Formalin Solution Research Articles

Non-Ossifying Fibroma in Posterior Mandible, A Case Report

In this case report, we present a case of non-ossifying fibroma in the mandible of an eleven-year-old girl who reported to the Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Department with facial asymmetry and painless swelling on palpation over the lower right mandibular region. In this paper, we review the radiographic features, clinical presentation, and histopathological features of non-ossifying fibromas. Non-ossifying fibromas present with a unique extra-gnathic appearance in the skull. It is usually asymptomatic and has diverse histological features. Co-related histological, radiological, and clinical features differentiate it from other odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumors and cysts of the oral cavity. Ortho-pantogram revealed a well-demarcated, expansile radiolucency with pronounced sclerotic borders with striations reaching the anterior and superior regions and thus slowly approaching a multilocular stage. The treatment plan comprised of excisional resection with curettage under general anesthesia. After excisional biopsy of the lesion, the specimen was sent for histopathological evaluation in neutrally buffered 10 % formalin solution, which confirmed it to be a Non-Ossifying Fibroma. Prior to surgery, informed consent and written permission to collaborate with a case report encompassing her findings were obtained from the patients’ guardians. Confidentiality of patient has been taken care of before documenting the report. A meticulous literature review of previous case reports on non-ossifying fibromas revealed typical behaviors and characteristics of this lesion.

Nonantibiotic strategies to decrease the postbiopsy hospitalization rates because of infectious complications after transrectal prostate biopsy.

To compare the effect of biopsy needle disinfection with 10% formalin solution alone and with povidone-iodine rectal cleaning on preventing infectious complications requiring hospitalization. The data of 902 patients who underwent prostate biopsy by transrectal route were retrospectively analyzed. Inclusion criteria were prophylactic antibiotic use and negative urine culture before the biopsy. Three groups occurred according to the methods used during the biopsy procedure. In Group 1, 501 patients, biopsy needle disinfection was made using 10% formalin solution during the biopsy procedure. Group 2, 164 patients, applied only prophylactic antibiotics. Group 3, 237 patients, applied both 10% formalin disinfection of the biopsy needle and prebiopsy povidone-iodine rectal cleansing. Hospitalized patients because of infectious complications a month after the biopsy were our outcome measures. Hospitalization rates because of biopsy-related infectious complications, according to Groups 1, 2, and 3, were 2.7%, 8.5%, and 0%, respectively. The best results were observed in Group 3 and the worst in Group 2. The two nonantibiotic strategies, biopsy needle disinfection with formalin solution and rectal cleaning with povidone-iodine, look more effective when applied together. However, further prospective studies are required to confirm our analysis.

Biodiversity of zooplankton (Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda) in the tributaries of Cheboksary Reservoir (Middle Volga, Russia).

Freshwater zooplankton is an important component of the ecological communities of inland water bodies. It acts as an important part of the food web and participates in the self-purification processes of aquatic ecosystems. To study the abundance and distribution of species, a sampling event dataset was compiled and then published through GBIF. The aim of the work was to describe the current zooplankton fauna (Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda) and its abundance, based on a recently published dataset. The research was conducted from 2015 to 2022. Zooplankton samples were collected by vertical towing a plankton net (70 μm mesh) from the bottom to the water surface or by filtering through a net, the water being collected with a measuring bucket. The samples were concentrated to 100 ml and fixed with a final concentration of 4% formalin solution. For each sampling event, the coordinates of the location, number of individuals and date were recorded. The dataset contains information on 259 taxа, including 257 species and subspecies of zooplankton from 36 families found in the tributaries of the Cheboksary Reservoir. The families Chydoridae (35 species), Brachionidae (31) and Cyclopidae (27) were the most species-rich. Four invasive species were found: Kellicottiabostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908), Acanthocyclopsamericanus (Marsh, 1893), Ilyocryptusspinifer Herrick, 1882 and Thermocyclopstaihokuensis Harada, 1931.

INVENTARISASI SERANGGA AIR DI DESA BUNGURCOPONG KECAMATAN PICUNG PANDEGLANG BANTEN

Water insects are a group of insect organisms that partially or phase of their life in water. Usually the habitat of the nymph phase in the imago phase, that is the nymphs usually live in water. In naiads there are breathing apparatus such as gills and their habitat is in water While in the immago phase, the habitat is on land or air and the breathing apparatus uses the trachea. This study to determine the diversity of aquatic insects in the river Cimoyan Picung District. The search was carried out at 2 stations with 3 times taking itat each station. Sampling using a kick net with a plot of 10 meters at each station. Samples that can be preserved with formalin solution, the sorted, in the insectarium and identified. The data obtained from the research of aquatic insects in the village of Bungurcopong, Picung Pandeglang district used descriptive data.

