Calcium Chloride Solution Research Articles

Investigation of surface endothelialization on nitinol: Effects of composite hydrogel coatings

BackgroundDue to high metal coverage and high mesh density，flow diverters (FD) are widely used for endovascular reconstruction of cerebrovascular disease. However, incomplete endothelialization, restenosis, and thrombosis hamper the long term clinical success. Thus, an effective coating to accelerate the endothelialization of the cerebrovascular FD raw materials and reduce the incidence of thrombosis and restenosis is needed. MethodsA novel composite hydrogel composed of matrigel and sodium alginate (SA) with different blending ratios, which was cross-linked with calcium chloride, was successfully prepared. The hydrophilicity of the coating surface was detected by measurement of the contact angle, and the surface morphology of the nitinol (NiTi) before and after modification was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elastic modulus was utilized to verify the mechanical properties and plasticity of the coating, and the release experiment was conducted to characterize the composite hydraulic coagulation. Additionally, biocompatibility was tested by in vitro cellular experiments. ResultsThe SEM observations showed that when the concentrations of matrigel and SA were 5 and 3 mg/ml, respectively, cross-linking with 40 mg/ml calcium chloride solution was resulted in formation of the uniform M/SA composite hydrogel coating. The contact angle of M/SA-NiTi was only (32.28 ± 1.55°) (P < 0.0001), indicating a strong hydrophilicity of M/SA-NiTi. The 48 h coating release rate is 61.5%. In addition, M/SA-NiTi exhibited to have better biocompatibility and plasticity than B-NiTi and M-NiTi. ConclusionsMatrigel/sodium alginate composite hydrogel coating has good biocompatibility and low thrombosis characteristics, and strong drug-carrying capacity, which is expected to accelerate the endothelialization after FD implantation. It has also a great potential application value in the surface modification of biological materials.

Study on Deterioration Law and Mechanism of Gray Brick Due to Salt Crystallization.

Salinization has an important impact on the degradation of ancient masonry buildings, and systematically mastering the law of salt migration and degradation of ancient masonry buildings is an important part of the protection of ancient buildings. In this paper, the damage law of gray bricks under the action of salt crystallization is studied. The orthogonal test method is used to carry out cyclic degradation tests on gray bricks. The nominal strength is proposed as a mechanical parameter to measure the structural damage of grey bricks, and the change in compressive strength and crystallization pressure of the samples after the test is measured and analyzed. The results show that the damage of different salts in the gray bricks shows a certain difference. Magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride cause significant damage to the surface of the gray bricks, while calcium chloride does not cause significant damage to the surface of the gray bricks. When the concentrations of sodium chloride solution, calcium chloride solution and magnesium sulfate solution are less than 13.73 mol/L, 11.47 mol/L and 17 mol/L, respectively, the nominal strength of gray brick samples increases; In the range of 9.9 mol/L and 4.73–8.94 mol/L, the crystallization pressure began to appear inside the sample. The research results provide an important scientific basis for evaluating the damage caused by salting to the damage of porous ancient building materials such as masonry.

Structure of the Immediate Environment of Ions in Aqueous Solutions of Calcium Chloride, Based on Data from X-ray Diffraction Analysis

Structure of the Immediate Environment of Ions in Aqueous Solutions of Calcium Chloride, Based on Data from X-ray Diffraction Analysis

Aceclofenac-Loaded Microspheres Prepared by Vesicular Ionotropic Gelation to Minimize Drug-induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats.

Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a potent analgesic. However, its oral ingestion may cause gastrointestinal problems, including dyspepsia, abnormal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and ulcerative colitis. This study aimed to prepare vesicular-based enteric microspheres containing aceclofenac by ionotropic gelation technique to minimize gastric irritation in rats. The micron-size vesicles were prepared by the ionic-orifice gelation method. Three types of vesicularbased microcapsules containing aceclofenac were prepared by employing sodium alginate as the coating material in combination with Eudragit L100, Eudragit S100, and polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K90. The drug to sodium alginate to polymer ratios were 1:0.5:0.5, 1:1:1, and 1:1.5:1.5, respectively. Gelation of sodium alginate was induced by the dropwise addition of calcium chloride solution (10 % w/v). Aceclofenac-loaded microspheres were evaluated in terms of aceclofenac content and in vitro drug release, and FTIR, DSC, and XRD were used for physicochemical evaluation of some selected formulae. The effects of microencapsulation on aceclofenac-induced ulcerative activity in male Wistar rats were also investigated. The results indicated no interaction between aceclofenac and microcapsules forming polymers. In addition, microcapsules formulations M1, M4, and M7 gave maximal protection in acidic pH and optimal release in alkaline pH. The histopathological studies revealed that the reduction of ulceration is evident from the macroscopic and microscopic studies, which showed complete protection of the tissue morphology with no ulcers, indicating the effectiveness of the microcapsules system against aceclofenac-induced gastric ulceration in rats again. Ionotropic gelation seems to be a simple, efficient technique to prepare aceclofenac-loaded microspheres with a reduced risk of gastric ulceration. It is possible to overcome the problem of gastric damage while utilizing aceclofenac by avoiding the exposure of the drug to the ulcer-prone area of the gastrointestinal tract.

