.

Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Aqueous and Hydro Methanolic Crude Extracts and Solvent Fraction of the Hydromethanolic Flower Extract of Erica Arborea L. (Ericaceae) in Swiss Albino Mice.

To evaluate the diuretic effects of aqueous (AQ) and hydromethanolic crude extract (HM) the as well as the solvent fractions of the HM extract from Erica arborea flowers in mice. Mice were administered AQ and HM crude extracts, along with solvent fractions of HM extracts of E. arborea flowers, including HXF (n-hexane fraction), EAF (ethyl acetate fraction), and AQF (aqueous fraction), at doses ranging from 100 to 400 mg/kg orally. The effects of these extracts and solvent fractions on urine and salt excretion over 5 hours were compared to the effects of the solvent used for reconstitution and a standard drug (furosemide 10 mg/kg), as well as to each other. The HM crude extract at a lower dose (100 mg/kg) significantly increased urine volume and salt excretion starting from the 3rd h compared to the AQ crude extract. Similar effects were observed for EAF. Notably, the HM extract and its EAF at 400 mg/kg showed comparable urine and salt excretion profiles to the standard drug. This study demonstrated that HM extract and EAF promote better diuresis, likely due to their saluretic properties. Furthermore, it confirms the diuretic activity of Erica arborea flowers.

Chemical Profiling and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic, Analgesic, and Antidiarrheal Activities from the Seeds of Commonly Available Red Grape (Vitis vinifera L.).

The current study aimed to conduct a phytochemical screening of commonly known fruit red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed methanolic extract through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for its health benefits and evaluate the pharmacological potentialities of the extract and its fractions against oxidation, inflammation, pain, and diarrhea. The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic characteristics of methanolic extracts and various solvent fractions of V. vinifera were evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, membrane stabilizing, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Furthermore, the study assessed the effects of crude extracts (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of body weight) on pain relief and reduction of diarrhea in animals using methods such as tail immersion, the acetic acid-induced writhing technique, and a diarrheal mouse model induced with castor oil. A total of 73 phytoconstituents were predominantly found in the seed extract based on the GC-MS analysis. Among the identified compounds, 9-octadecenamide (13.7%), and (9E,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoate (11.07%) are most abundant. Several notable constituents, such as gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, paromomycin, 4,6-cholestadienol, gamma-tocotrienol, 24-Propylidenecholest-5-en-3beta-ol, and alpha-tocopherol acetate, are also present. The methanolic extract of V. vinifera seed and its different solvent fractions showed promising antioxidant properties (IC50 = 1.19-17.42 µg/mL) compared to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 = 20.46 µg/mL). Aqueous soluble fraction exerted inhibition of nearly 50% heat-induced hemolysis compared to the standard acetylsalicylic acid (42%). Besides, all the tested doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg bw) of the crude extract showed significant (P < .05) analgesic and antidiarrheal effects. The current findings endorsed the health benefits of V. vinifera by revealing potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Nevertheless, further in-depth analysis of the plant's chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on health is warranted for novel drug discovery from V. vinifera.

Enantioselective synthesis of [1,1'-binaphthalene]-8,8'-diyl bis(diphenylphosphane) and its derivatives.

Two 8,8' disubstituted binaphthyl ligands have been designed and synthesized in 3.1% and 11.4% overall yield, respectively. X-ray structure analysis demonstrated that a unique chiral microenvironment was created. With the assistance of a new aggregation-induced polarization (AIP) technology, chiral aggregates were determined as the fraction of polar solvent increased in the nonpolar/polar solvent system, which indicated their potential in modern asymmetric synthesis and catalysis.

In vitro investigation on Pennisetum purpureum leaf extracts grown in Indonesia of phytochemical components, optical characteristics, and antioxidant-antibacterial activities.