Colorimetric variations in cadaveric tissues embalmed with modified Thiel\\\'s and Formalin solutions: An objective comparative study using image J

The comparison of tissue colour between Thiel's embalmed cadavers (TEC) and formalin-embalmed cadavers (FEC) is crucial for assessing the efficacy of Thiel embalming technique as a suitable alternative to formalin embalming for surgical skill training and anatomical education. Most of the studies which declare the superiority of tissue colour in TEC over FEC have done subjective assessment and comparison of the tissue colour. This study aims to compare the colour difference between Thiel and formalin embalmed cadavers objectively. : The current study used six human cadavers to compare the effects of two embalming methods, Modified Thiel’s solution (MTS) and Modified Formalin Solution(MFS). The tissues of the cadavers were dissected and photographed to be analysed for Red, Blue, Green values using Image J software. The mean (SD) R-value (Red), G-value (Green), and B-value (Blue) for MTS embalmed cadavers were 149.78 (16.070), 124 (19.675), and 109.96 (9.852), respectively, from pictures of embalmed cadavers from research groups. The mean RGB value of MTS embalmed cadavers was substantially (P<0.05) higher than MFS embalmed cadavers. The current research found that MTS-embalmed cadavers have greater RGB values than MFS-embalmed ones. This information helps to fully understand tissue property changes, evaluate their impact on student perceptions and learning outcomes, and determine Thiel embalming's suitability for surgical training and workshops.

Transcolonoscopic spraying formalin solution for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis: a retrospective analysis.

Radiation proctitis is a common complication that occurs as a result of radiation therapy used to treat pelvic malignancies. The most common and bothersome symptom resulting from radiation proctitis is rectal bleeding, which can be persistent or recurrent. This study aimed to review our experience and evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcolonoscopic spraying of formalin solution in patients with hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. A total of 37 patients with hemorrhagic radiation proctitis, aged between 48 and 79 years (mean age 62.56 ± 8.48 years), were divided into three cohorts based on the severity of radiation injury. Under direct endoscopic vision, a 4% formalin solution was applied directly to the rectal hemorrhagic mucosa. The patients were followed for a period of over 6 months after receiving treatment, during which the therapeutic effectiveness and occurrence of complications were observed. The study resulted in an overall response rate of 89.2% among all patients. The response rates for patients with grades 1-3 were 100, 100, and 66.7%, respectively. Notably, the rate of response among patients with grade 3 radiation injury was significantly lower compared to those with grades 1-2 (p = 0.009). Mild adverse reactions, such as anal pain and tenesmus, were reported in a small number of patients but could be alleviated without any intervention. The endoscopic application of formalin solution for the treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis has shown a significant effect, particularly in patients with grades 1-2 radiation injury. The observed effect is superior to that observed in patients with grade 3 radiation injury.

Immunohistochemical characterization of pluripotency of an iPSC line derived from a patient with cone‐rod dystrophy related to a mutation in the PROM1 gene

Purpose: PROM1 gene encodes the protein Prominin‐1 which plays a critical role in the morphogenesis of photoreceptors outer segments. The c.1354dupT mutation in PROM1 causes a premature stop codon and it has been related with different inherited retinal diseases (IRD) phenotypes. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the expression of key pluripotency genes by studying protein transcription factors and surface markers on the iPSC line [DCB]‐FiPSC1‐Ep5F‐2.Methods: Our group generated the iPSC line [DCB]‐FiPSC1‐Ep5F‐2 from a patient with Cone‐rod dystrophy (CRD) related to the mutation c.1354dupT in the PROM1 gene. iPSC was grown on matrigel coated 15 μ‐slide 8‐well culture plates and fixed with 10% formalin solution. Plates were washed with Tris Buffered Saline and blocked (0.3%Triton X‐100 and 3%Donkey serum) for 60 min. Then, different combinations of primary antibodies related to pluripotency (OCT4, SSEA3, SOX2, SSEA4, TRA1‐60, NANOG and TRA1‐81) were incubated at 4°C overnight. Afterwards, species‐specific secondary antibodies were conjugated and immunostaining with DAPI was used. Finally, the samples were evaluated by confocal microscopy.Results: Immunofluorescence analysis of the iPSC line [DCB]‐FiPSC1‐Ep5F‐2 revealed the expression of the common embryonic stem cell markers such as the transcription factors OCT4, NANOG and SOX2, and the surface markers SSEA3, TRA‐1‐81, SSEA4 and TRA‐1‐60. Transcriptional markers stain cell nuclei, while surface markers stain cell membranes showing that iPSCs have the potential for pluripotency and multilineage differentiation.Conclusions: Although molecular characterization is necessary to completely elucidate iPSC pluripotency and bank this line in an international depository, the [DCB]‐FiPSC1‐Ep5F‐2 patient derived iPSC line could be useful as a disease model for the development of personalized therapies.

