Addition Of Solvent Research Articles

Evaluation of Solvent Compatibilities for Headspace-SIFT-MS Analysis of Pharmaceutical Products

Procedures for determination of the residual solvent and volatile impurity content in pharmaceutical products usually rely on dissolution in a solvent, followed by headspace-gas chromatography (HS-GC) analysis. Whereas chromatographic systems can utilize a wide variety of solvents, direct-injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) techniques have fewer solvent options, because elimination of the chromatographic column means that the instrument is more susceptible to saturation. Since water has the lowest impact, it has almost always been the default solvent for DIMS. In this study, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS)—a DIMS technique—was applied to the systematic evaluation of the proportion of solvent that can be utilized (with aqueous diluent) without causing instrument saturation and while maintaining satisfactory analytical performance. The solvents evaluated were N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, and triacetin. All solvents are compatible with headspace-SIFT-MS analysis at 5% (min) in water, while DMI, DMAC, and DMSO can be used at higher concentrations (50, 100, and 25%, respectively), though suffering substantial diminution of the limit of quantitation for non-polar analytes at higher proportions of non-aqueous solvent. Analytical performance was also evaluated using linearity, repeatability, and recovery measurements. This work demonstrates that organic solvents diluted in water can be utilized with headspace-SIFT-MS and provide an approach for evaluation of additional diluent solvents.

Air-Knife-Assisted Spray Coating of Organic Solar Cells.

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) have risen dramatically since the introduction of the "Y-series" of non-fullerene acceptors. However, the demonstration of rapid scalable deposition techniques to deposit such systems is rare. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the deposition of a Y-series-based system using ultrasonic spray coating─a technique with the potential for significantly faster deposition speeds than most traditional meniscus-based methods. Through the use of an air-knife to rapidly remove the casting solvent, we can overcome film reticulation, allowing the drying dynamics to be controlled without the use of solvent additives, heating the substrate, or heating the casting solution. The air-knife also facilitates the use of a non-halogenated, low-toxicity solvent, resulting in industrially relevant, spray-coated PM6:DTY6 devices with PCEs of up to 14.1%. We also highlight the obstacles for scalable coating of Y-series-based solar cells, in particular the influence of slower drying times on blend morphology and crystallinity. This work demonstrates the compatibility of ultrasonic spray coating, and use of an air-knife, with high-speed, roll-to-roll OSC manufacturing techniques.

Vertical Phase Regulation with 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene Leads to 18.5% Efficiency Binary Organic Solar Cells.

The sequential deposition method assists the vertical phase distribution in the photoactive layer of organic solar cells, enhancing power conversion efficiencies. With this film coating approach, the morphology of both layers can be fine-tuned with high boiling solvent additives, as frequently applied in one-step casting films. However, introducing liquid additives can compromise the morphological stability of the devices due to the solvent residuals. Herein, 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (TBB) with high volatility and low cost, is used as a solid additive in the acceptor solution and combined thermal annealing to regulate the vertical phase in organic solar cells composed of D18-Cl/L8-BO. Compared to the control cells, the devices treated with TBB and those that underwent additional thermal processing exhibit increased exciton generation rate, charge carrier mobility, charge carrier lifetime, and reduced bimolecular charge recombination. As a result, the TBB-treated organic solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.5% (18.1% averaged), one of the highest efficiencies in binary organic solar cells with open circuit voltage exceeding 900mV. This study ascribes the advanced device performance to the gradient-distributed donor-acceptor concentrations in the vertical direction. The findings provide guidelines for optimizing the morphology of the sequentially deposited top layer to achieve high-performance organic solar cells.

Phase Inversion-Based Doxycycline Hyclate-Incorporated Borneol In Situ Gel for Periodontitis Treatment.