Medicinal plants hold significant cultural significance and play a crucial role in the advancement of potentially safe drugs for the therapy of disease worldwide. Pennisetum purpureum or elephant grass has been used for traditional medications in Indonesia without understanding the phytochemicals of those plants. Herein, our report revolves around the qualitative and quantitative examination of phytochemical components, optical properties, antioxidants, and antibacterial assessments of solvent fractions derived from Pennisetum purpureum leaf. The Pennisetum purpureum leaf was successfully soaked with ethanol, n-hexane, and chloroform. The study aimed to assess the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total alkaloid content (TAC) within different of extracts. The optical properties of extract were analyzed by absorption light and photoluminescent. Moreover, evaluation of antioxidant activities of extracts through DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP assays, followed by an evaluation of their effectiveness in antibacterial therapy against different bacterial strains. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical of Pennisetum purpureum presented as highest in ethanol TPC (85.5 mg GAE/g extracts), TFC (87.9 mg QE/g extracts), and TAC (86.2 mg ATE/g extracts) as compared to other solvents extract. Pennisetum purpureum extract had antioxidant capacity against DPPH radical and FRAP assay. Furthermore, each of the samples displayed antibacterial effectiveness that was dependent on the dosage towards different strains of bacteria. Our findings clearly demonstrated that Pennisetum purpureum leaf extracts grown in Indonesia containing alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside, saponin, steroids, tannin, and terpenoids that support its capability as antioxidant and antibacterial.

Validation of Blood Glucose and Lipid-Lowering Effect of Solvent Fractions of the Crinum Abyssinicum Shoot Tips in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Diabetes mellitus prevalence has reached epidemic levels despite the existence of contemporary treatments. People thus started looking at the possible therapeutic value of natural therapies. Crushed shoot tips of Crinum abyssinicum (Amaryllidaceae) are mixed with water in Ethiopia to treat diabetes, yet this practice is not well supported by science. In this experiment, mice models were used to verify the blood sugar and lipid-lowering benefits of solvent fractions of C. abyssinicum shoot tips. In a single-dose treated Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model, mice were randomly grouped into eleven categories which include diabetic negative control, diabetic positive control, and 9 diabetic treatment groups. In repeated daily doses treated STZ-induced model, Mice were divided into 6 groups which included normal and diabetic negative control (TW80), diabetic positive control (5mg/kg glibenclamide), and three diabetic treatment groups 100, 200, and 400mg/kg). Finally, blood glucose, lipid level, and body weight were examined. In the single-dose treated diabetic model, there was a significant blood glucose reduction at 200 and 400mg/kg doses of aqueous fraction and glibenclamide starting from the sixth-hour post-administration unlike ethyl acetate and chloroform fraction compared to baseline and negative control. In repeated daily dose-treated diabetic mice, all three doses (100, 200, and 400mg/kg of aqueous fraction) resulted in a substantial reduction (P < .001) in blood glucose compared to baseline and negative control on the seventh day and 14th day. Besides the AQF shows improvement in lipid levels and body weight parameters. The results of the study demonstrated that C. abyssinicum shoot tip fractions have the greatest potential to lower blood sugar and lipid levels, supporting conventional claims for the treatment of diabetes.

Advanced Techniques in the Purification of Lignin: Challenges, Methods, and Industrial ApplicationsA Review

Lignin, a complex and abundant biopolymer found in the cell walls of plants, is gaining significant attention due to its potential applications in various industries, including biofuels, bioplastics, and pharmaceuticals. However, the purification of lignin is a critical challenge due to its heterogeneous structure and the presence of impurities, which can hinder its industrial application. This review provides an overview of the current methods used for lignin purification, including solvent fractionation, membrane filtration, precipitation techniques, and chromatographic methods. It also discusses the characterization techniques employed to assess the purity and properties of lignin, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The review highlights the effectiveness of different purification methods and their impact on the physical, chemical, and thermal properties of lignin. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and limitations of current purification techniques and suggests potential future directions for research. The findings underscore the importance of developing more sustainable and costeffective purification processes to fully realize the industrial potential of lignin.