Diagnosis of saproligniosis and protozoa of fish and veterinary and sanitary assessment of their meat (Uzbekistan)

Recent experiments have shown that the pH value of saproligniosis in muasa ryb was found to be 7.3. In our experiments, it was clear that in the study of muasa ryb, b with chylodinilliosis, this indicator was higher (7.4-7.6) than in muasa ryb, infected with Saprolignia mixta. In the prevention of saproligniosis in fish, the high effectiveness of timely use of chloramine B, malachite blue, bleach, slaked lime, sodium chloride solution, formalin-sodium alkali, potassium permanganate, malachite blue has been established. The fish disease trichodinosis is widespread in nature and affects mainly juvenile, one- and two-year-old fish. Good results in the treatment of trichodinosis are obtained by using the bath method with appropriate solutions of table salt, formalin, chlorine preparations and treatment with a mixture of FMS according to 2 schemes. In order to prevent the disease, it is effective to regularly carry out fish reclamation, veterinary, sanitary and therapeutic measures.

CHANGES IN THE WIDTH OF THE PERIODONTAL GAP OF RATS WITH SUPRAOCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIPS OF INDIVIDUAL TEETH IN THE AGE ASPECT

Introduction. The dentoalveolar apparatus is a complex of complicated interaction of the jaws, masticatory muscles, teeth, and temporomandibular joints. This connection is carried out by the trigeminal nerve system with sensory and motor nuclei closely connected to the cortical and subcortical centers of the brain. Occlusal trauma is a lesion that develops in the periodontium as a result of forces that exceed the periodontal potential for functional adaptation. Occlusal trauma can be classified as primary or secondary. The first one occurs in the pulp and periodontal ligament when the force of the action on the dental structures is greater than usual, under optimal periodontal support conditions. It includes orthodontic movements, "high" restorations, and parafunctional habits such as bruxism. Secondary occlusal trauma occurs when the teeth with previous supporting tissue changes are subjected to the action of normal and excessive forces with supporting tissue changes caused by periodontal disease or previous trauma. The available evidence has demonstrated that bacterial plaque bioactive substances lead to local inflammatory responses in periodontal tissues which contribute to bone tissue resorption through osteoclasts in periodontitis. Excessive functional stress can initiate inflammatory changes in the periodontium and thus, increase destructive bacterial processes. Traumatic occlusion can expand the space of the periodontal ligament and in this way stimulate apical bacterial migration and proliferation. However, few attempts have been made to investigate the molecular mechanisms that trigger bone tissue resorption in traumatic occlusion. The analysis of publications on the studies of morphological changes in periodontal tissues in individual teeth supraocclusion in the age aspect shows the contradictory data. The aim: to determine the morphometric changes of the periodontal gap as a component of the periodontal complex in rats of different age groups in the supraocclusal relationship of individual teeth in the age aspect. Materials and methods of the study. The scientific experiment was conducted on 60 white laboratory rats aged 4 to 22 months and weighing 90 to 330 g. The rats were divided into control (30 animals) and experimental (30 animals) groups. Each group was divided into 3 subgroups (10 animals each) depending on the age of the rats: young, mature and senile. Young animals included rats aged 3–4 months with a weight of 90–100 g; mature animals - aged 6–8 months with a weight of 150–170 g; senile rats – 20–22 months and weighing 200–220 g. The method of modelling the state of supraocclusal relations of individual teeth is described in the previous publication. For histological examination of dental blocks, the following was performed. Fixation in a 10% solution of neutral formalin for two days, dehydration in alcohols of increasing concentration and embedding in paraffin. After preparation, sections were made on a Shandon Finesse 325 rotary microtome with a section thickness of 4-6 µm. The histological sections were fixed on pre-degreased slides and dried. Van Gieson staining was performed. The width of the periodontal gap was determined using the ZEISS ZEN 3.7 program by Carl Zeiss Microscopy. For statistical data processing, the AtteStat v.12.5 software was used to determine the mean value and its standard error (M±m). The probability of a statistically significant difference between the data obtained was assessed using the Student's parametric test (at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05). All samples were tested for normality using the Gupta test. Results of the study. Statistical differences were observed in rats of all groups, as well as between the indicators of all rats of the control and experimental groups (≤0.05). The width of the periodontal gap increased by 34.1% in young rats, by 25.5% in mature rats, and by 21.1% in senile rats. Conclusions The presence of supraocclusal relationships of individual teeth causes an increase in the periodontal gap in rats of all age groups. The greatest expansion of the periodontal gap has occurred in young rats. The width of the periodontal gap in rats decreases with age.