Borneol has been successfully employed as a gelling agent for in situ forming gel (ISG). While 40% borneol can regulate drug release, there is interest in novel approaches to achieve extended drug release, particularly through the incorporation of hydrophobic substances. Herein, triacetin was selected as a hydrophobic additive solvent for doxycycline hyclate (Dox)-loaded 40% borneol-based ISGs in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which were subsequently evaluated in terms of their physicochemical properties, gel formation morphology, water sensitivity, drug release, and antimicrobial activities. ISG density and viscosity gradually decreased with the triacetin proportion to a viscosity of <12 cPs and slightly influenced the surface tension (33.14-44.33 mN/m). The low expelled force values (1.59-2.39 N) indicated the convenience of injection. All of the prepared ISGs exhibited favorable wettability and plastic deformation. Higher gel firmness from ISG prepared using NMP as a solvent contributed to the ability of more efficient controlled drug release. High triacetin (25%)-loaded ISG retarded solvent diffusion and gel formation, but diminished gel firmness and water sensitivity. ISG containing 5% triacetin efficiently prolonged Dox release up to 10 days with Fickian diffusion and presented effective antimicrobial activities against periodontitis pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Therefore, the Dox-loaded 40% borneol-based ISG with 5% triacetin is a potential effective local ISG for periodontitis treatment.

COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF INKS, PAINTS AND DYES AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF DOCUMENT PROTECTION AGAINST COUNTERFEITING

This article analyzes the component composition of inks, paints and dyes, and also gives a general description of one or another type of ink or dye and a classification of some of them. The historical aspect of the manufacture of inks and their components is highlighted. Writing ink was first made in ancient Egypt and China around 2500 BC. The features of paints depending on the type of printing (high, gravure, flat offset, screen) are studied and examples of their application are given. Flat offset inks used in newspapers are usually simple in composition. As for letterpress, although this type is gradually being replaced by other printing processes, it is still used in the production of money, most paper-based forms in printing serial numbers, etc. Gravure inks are similar to flexographic inks, except that ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons can be used as solvents, allowing much greater freedom in the choice of binders. This type of ink for inkjet printing, such as solvent ink, is considered in detail. Solvent ink is a complex physical and chemical system for inkjet printing, consisting of pigment, polymer, film former, solvent and special additives. The structural composition of solvents is characterized, which, getting on paper, undergoes a number of changes over a fixed period of time, as a result of which the dye dries on paper. Ethanol, benzyl alcohol and many other solvents can also be used as carriers. The choice of solvent or solvents often depends on the properties of the writing instrument. The so-called «invisible» ink (UV ink, thermosetting ink, etc.) was studied separately as a kind of protective element. This type of ink is mainly used in steganography, anti-counterfeiting and currency security features, packaging authenticity indicators, brand protection, and secret messages. Conclusions are drawn, emphasizing that understanding the principle of operation of one or another element of protection allows forensic experts of forensic technical examination of documents to effectively identify forgery.

A combined experimental and computational approach for the rationalization of the catalytic activity of lipase B from Candida antarctica in water–organic solvent mixtures

AbstractBackgroundThe addition of organic solvents to an aqueous medium for enzymatic reactions offers several advantages, as they can increase the solubility of substrates but can also lead to enzyme inactivation and/or aggregation.ResultsThe effect of adding 30% of several water‐soluble organic solvents on the catalytic activity of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB) was studied and the results showed that the highest activity was obtained with the addition of t‐butanol. t‐Butanol and acetonitrile were selected and the kinetic parameters, determined to deepen their effect on CalB activity, showed that the addition of acetonitrile improved the enzyme–substrate affinity, while water–t‐butanol mixtures led to a more than ninefold increase in kcat. To rationalize at a molecular level the kinetic results, molecular dynamic simulations were performed. Analysis of the accessibility of the active‐site cavity, solvent occupancy in the site and in the oxyanion hole, and the stability of the catalytic triad in the two solvent mixtures, provided insight into their effects on the catalytic properties of CalB.ConclusionThe lower occupancy in the oxyanion hole of water molecules and a shorter residence time in the active site of acetonitrile molecules in the acetonitrile–water mixture contribute to the higher enzyme–substrate affinity found experimentally. Conversely, the higher kcat in the t‐butanol mixture is explained by the higher stability of the catalytic triad and by an increase in the nucleophilicity of the catalytic serine due to the persistent presence of t‐butanol molecules in the active site. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Experimental studies on performance and emission measures of a 4-stroke compression ignition engine using palm bio-diesel blended with N-butanol