Bioefficacy of Tagetes minuta L. against Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Efficacy of solvent fractions of Tagetes minuta L. (hexane, chloroform and aqueous fractions of aerial parts) was evaluated against Aphis craccivora Koch at five different concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2%) in the laboratory. At higher concentrations, all the fractions recorded significant reduction in aphid count; maximum reduction after 120h of treatment was in hexane fraction at 0.2 per cent (90.00%), followed by chloroform fraction at 0.2 per cent (86.67%) and aqueous fraction at 0.2 per cent (85.00%). The best concentrations of the three solvent fractions of T. minuta identified in the laboratory were evaluated against the aphid on cowpea, in a pot culture experiment. By 10th day of treatment, all the fractions at 2 per cent concentration reduced population of aphids, with the highest reduction in hexane fraction.

Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities on Skimmia laureola Leaves Extract: A Research

Background: Skimmia laureola owned by the Rutaceae family is one of the plants that might use the Indian traditional treatment system in the Indian subcontinent and act against many diseases. So, this new research was carried out to scientifically confirm the various solvent fractions and separate the active fraction from the plant against antioxidants and bacterial and microbial growth.&#x0D; Objectives: The main objective of the study involves the Phytochemical screening and research of invitro activities i.e. antioxidant and antibacterial from the extracts of the leaves part of the Skimmia laureola plant.&#x0D; Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out of various extracts by the tests that involved it. Invitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities were examined of the plant extract through various methods DPPH, Metal chelating activity, Reducing power ability, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and Nitric oxide scavenging activity. After completion of the research, all the activity is shown graphically.&#x0D; Results: Invitro antioxidant activity shows that methanolic extract shows more antioxidant activity than other extracts. The antibacterial investigations show that the ethanolic extract of the plant removal was very compelling for bacterias Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli at 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 75 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml individually.&#x0D; Conclusion: Auxiliary metabolites (phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and content) have been quantified. In antioxidant tests such as DPPH activity, the methanolic extract of the plant outperforms other extracts such as chloroform, petroleum ether, ethanol, and aqueous extract. The antibacterial investigations show that the ethanolic extract of the plant removed was very compelling for bacterias Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and E.coli. The current study may be useful in improving data regarding its distinguishing proof boundaries expected primarily in the method of the adequacy of homegrown medications in the current situation lacking administrative laws to control the nature of natural medications, as well as discovering antioxidants and antibacterial action.

Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Bacopa monnieri L.

Bacopa monnieri L. (Family: Scrophulariaceae), a medicinal herb of Bangladesh, has been used in traditional medicine to increase memory and brain power. The present research was aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of whole plant of B. monnieri. Through phytochemical analysis, two triterpenes, taraxerone and betulinic acid were obtained from B. monnieri. The crude methanol extract of the whole plant of Bacopa monnieri and its petroleum ether, dichloromethane, chloroform and aqueous fractions were screened for determination of several in vitro biological activities. In DPPH assay for antioxidant test, the dichloromethane fraction showed strong DPPH radical quenching activity (IC50 = 3.78 μg/ml). The chloroform fraction exhibited the maximum lethal concentration, LC50 value of 5.5 μg/ml against brine shrimp. In membrane stabilization assay, the crude extract and all solvent fractions revealed significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting hemolysis of RBC induced by both hypotonic solution and heat. In thrombolytic assay, the petroleum ether fraction demonstrated highest thrombolytic activity (39.24%), when compared to the standard streptokinase (64.22%). In antimicrobial screening, the chloroform fraction displayed reasonable activity against most of the tested microorganisms. This study concludes that B. monnieri has potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic activities. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(2): 155-161, 2023 (December)

Apoptotic and Autophagic Cell Death Effects of the Hexane Extract of Tropical Marine Algae Halymenia durvillei against Human Glioblastoma Cells: In vitro and in silico Studies