Histomorphological Comparison of Tissues Fixed in Conventional Formalin and Eco-friendly Jaggery Solution: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Tissue fixation is an essential step in the microscopic preparation of tissues to preserve them by preventing autolysis, bacterial putrefaction, and increasing the tissue's refractive index. The conventional fixative used is 40% formaldehyde. Short-term exposure to formaldehyde can cause irritation to the eyes and respiratory tract, leading to breathlessness and coughing. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified formaldehyde as a Class 1 human carcinogen capable of potentially causing various neoplasms, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Therefore, an innovative approach is being explored to replace formalin with harmless and eco-friendly jaggery. Jaggery possesses cytoprotective, antioxidant, and tissue-preservative properties. At a low pH, the fructose in jaggery breaks down into aldehydes, which cross-link with tissue amino acids, resulting in tissue fixation similar to formaldehyde. Aim: To compare the histological and gross morphological features of tissues fixed in formalin and jaggery. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pathology of a tertiary care centre. Surgical specimens obtained fresh, which were not suspicious of malignancy, were included. A sample size of 23 was selected. Surgical specimens already placed in formalin were excluded. A 30% jaggery solution was prepared by dissolving 300 grams of finely powdered jaggery in 1000 mL of distilled water, which was then filtered using filter paper. A 40% formaldehyde solution was used to prepare a 10% formalin fixative. Tissue bits from each specimen were cut into two halves and placed in formalin and jaggery separately. After 24 hours of fixation, the tissue bits were evaluated for gross morphological features, including tissue shrinkage, consistency, and colour. Tissue shrinkage was classified as mild, moderate, or marked, while consistency ranged from soft to firm to hard. The colour of the specimens varied case by case. Stained slides from jaggeryfixed and formalin-fixed tissues were assessed for histological parameters, such as nuclear details, cytoplasmic details, cellular outline, and overall staining quality. A blinded method was used to compare the stained slides using a microscope. Ratings were assigned to each case on a scale of 1-4. The data were statistically analysed using R software. Results: When comparing the formalin-fixed and jaggery-fixed specimens, no significant differences were observed in gross morphological features. All jaggery-fixed specimens appeared brown grossly. Histological features also showed no significant difference (p-value>0.05) except for cytoplasmic details. Therefore, it was observed that tissue preservation using the jaggery solution was comparable to that of formalin. Conclusion: The tissue-preservative properties of jaggery are on par with formalin. Hence, jaggery solution can be used as an eco-friendly substitute for formalin. Further research with larger sample sizes can pave the way for the effective replacement of hazardous formalin with natural jaggery

Comparative Study on the Gross Anatomy of Some Abdominal Organs in Albino Rat (Rattus norvegicus) and Albino Mouse (Mus musculus)