The enormous consumption of energy, stiff increase in oil prices, and customary fuel degradation contribute to massive fuel crises in most of the developed countries. Despite the mild energy disaster and extreme environmental regulations, Diesel engines pose a vital option for automobile vehicles. However, the increased Diesel emissions and the higher labor cost associated to cut down the same make the Bio-diesels blended with N-butanol a better option to resolve the fossil gasoline problems in the future. Hence, the present study highlights the performance and emission measures of a 4-stroke Compression Ignition (CI) engine using N-butanol additive (solvent) with Palm Bio-diesel. Experiments are conducted (i) with only Diesel (ii) with Palm Bio-diesel (in percentages of 10, 15, and 20) mixed with Diesel, and (iii) with N-butanol additive (considered 10% only) to the mixture of Palm Bio-diesel (in percentages of 10, 15, and 20) and Diesel. Experimental analyses are carried out in the same engine using an eddy current dynamometer. The effect of various performance parameters like Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), and Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) on the engine load (varying between 0 and 16 N) is evaluated. On the other hand, different regulated emission measures like Smoke opacity, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Hydrocarbons (HC) are also evaluated at the same engine loads. The idea is to identify the feasibility and potential benefits of these biofuel blends in the CI engine. Adding 10% N-butanol to Bio-diesel, the HC, CO2, CO, and smoke opacity are reduced to a greater extent. The NOx emissions are also controlled to a larger extent using N-butanol. Again, the BA10 (10% Palm Bio-diesel, 10% N-butanol, and 80% Diesel) has a 2% higher BTE and a 1.33% lower BSFC compared to Diesel and B10 (10% Palm Bio-diesel, and 90% Diesel). The addition of N-butanol to Diesel also helps in reducing the fuel density, kinematic viscosity, and cetane value of blended fuels and can be used as a substitute fuel for Diesel engines.

Hydrophobization of Inorganic Oxide Surfaces via Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Siloxane Vapor.

The ability to control the surface chemistry of inorganic oxides has a profound impact on numerous applications, including lubrication, antifouling, and anticorrosion. While often overlooked as potential modifying agents given their lack of traditional functional groups, siloxanes have recently been shown to react readily with and covalently attach to inorganic oxide surfaces. Herein, we examine the reactions of cyclic siloxane vapor with solid interfaces via a ring-opening polymerization (ROP) initiated by the inherent acid/base characteristics of several smooth inorganic oxide surfaces. Surfaces are characterized by ellipsometry, dynamic contact angle analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This technique requires no additional solvents and very little reactant to produce nanometer-thick hydrophobic surfaces that exhibit low contact angle hysteresis. Additional studies with particulate surfaces suggest that this method prepares conformal coatings regardless of surface architecture.

Studies on Multi-step Addition of NMP in (LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05) (NCA) Cathode Slurry Preparation and its Rheological, Mechanical Strength and Electrochemical Properties for Li-ion Cells

For electrode stability and the electrochemical performance of the Li-ion cell, it is essential that the active ingredients and unique additives in the polymer binder be well dispersed with the solvent-based slurry. The efficient procedure used to create the slurry affects the rheological characteristics of the electrode slurry. When successively adding different steps of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent to the cathode composition, it is evenly disseminated. The electrochemical performance of the Li-ion cells and the electrodes made with slurry formed by single step and multiple steps of addition of NMP solvent are examined. To preform rheological properties of cathode electrode slurry on Ni-rich Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide (LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05) (NCA). Also, we investigate different step addition of electrode formation and mechanical strength characterization like peel strength. According to the EIS study, a multi-step electrode slurry has lower internal resistance than a single-step electrode slurry, which results in better electrical characteristics and efficiency. Further, microstructure of electrodes is obtained electrochemical performance in the 18650 cylindrical cells with targeted capacity of 1.5 Ah. The slurry of electrodes prepared by single step and multiple steps of addition of NMP solvent and its effect on the fabrication of 1.5 Ah cells. A three-step solvent addition on slurry has been found to be a lower internal resistance than a single-step electrode slurry as confirmed by the EIS analysis, yielding improved electrical properties and efficiency.

Mechanism and solvent kinetics of acid catalysed Hydrolysis of Propyl Methanoate in Binary-Solvent system of water and Propanol-2

The kinetic solvent effect on the rate of reaction for the acid catalysed hydrolysis of propyl methanoate has been studed in different compositions (30 to70%) of aqueous mixture of prpanol-2(v/v) over the different ranges of temperature(20 to 400 c). The reaction followed second order kimnetics. With addition of solvent the rate of reaction decreases progressively. The energy of activation (Ec) is calculated with the help of Arrhenius plots with reciprocal of absolute temperature. Linear relation has been observed for the plots of logk against different dielectric values of propanol-2. The effect of solvent on thermodynamic parameter has also been discussed and calculated with wynne Jones and Eyring equation. The nature of solvent-solute interaction has been explained by calculation Iso-kinetic temperature.