Glioblastoma (GBM) considered as aggressive brain cancer with high mortality rate in patients even after surgical resection. Resistant to chemotherapy is the major problem in GBM therapy. Discovery of novel bioactive compounds from algae is being investigated as alternative sources for potential treatment as well as prevention in glioblastoma. This study revealed the effects of marine red algae extract from hexane solvent fraction of Halymenia durvillei (HDHE) on proliferation and cell death in A172 human GBM cells. HDHE decreased proliferation and promoted cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. HDHE induced apoptotic cell death in A172 cells through mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, the decrease of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression, and activation of caspase 3/7. Moreover, HDHE increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and accumulation of LC3-II, an autophagic marker. The docked conformation of palmitic acid, a major component of HDHE, showed a high affinity binding to TP53 and Beclin-1 as cell death-related target molecules. This research conclusively demonstrated that HDHE might serve as a potent anticancer agent against glioblastoma by promoting apoptotic and autophagic cell death in A172 human GBM cells. HIGHLIGHTS The palmitic acid-enriched extract of red alga Halymenia durvillei (HDHE) could inhibit proliferation of A172 human glioblastoma cells by arresting cell cycle at G2/M phase HDHE could induce both caspase-dependent apoptotic and autophagic death of A172 cells Palmitic acid, a major component of HDHE, showed a high affinity binding to TP53 and Beclin-1 The extract could be beneficial to develop as chemopreventive agents or food supplements against glioblastoma GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Extraction of Cellulose from Ulva lactuca Algae and Its Use for Membrane Synthesis.

Green algae are a sustainable source of biopolymers for the global demand due to their high photosynthetic efficiency. This article describes the extraction of cellulose from plant systems represented by Ulva lactuca species. In order to extract various substances, algae were finely ground with the help of solvents (liquid media). This was carried out to achieve the necessary conditions that help reduce the resistance this phase shows in regard to the transport and transfer of the species being extracted. The highest yield of extracted cellulose (20,944%) was obtained for the following factors: S/L = 1/20; conc. ethanol = 90%, conc. salts = 4 g/L. Hydrogel membranes are a unique class of macromolecular networks that contain a large fraction of aqueous solvent within their structure. With the cellulose extracted from algae, we obtained membranes which underwent the process of swelling in liquid media (ethyl alcohol) of different concentrations. The swelling of biocellulose membranes in alcoholic solutions of high concentrations was investigated. It was observed that the process of absorption of the alcoholic solution by the membrane occurred rapidly in the first part. After stabilization, the membranes continued to absorb at a slower rate until stabilization or saturation concentration was reached.

Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of crude leave extract and solvent fractions of Commelina latifolia Hochst. ex C.B.Clarke (Commelinaceae) leaves in murine model.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: In the past, Ethiopian traditional medicine employed the leaves of the native Commelina latifolia Hochst. ex C.B. Clarke plant to treat wounds, pain, and malaria. Aim of the study: The crude extract and solvent fractions of C. latifolia Hochst. ex C.B. Clarke leaves were examined in the present investigation to determine their ability to have an antiinflammatory effect and provide an antinociceptive effect in animal models. Materials and methods: The leaves of C. latifolia were extracted with 80% methanol, and the CL crude extract was further fractionated with chloroform, pure methanol, and distilled water. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used to test the extracts' ability to reduce inflammation. The hotplate model and the acetic acid-induced writhing test on rodents were used to test the extracts' potential antinociceptive effect to reduce pain. Results: Inflammation was decreased by 64.59% with CL crude extract (400mg/kg); 56.34% (400mg/kg) of methanol fraction, 64.59% of aqueous fraction (400mg/kg), and 38.27% of chloroform fraction in the carrageenan-induced inflammatory model. All extracts demonstrated a considerable lengthening of the nociception reaction time in the hot plate test, with a maximum antinociceptive effect of 78.98% (crude extract) and 71.65% (solvent fractions). At a dosage of 400mg/kg, the natural C. latifolia crude extract and aqueous fraction demonstrated considerable antinociceptive effects against acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) during the writhing test (48.83% and 45.37than%, respectively). The current findings support Ethiopia's traditional user's assertions that the herb can alleviate inflammation and pain.

Phenylalkyl Glycosides from the Flowers of Brugmansia arborea L. and Their Radical Scavenging Effect and Protective Effect on Pancreatic Islets Damaged by Alloxan in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae.