A comparative gross anatomical study was carried out on six apparently healthy adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) and albino mice (Mus musculus) (Three rats and three mice) The aim of the current work is to demonstrate the gross anatomical topography, morphology and fixation of (liver, kidney, spleen, stomach and pancreas) in order to highlight similarities and differences between both species. The animals were brought from local animal markets and delivered to the anatomy laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University, Egypt. After euthanasia, animals were anatomically dissected via mid laparotomy to study the concerned abdominal viscera in both species. The organs were removed separately and preserved by both freezing and immersion in a container filled with 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for further examination. Photographs of the organs insitu and isolated were taken, discussed and compared with that of the other lab mammals in previous literatures. The study confirmed the absence of the gall bladder and the round ligament of liver in albino rat, while the hepatorenal ligament was absent in albino mouse. Also, the site of renal impression was found to be located on the right lateral hepatic lobe in albino rat while on the caudate process of liver in the albino mouse. Albino rats and mice had a bean shaped smooth unipapillated kidneys, however the position of kidneys greatly varied between both species. The characteristic crescentic-shaped stomach in rats with a tightly closed esophageal opening compared to the thumb-shaped stomach of mice with slightly loose esophageal opening were anatomical remarks. The proper knowledge of the normal morphology and topography of these abdominal viscera would assist veterinarians in designing of therapeutic surgical approaches in abdominal cavity and experimental transplantations.

Medial pontine area: Safe entry to the brainstem as a cut above the rest.

The safe entry zones for ventral brainstem (BS) should ideally be away from the cranial nerve fibers and their nuclei, contain the least amount of fibers, and should be apart from the functional descending and ascending tracts. Specifically, the management of intrinsic lesions located along the anterior surface of the pons has still been controversial, challenging, and worrisome. Our study aims to revisit the fiber-based anatomy of the medial pontine area (MPA), what is presumed to be one of the most commonly used BS safe entry zones in neurosurgery. The six brainstems were kept in 10% formalin solution for at least two months in accordance with the protocol proposed by Klingler J. and Ludwig E. After the arachnoid mater, pia mater, and vascular structures were removed, samples were frozen at -16°C for at least two weeks. White matter (WM) pathways of the BS were explored by gradually using fiber dissections under the surgical microscope. Safe entry zones of the BS were defined and explored with special emphasis on the ventral pontine region and pontomesancephalic junction. The MPA formed a safe surgical field due to the distinct nature of scarcity of fibers on the anterior surface of the pons. MPA's perfect location in between the descending corticospinal tracts and its secure depth back to the anterior limit of the medial lemniscus constructed a surgical asylum for BS safe entry zones. The pivotal position of the MPA has the potential to offer a combined surgical path with superiorly located BS entry zones, thus creating a wider surgical area. Entry to the BS through the MPA increases the surface area that can be accessed in the ventral pons and can be combined with the other described perioculomotor safe regions. Our study may prove helpful for endoscopic endonasal transclival interventions to intrinsic pontine lesions safer.

Solution and gaseous phase sensing of formaldehyde with economical triphenylmethane based sensors: a tool to estimate formaldehyde content in stored fish samples.

The use of formalin to preserve raw food items such as fish, meat, vegetables etc. is very commonly practiced in the present day. Also, formaldehyde (FA), which is the main constituent of formalin solution, is known to cause serious health issues on exposure. Considering the ill effects of formaldehyde, herein we report synthesis of highly sensitive triphenylmethane based formaldehyde (FA) sensors from a single step reaction of inexpensive reagents namely 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde and 2,6-dimethyl phenol. The synthetic method also provides highly pure product in bulk quantity. The analytical activity of the triphenylmethane sensor 1 with a limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.31 × 10-6 M for FA was significantly enhanced through induced deprotonation and thereafter a LOD value of 1.82 × 10-8 M could be achieved. To the best of our knowledge, the LOD value of the deprotonated form (sensor 2) for FA was superior to those of all the FA optical sensors reported so far. The mechanism of sensing was demonstrated by 1H-NMR titration and recording mass spectra before and after addition of FA to a solution of sensor 2. Both sensor 1 and sensor 2 exhibit quenching in emission upon addition of FA. A fluorescence study also demonstrates enhancement in analytical activity of the sensor upon induced deprotonation. Then the sensor was effectively immobilized into a hydrophilic and biocompatible starch-PVA polymer matrix which enabled detection of FA in a 100% aqueous system reversibly. Again, quick and effective sensing of FA in real food samples (stored fish) with the help of a computational application was demonstrated. The sensors have significant practical applicability as they effectively detect FA in real food samples qualitatively and quantitatively.

Screening of anti-inflammatory activity of 4.5-dihydroisoxazol-5-carboxamide (PAR-2 inhibitors) based on formaldehyde oedema model among white lab rats


 Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RА) is an immune-inflammatory disease intrinsic to up to 1.0% of the world’s population. Standard drugs for RA therapy are basic medications, glucocorticoids and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, which often only ease or hinder the course of disease, not curing the patient completely. Also, on the average 20-50 % of patients are unresponsive to treatment, allergic to the prescribed drugs or find them ineffective. That is why medications with a different mechanism of action are being widely researched, some of them being antagonists of proteinase-activated receptors (PAR-2).
 