High-temperature resistant, super elastic aerogel sheet prepared based on in-situ supercritical separation method for thermal runaway prohibition of lithium-ion batteries

Thermal runaway (TR) propagation is considered the utmost safety issue of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which raised extensive concern. Using high-efficiency fireproof sheets to separate battery packs is one of the effective technologies to reduce the risk of TR propagation. Hence, we report a novel method, namely in-situ supercritical separation (ISS), to fabricate co-precursor aerogel sheets (CAS) based on an in-house device. ISS method can effectively reduce the preparation time of aerogel sheets to 3 h and greatly reduce the amount of solvent used without replacing or pressurizing additional solvent. More importantly, the proposed ISS method can effectively suppress the separation of the co-precursor heterogeneous substances, achieving homogeneous polymerization and improving the mechanical properties, high-temperature resistance and thermal insulation properties of the aerogel sheet. Specifically, CAS exhibits a compression strength of 638.5 kPa (50% strain), a low energy loss coefficient (0.238), and superior fatigue resistance (10,000 compressions). CAS has an ultralow thermal conductivity (i.e., 0.0197 W/(m·K)). The blocking functions of CAS are verified by a series of experiments where TR is triggered by abusive heating. Consequently, the TR propagation among fully charged LIBs with the highest temperature of up to 836.2 °C is successfully suppressed by 2-mm-thick CAS, yielding the maximum cell-to-cell temperature gap of 767 °C. Furthermore, it is proved that CAS with 35.7% wt aerogel is economical and capable of suppressing the TR propagation in the LIB module. The above results indicate that the CAS prepared by the ISS method is promising in applying to a safer LIB module.

Role of Distance from Equilibrium in the Fragmentation Kinetics of Block Copolymer Micelles

The fragmentation kinetics of 1,2-polybutadiene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (Mn = 17.2 kDa and fPEO = 0.38) block copolymer micelles have been examined with an emphasis on elucidating the role of driving force for micellar fragmentation, represented by the aggregation number ratio Q/Qeq. Large micelles with size Q > Qeq were formed in an ionic liquid [C2mim][TFSI] by the direct dissolution method. A broad range of Q/Qeq was then obtained by altering the solvent quality after micelle formation by addition of a second solvent, selected from a series of imidazolium-based ionic liquids [Cxmim][TFSI] with x = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. In order to quantify the change in solvent quality by dilution, the interfacial tension γ between the different ionic liquids and 1,2-polybutadiene homopolymer was determined using the pendant drop method. Micelles in a solution diluted with a second ionic liquid with x ≥ 2 were equilibrated by high-temperature annealing at 170 °C, during which in situ dynamic light-scattering measurements were made to follow the decay of average micelle size with time. Micelles were further characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to obtain micelle core size distributions. Qeq and γ were found to exhibit a power-law correlation, Qeq ∼ γ6/5, in accordance with the scaling prediction for star-like micelles. The reduction in γ on dilution with a lower γ solvent (x > 2) results in a smaller equilibrium micelle size, enabling access to a higher Q/Qeq, in the range from 1.1 to 5. The rate of fragmentation was found to increase significantly with an increase in Q/Qeq, thus the greater thermodynamic driving force leads to a systematic acceleration of fragmentation kinetics. The detailed mechanism by which micelles with Q ≫ Qeq achieve Qeq remains to be elucidated; the data suggest that it is not a sequential process but concerted.

Development of the efficient preparation method for thermoresponsive elastin-like peptides using liquid-phase synthesis combined with fragment condensation strategy.