The study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Brugmansia arborea L. flower extracts, solvent fractions, and isolated compounds. B. arborea L flowers were extracted with aqueous methanol, and concentrated extract was successively partitioned into EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O fractions. Repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel column chromatographies for EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions led to the isolation of a new phenylalkyl glycoside (6), along with five known ones. Several spectroscopic data led to the structure determination of one new phenylalky glycoside as brugmansioside C (named) (6) and five known ones as benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), benzyl-O-β-D-glucosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2-phenylethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 2-phenylethyl-O-β-D-glucosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), and 3-phenylpropyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5). The five known ones (1-5) were isolated from B. arborea flowers for the first time in this study. The extract, solvent fractions, and all isolated compounds showed radical scavenging activities using ABTS radical, and EtOAc fraction showed the highest scavenging capacity, whereas compounds 2, 4, and 6 did not display the capacity to use the DPPH radical. The extract, solvent fractions, and all isolated compounds showed a protective effect on pancreatic islets damaged by alloxan treatment in zebrafish larvae. The pancreatic islet size treated with EtOAc, n-BuOH fractions, and all compounds significantly increased by 64.0%, 69.4%, 82.0%, 89.8%, 80.0%, 97.8%, 103.1%, and 99.6%, respectively, compared to the alloxan-induced group. These results indicate that B. arborea flowers and their isolated compounds are useful as potential antioxidant and antidiabetic agents.

Anti-inflammatory Potency of Pulutan (Urena lobata) Leaf extract and its Fractions by Protein Denaturation Inhibition Assay

Pulutan (Urena lobata) is a herb which is traditionally used to treat certain diseases and early studies have shown its effectiveness. However, anti-inflammatory activity of herb has not been explored well. The study aim to determine the anti-inflammatory potency of Urena lobata leaf extract and its fraction by the inhibition of protein denaturation. Methanol solvent is used to extract U. lobata leaf by digeration methods therefore concentrated extract was fractionated using n-hexane (Fraction A), ethyl acetate (Fraction B), n-butanol (Fraction C) and aqueous solvent (Fraction D) respectively. The anti-inflammatory potency of medicinal plants was studied by inhibition of protein denaturation and measured using a spectrophotometer at 660 nm wavelength. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were evaluated for at least five different dose (n = 3) and Ibuprofen as a reference drug. Fraction C is greater to suppress protein denaturation (IC50 = 208,75μg/mL) than fraction A (IC50 = 430,20μg/mL), fraction B (IC50 = 491,69μg/mL) and methanolic extract (IC50 = 338,80μg/mL). However, the inhibitory activity of the fraction and extract on protein denaturation was lower than ibuprofen (IC50 = 79,08 μg/mL). Both of extract and fraction U. lobata leaf have potency to inhibit inflammation but the activity more weak than Ibuprofen as the reference drug.

Continuous Stripping with Dense Carbon Dioxide.

The integration of flow chemistry into continuous manufacturing requires efficient, controllable, and continuous methods for the concentration of diluted solutions on relatively small scales. The design and application examples of a new continuous solvent removal process are presented. The continuous stripping method employing dense carbon dioxide is based on the formation of homogeneous mixtures of dilute organic solutions of the target molecules with a large excess of carbon dioxide at temperatures as low as 35 °C and pressures around 10 MPa. Subsequent pressure reduction results in the quick release of carbon dioxide and vaporization of a significant fraction of the organic solvent. The concentration of the solute in the separated liquid phase can be up to 40 times higher than in the feed. Among the many controllable process parameters, the most significant ones are the mass-flow rate ratio of carbon dioxide to the feed and the temperature of the phase separator. By careful setting of the operational parameters, the degree of concentration enhancement may be accurately controlled. The new apparatus-despite consisting of laboratory equipment and being built in a fume hood-could easily support pilot-scale synthetic flow chemistry, being a continuous, efficient alternative to thermal concentration methods.