 
 Materials and Methods: The inflammatory process was reproduced by injecting a 2% solution of neutral formalin in a volume of 0.1 mL under the aponeurosis of the posterior left foot. A total of 84 white rats were used in the experiment. Diclofenac sodium was administered as a reference drug.
 
 
 Results and Discussion: An experiment on researching the impact of 5 samples of derivatives of 4.5-dihydroisoxazol-5-carboxamide on formalin oedema development among rats showed that the compound R001, compared with other substances studied, differs in the late onset of the therapeutic effect when ingested; the restoration of the foot volume to the initial level occurs only after the introduction of R005, R004 and R002. R005 to a greater extent than other compounds prevents the development of edema and has greater therapeutic efficacy than diclofenac sodium both with intragastric administration and subcutaneous injection.
 
 
 Conclusion: All five compounds in question showed anti-inflammatory activity, with the spectrum not so unequivocal both in qualitative and quantitative values.

Variation in the shape of the knee meniscus and incidence of the discoid shape in Myanmar's adult population: A cross-sectional study

Background: A meniscal injury is one of the most common sports-related problems and the most frequent injury to the knee joint. The method for determining meniscus shape is used in designing therapies for treating various joint diseases.
 Material and methods: Anatomy dissection was performed, and the shapes of knee menisci were studied in 160 menisci from 40 autopsy bodies (20 males and 20 females) from Medical Universities in Myanmar. The bodies were embalmed with 4% formaldehyde and then preserved in a weak formalin solution.
 Results: The number of crescentic-shaped medial menisci was 5 (6.25%), horseshoe-shaped menisci were 6 (7.5%), sickle shapes were 48 (60%), U shapes were 8 (10%), V shapes were 12 (15%), and complete discoid shapes were only 1 in number (1.25%). There was no incomplete discoid, circular, or C shape at all. The commonest shape of the medial meniscus was a sickle. The number of C-shaped lateral menisci was 6 (7.5%), the complete discoid shape was 1 (1.25%), the incomplete discoid shapes were 13 (16.25%), and the circular shapes were 60 (75%). Crescentic, horseshoe, sickle, U, and V-shaped lateral menisci were absent. Circular was the commonest of all. Among 160 menisci, an incomplete discoid shape was found in 13 menisci, and a complete discoid shape was found in two: one meniscus as a primitive disc and a very rare infantile shape in another. 
 Conclusion: Our findings will help morphologists and orthopaedic surgeons with surgical procedures and knee joint arthroscopy. It will also help patients with effective rehabilitation after meniscal injuries and surgery.

POSSIBLE CAUSES OF CHANGES IN SEROTONIN CONTENT IN THE LIVER OF RATS IN CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC INTAKE OF SILICON WITH DRINKING WATER

The paper presents data on changes in the intensity of serotonin luminescence in the liver structures of rats who were in an experiment with the intake of silicon with drinking water for two and nine months. The possible causes of identified changes are also considered and discussed. The aim of the study was to correlate the serotonin status of the liver with the number of immunocompetent cells (eosinophils, mast cells, CD68–positive cells) and with peripheral blood indicators in different periods of the experiment with the intake of silicon with drinking water. Material and methods. The rats were divided into two groups: the control group (n = 20) received bottled drinking water, the experimental group (n = 20) received the same water, but supplemented with Na2SiO3*9H2O at the concentration of 10 mg/l in terms of silicon. The animals had free access to a water source. Blood was taken from the caudal vein for analysis before the start of the experiment, as well as in 2 and 9 months after its start. After two and nine months, the rats were withdrawn from the experiment. Fresh frozen slices with a thickness of 10 microns were prepared from one part of the liver to perform the Falk–Hillarp reaction, the other part of the liver was placed in a 10% formalin solution for subsequent paraffin embedding. After deparaffination, the sections were processed by various methods for counting immunocompetent cells: by hematoxylin and eosin (eosinophils), by Unna's toluidine blue (mast cells), by indirect immunohistochemical method (CD68-positive cells). The differences in all cases were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results and their discussion. An increase in the intensity of serotonin luminescence was found in the studied liver structures (hepatocytes, central vein membranes, luminescent granular cells and their microenvironment) in rats of the experimental group. At this, an increase in their intensity by 2-3 times was recorded in the liver of rats who were in the experiment for 9 months. It was revealed that the number of platelets, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes, a mixture of monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and immature cells in the blood of rats treated with silicon with drinking water at a concentration of 20 mg/ l is inversely dependent on the duration of the experiment. At both terms, an increase in the number of eosinophils in the portal zones was observed, as well as an increase in the area of mast cells. After 2 months of the experiment, the number of CD68-positive cells and mast cells increased in the liver of rats of the experimental group, and after 9 months their number equalized and decreased, respectively. Attention is drawn to the participation of the above-mentioned immunocompetent cells in serotonin metabolism. Serotonin involvement in the processes of physiological and reparative liver regeneration is discussed. Conclusions. Changes in the number and areas of immunocompetent cells (eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages) in the liver of rats making the experimental groups, as well as a decrease in the platelet content in their blood are associated with an increase in the intensity of serotonin luminescence in the liver structures containing it.

