Abstract
Lignin, a complex and abundant biopolymer found in the cell walls of plants, is gaining significant attention due to its potential applications in various industries, including biofuels, bioplastics, and pharmaceuticals. However, the purification of lignin is a critical challenge due to its heterogeneous structure and the presence of impurities, which can hinder its industrial application. This review provides an overview of the current methods used for lignin purification, including solvent fractionation, membrane filtration, precipitation techniques, and chromatographic methods. It also discusses the characterization techniques employed to assess the purity and properties of lignin, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The review highlights the effectiveness of different purification methods and their impact on the physical, chemical, and thermal properties of lignin. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and limitations of current purification techniques and suggests potential future directions for research. The findings underscore the importance of developing more sustainable and costeffective purification processes to fully realize the industrial potential of lignin.
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