Elastin-like peptides (ELPs) are synthetic peptides that mimic the characteristic hydrophobic amino acid repeat sequences of elastin and exhibit temperature-dependent reversible self-assembly properties. ELPs are expected to be used as temperature-responsive biomolecular materials across diverse industrial and research fields, and there is a requirement for a straightforward method to mass-produce them. Previously, we demonstrated that phenylalanine-containing ELP analogs, namely, (FPGVG)n , can undergo coacervation with short chains (n = 5). The Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis method is one strategy used to synthesize these short ELPs. However, owing to its low reaction efficiency, an efficient method for preparing ELPs is required. In this study, efficient preparation of ELPs was investigated using a liquid-phase synthesis method with a hydrophobic benzyl alcohol support (HBA-tag). Because HBA-tags are highly hydrophobic, they can be easily precipitated by the addition of poor solvents and recovered by filtration. This property allows the method to combine the advantages of the simplicity of solid-phase methods and the high reaction efficiency of liquid-phase methods. By utilizing liquid-phase fragment condensation with HBA-tags, short ELPs were successfully obtained in high yield and purity. Finally, the temperature-dependent response of the ELPs generated through fragment condensation was assessed using turbidity measurements, which revealed a reversible phase transition. Consequently, the ELPs exhibited a reversible phase transition, indicating successful synthesis of ELPs via fragment preparation with tags. These findings provide evidence of the potential for mass production of ELPs using this approach.

Structural studies of Schiff base ligand and its copper complexes: Solvents effect in 1-D polymeric and monomeric copper (II) complexes, computational and sensing studies

The Schiff base ligand (E)-2,4-dibromo-6-(((2-(methylthio)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenol (SL5) and their copper complexes were synthesized. The complex-1 ([Cu (SL5) (CH3COO)]n) and complex-2 ([Cu (SL5) (CH3COO) (CH3OH)]) were obtained by inducing acetic and methanol solvent by post-synthetic modification. Both ligand and metal complexes were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and EDAX analysis. In addition, the photoluminescence behaviour has also been studied. The crystal structures of both ligand and metal complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The structure was solved by direct methods using the SHELXS program and refined by the SHELXL program. The structural changes of ligand in the formation of the metal complexes and the solvent-induced effect of acetic acid and methanol on copper complexes have been studied using crystal structure analysis. The SL5 ligand and complex-2 crystallize in the Monoclinic, P21/n space group and complex-1 crystallize in the Tetragonal, I41/a space group. Complex-1 exhibits six coordinated distorted octahedral geometry. The addition of methanol solvent to complex-1 forms complex-2 and has five coordinated square pyramidal geometry. Complex-1 forms a 1-D coordination polymer chain via Cu1–O3 and it is replaced by the O2–H2‧‧‧O4 interaction with the aid of coordinated methanol solvent in complex-2. The effect of solvents on the coordination sphere directly influences the chelating rings. Complexes-1 exhibits interesting type-II halogen‧‧‧halogen (Br‧‧‧Br) interaction, leading to the formation of tetramer synthons (X4). Halogen-halogen interactions are broken down by adding a methanol solvent, resulting in halogen-hydrogen interactions in complex-2. Crystal structure and quantum computational studies have analyzed the synergetic effect of ligand and solvents on the molecular packing of metal complexes. The Cu(OAc)2SL5 receptor selectively detects sulfide anion in aqueous acetonitrile HEPES buffer solution in the presence of other anions. Further, antibacterial activity has been carried out for MRSA bacteria, and docking studies were carried out for penicillin-binding protein to explore the effect of coordination and solvents.

Tetrabutylammonium Valinate Ionic Liquid Grafted Nano-SiO2: A Novel Heterogeneous and Reusable Catalytic System for the Synthesis of Naphthopyran Derivatives Under Solvent-Less Condition

In the present study, we have synthesized TBAVIL@nano-SiO2 as a novel heterogeneous catalytic system by using tetrabutylammonium valinate ionic liquid (TBAVIL) and silica nanoparticles. The designed catalytic system is used for the preparation of naphthopyran derivatives by reacting substituted aromatic aldehyde, β-naphthol, and malononitrile in one pot system without the addition of solvent and co-catalyst. This method affords excellent yield (85–96%) of all the products with less reaction time (7–42 min). The catalyst reusability is also checked up to five cycles and found to have excellent activity up to three cycles.

Methanol-Supplemented Hierarchical Porous Breath Figure Structure

Honeycomb-shaped, hierarchical porous structure is fabricated using the breath figure method. Different solvents are used to fabricate porous membranes with five different concentrations using spin coating. The diameter of the pores is controlled by the polymer concentration as well as different solvents. Using methanol as an additive solvent a homogeneous porous film is achieved. Furthermore, the effect of different solvents on the titania nanoparticles on the breath figure porous structure shows how titania particles are confined in the polymer matrix. So, using methanol as an additional solvent would be far more practical for synthesizing homogeneous films with different pore sizes than the standard procedure for fabricating the breath figure structure.

Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Potential Fluorescent Properties of Three Lanthanide(III) Ions Complexes with Nalidixic Acid.

Three new solid lanthanide complexes with nalidixic acid (HNal) with the stoichiometry [Ln(Nal)3]·5·.5H2O (Ln=Tb, Dy and Ho) were synthesized applying the green synthesis method from the aqueous solutions without the organic solvent addition and fully characterized by the elemental analysis, XRF, complexometric titration, gravimetric analysis, molar conductivity and solubility measurements, powder X-Ray diffraction, UV-Vis and infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies. Moreover, the luminescent properties of the Tb(III), Dy(III), and Ho(III) complexes in the solid state and in the solutions were investigated. On the basis of the detailed spectral analysis, it was concluded that the nalidixate ligands bind to the lanthanide ions by the bidentate carboxylate and carbonyl groups while water molecules belong to the outer coordination sphere. At the excitation of UV light, the complexes exhibited characteristic emission of central lanthanide ions, the intensity of which depends significantly on the excitation wavelength and/or the solvent. Thus, the application of nalidixic acid (apart from biological activity) for the synthesis of luminescent lanthanide complexes was confirmed which can find potential applications in the field of photonic devices and/or bioimaging agents.

Tribological properties of MoSx/rGO nanohybrids as additives in deep eutectic solvent

Environment-friendly and sustainable deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as a new type of lubricant. Here, MoSx/rGO nanohybrids were prepared as lubricant additive to improve the tribological performance of DES. The nanohybrids exhibited excellent dispersibility in DES. Tribological tests indicated that the DES with 1.5 wt% of MoSx/rGO additive exhibited the best lubrication performance for steel tribopair by reducing friction (∼31.2%) and wear (∼88.2%) due to the synergistic effect between the MoSx/rGO nanohybrid and DES. The superior lubricating properties of DES containing nanohybrids are primarily due to the attachment of nanohybrids to the friction interface, which triggers the formation of a robust tribofilm. These findings provide new insights into enhancing the tribological performance of DES by incorporating effective additives.

Novel 1D CuI coordination polymer using phosphorus-nitrogen ligands, active in aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel copper(I) coordination polymer, the first one containing a phosphorus-nitrogen ligand, [Cu(κ2-P,N-(diphenylphospino)pyrimidine-2-amine)2Cl]n. This coordination polymer acts as catalyst under homogeneous conditions using molecular oxygen as oxidant. (5 bar and 40 to 120 °C). The catalyst shows high conversion for several substrate/catalyst ratio values (400/1 to 12800/1), and the reaction takes place in the absence of additional solvent with the advantages that this entails. The reported system shows 80% conversion for the cyclohexene oxidation in only 15 min of reaction, using a high substrate/catalyst ratio of 3200/1 with turnover number of 10240 h−1. The catalyst only looses 13% of conversion after 4 cycles. The study suggests a radical mechanism assisted by the catalyst that favors the formation of two major products, 2-cyclohexen-1-one and 2-cyclohexen-1-ol.

Blood-derived biomaterials for tissue graft biofabrication by solvent-based extrusion bioprinting

This article provides an overview of the different types of blood-derived biomaterials that can be used as solvent additives in the formulation of inks/bioinks for use in solvent extrusion printing/bioprinting. We discuss the properties of various blood sub-products obtained after blood fractionation in terms of their use in tailoring ink/bioink to produce functional constructs designed to improve tissue repair. Blood-derived additives include platelets and/or their secretome, including signaling proteins and microvesicles, which can drive cell migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. The contribution of plasma to ink/bioink functionalization relies not only on growth factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor and insulin growth factors, but also on adhesive proteins, such as fibrinogen/fibrin, vitronectin, and fibronectin. We review the current developments and progress in solvent-based extrusion printing/bioprinting with inks/bioinks functionalized with different blood-derived products, leading toward the development of more advanced patient-specific 3D constructs in multiple medical fields, including but not limited to oral tissues and cartilage, bone, skin, liver, and neural tissues. This information will assist researchers in identifying the most suitable blood-derived product for their ink/bioink formulation based on the intended regenerative functionality of the target tissue.