RATS’ THYROID GLAND HISTOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES THROUGHOUT THE EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL INJURY DYNAMICS ON THE BACKGROUND OF HAES-LX 5 % COLLOID-HYPEROSMOLAR SOLUTION INJECTION

The urgency of the burn injury problem is determined by frequent thermal injuries of patients of different ages, the complexity and duration of treatment, long-term disability and relatively high mortality. Depending on the area and depth of the lesion, a burn wound causes multiple and long-lasting disturbances in homeostasis, which cause organs and systems dysfunction. We are interested in the intrathyroid changes that occur during thermal burns, as thyroid gland plays one of the leading roles in the endocrine regulation of organisms’ majority functions. When researching the issue of pharmacological correction of thyroid gland damage after a burn injury, we proceed from the classical fundamental concept regarding its pathogenetic validity. Taking into account the known pathogenetic mechanisms of burn disease with consecutive (and sometimes simultaneous) hypoproteinemia and haemoconcentration manifestations, intoxication formation, inflammatory and autoimmune reaction, we came to a conclusion regarding the reasonability of colloid solutions efficacy testing to attempt the pharmacocorrection in case of thyroid gland both structure and function burning. The purpose of the work is to establish histological and ultrastructural changes in the thyroid gland of experimental rats that were injected with colloidal hyperosmolar solution HAES-LX 5 % in the dynamics of skin thermal damage. Experimental studies were conducted on 90 white male rats. Skin thermal burns were simulated using four copper plates application to previously depilated lateral surfaces of the rats’ body for 10 s. Rats were injected with colloidal hyperosmolar solution HAES-LX 5 % into the vena cava inferior during the first 7 days of the post-burn period. Thyroid gland pieces were fixed in a 10 % neutral formalin solution, dehydrated in alcohols of increasing concentration and embedded in paraffin blocks. The prepared sections of 5-6 μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. For electron microscopic studies, pieces of the thyroid gland were taken, fixed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, and postfixed with a 1% osmium tetroxide solution in a phosphate buffer. Semi-thin sections were stained with methylene blue. Ultrathin sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate, lead citrate according to the Reynolds method and studied in a PEM-125K electron microscope. Colloidal hyperosmolar solution HAES-LX 5 % administration within 7 days of the post-burn period to correct the thermal injury effects has an expressed positive effect on burned animals thyroid gland histo- and ultrastructure. A significant improvement of the structural state of the stromal and parenchymal components of the organ and their relative normalization in the late period under the influence of the applied solution was established in the dynamics of the experiment. The colloidal hyperosmolar solution HAES-LX 5 % positive effects were expressed by cellular walls of the vessels and follicles dystrophic and destructive changes reduction the structural components of the organ restoration during the entire period of the study up to the 30th day of the trial. The first signs of the intraglandular environment recovery after colloidal hyperosmolar solution HAES-LX 5 % use were proved to start registered from the 7th day of the post-burn period and were maximally expressed from the 21st day until the end of the experiment. The authors are sure that colloidal hyperosmolar HAES-LX 5 % solution protective action possible mechanism is the generalized catabolic reaction inhibition and the membrane-protective effect development. A complex of colloidal hyperosmolar solution HAES-LX 5 % protective, adaptive, adaptive, compensatory and regenerative effects were realized throughout the 30 days of the post-burn period, which efficacy exceeds the thyroid gland parenchyma and surrounding tissues destructive, decompensatory and necrotic changes. The authors consider the use of colloidal hyperosmolar solution HAES-LX 5 % to be one of the burn treatment regimen components as a restorative therapy drug and secondary cytoprotection aimed at the vascular wall and tissue defects integrity restoring.

Effect of crocin and treadmill exercise on oxidative stress and heart damage in diabetic rats.

Diabetes increases the production of free radicals and inflammatory agents in the heart tissue and alters the expression of genes associated with the induction of apoptosis. Considering the importance of common cardiovascular disorders in diabetes, this study investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and crocin use, as well as tissue damage and oxidative stress caused by diabetes in the hearts of adult rats. Streptozotocin 50 mg/kg was injected as a single dose intraperitoneally to cause the diabetes. After 72 hours, a glucometer monitored blood glucose levels, and blood glucose above 250 mg/dl was considered diabetes. Continuous treadmill exercise was performed for eight weeks by placing the animal on the treadmill. Next, the animals were anesthetized, and samples were taken from the hearts and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Then, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the cardiac tissue. Finally, the hearts of half of the animals were immediately immersed in a formalin solution for histological changes. According to our findings, diabetes increased lipid peroxidation, characterized by increased MDA levels in the control diabetes group and decreased SOD and GPx levels (P <0.05). It also changes the balance of expression of genes associated with apoptosis control, increased Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) expression, and decreased Bcl-2 expression (P <0.05). Also, we observed the induction of apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Using eight weeks of continuous exercise and administration of crocin significantly reduced blood sugar levels and lipid peroxidation and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and Bcl-2 gene expression compared to the diabetes control group. In addition, continuous exercise and crocin improved the oxidative stress parameters in the control group. This study showed that diabetes could cause oxidative stress and heart dysfunction. Moreover, simultaneously and separately, aerobic exercise with a treadmill and crocin administration can reduce these disorders and prevent apoptosis in the heart tissue.

MORPHOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF Octolasmis sp. ECTOPARASITES INFESTING THE GILLS OF SCALLOPED SPINY LOBSTER (Panulirus homarus) WITH DIFFERENT FIXATIVE SOLUTIONS

Octolasmis is a type of ectoparasite which is often found on the gills of lobsters. Octolasmis can also be a threat to lobster populations and can even cause high mortality rates. This study aims to detect the effect of different fixative solutions on the morphological characters of Octolasmis infesting the gills of scalloped spiny lobsters (Panulirus homarus). Samples of Octolasmis were collected from the gills of wildly-caught scalloped spiny lobsters in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The samples were immersed separately in two different fixative solution which are either absolute ethanol or formalin solution. After 7 days, morphological analysis of Octolasmis was analysed using an integrated optilab stereo binocular microscope and a lucida camera. The result showed that there were significant differences in the morphological condition of Octolasmis sp. including skin colour, organ appearance and size of the Octolasmis. In general, the result showed that formalin is better fixative solution.

Features of trigeminal nerve exit on the base of the brain: neurovascular conflict

The trigeminal nerve is a complex anatomical formation that performs very important tasks in terms of functionality. This article focuses on the study of the exit of the trigeminal nerve and its syntopy with arteries. It is the study of the location of nearby vessels relative to the nerve and their neurovascular conflict that determines the relevance of this work. The prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is quite high and amounts to 40–60 patients per 100,000 population, and the incidence according to the World Health Organization is within 2–4 people per 10,000 population. The maximum risk of neurovascular conflict is observed in the age group of people from 45 to 60 years. It is also known that women suffer from neuralgia significantly more often than men. Not only the exact diagnosis, but also the selection of the most appropriate treatment tactics will depend on the result of studies of the individual anatomical features of the pons area. The authors of the article studied 17 preparations of the base of the brain of middle-aged individuals, fixed in a 7 % formalin solution. Of the 17 preparations studied, neurovascular relationships were noted in 14, which is 82.4 % of the total. As a result of morphometric measurements, the data on the length and width of the pons, the thickness of the trigeminal nerve roots, and the middle cerebellar peduncles were obtained. Statistical data processing and photographic documentation were carried out. The clinical manifestations of the disease, diagnostic options, and various methods of treatment were considered. The most effective method of treating neurovascular conflict is surgery, the first mention of which dates back to 1934.