Antibacterial Activity and Thermophysiological Comfort Enhancement by Calcium Chloride Solutions of Highly Elastane Polyamide 66 Fabrics

Antibacterial Activity and Thermophysiological Comfort Enhancement by Calcium Chloride Solutions of Highly Elastane Polyamide 66 Fabrics

Nutritional, functional and sensory profile of added butter from Lactobacillus acidophilus encapsulated and hyposodium salt

The objective of the study was to develop butter with encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus and hyposodium salt. The viability of the probiotic was evaluated during the storage period and simulated its passage through the gastrointestinal tract, in addition to characterizing the product through physicochemical, technological, and sensory analyses. Encapsulation was performed using the combined technique of extrusion and ionic gelling, with a 10 g/L sodium alginate solution and 0.1 mol L−1 calcium chloride solution. The formulations followed the 22 factorial design, with the variables being the hyposodium salt and the content of added capsules. Two treatments were designed for control, one with no addition and the other with the addition of free activated Lactobacillus acidophilus cells. The formulations were stored at 5 °C and analyzed every 15 days, over 60 days, to assess the viability of the microorganism, through bacterial cell count in MRS agar medium. The tests showed that treatments with the addition of 5 g/100 g and 10 g/100 g of capsules showed greater probiotic viability of the microorganism. On day 60, the butter showed unsatisfactory bacterial counts for probiotics and mold growth. Probiotic butter with hyposodium salt had good sensory acceptance and the potential to be commercialized.

Formulation and Characterization of Mucoadhesive Microspheres of Aceclofenac

Aceclofenac is an effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent with a good tolerability profile through its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties relief in a variety of painful conditions. The objective of the present study was to prepare the mucoadhesive microspheres of aceclofenac. These were developed to reduce the side effects like gastric irritation and to increase the drug bioavailability, to reduce the frequency of dosing and to enhance patient compliance. The microspheres were prepared by orifice-ionotropic gelation method using polymers such as HPMC (K 15 M, K 100 M, 100 cps), Carbopol 940, Sodium CMC, Guar gum, Sodium Alginate, Ethyl Cellulose, Methyl Cellulose and 10% Calcium Chloride solution. Totally 16 different formulations of aceclofenac were prepared by using the above polymers in 1:1 and 9:1 ratios. Finally, the microspheres were evaluated for various characteristics like drug content, encapsulation efficiency, percent mucoadhesive strength and the in vitro release was evaluated for 10 hrs. The Microspheres were institute to be detached, spherical, free-flowing, and of the monolithic matrix type. The microspheres were uniform in size, with a mean size of 73.21 to 98.35µm. The microencapsulation efficiency was in the range of 68% to 86%. Microspheres with a coat consisting of sodium alginate and a mucoadhesive polymer exhibited good mucoadhesive properties in the Ex Vivo wash-off test. Aceclofenac release from the microspheres was slow and depended on the composition of the coat. Release followed zero-order kinetics (R2 =0.971). The order of decreasing release rate observed with various microspheres was F9 &gt; F7 &gt; F1 &gt; F2 &gt; F3 &gt; F10 &gt; F11 &gt; F4 &gt; F12 &gt; F14 &gt; F13 &gt; F5 &gt; F8&gt; F6 &gt; F16 &gt; F15. The differences in the drug release characteristics of various microspheres are due to the differences in the porosity of the coat formed and its solubility in the dissolution fluid.

Rapid Detection of Gram-Positive and -Negative Bacteria in Water Samples Using Mannan-Binding Lectin-Based Visual Biosensor.

Waterborne bacterial infection is a health threat worldwide, making accurate and timely bacteria detection crucial to prevent waterborne disease outbreaks. Inspired by the intrinsic capability of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) in recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), a visual biosensor is developed here for the on-site detection of both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The biosensor was synthesized by immobilization of the MBL protein onto the blue carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene microparticles (PSM), which is then used in a two-step assay to detect bacterial cells in water samples. The first step involved a 20 min incubation following the MBL-PSM and calcium chloride solution addition to the samples. The second step was to add ethanol to the resultant blue mixture and observe the color change with the naked eye after 15 min. The biosensor had a binary (all-or-none) response, which in the presence of bacterial cells kept its blue color, while in their absence the color changed from blue to colorless. Testing the water samples spiked with four Gram-negative bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two Gram-positive bacteria of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus showed that the biosensor could detect all tested bacteria with a concentration as low as 101.5 CFU/ml. The performance of biosensor using the water samples from a water treatment plant also confirmed its capability to detect the pathogens in real-life water samples without the need for instrumentation.

The Synergetic Impact of Anionic, Cationic, and Neutral Polymers on VES Rheology at High-Temperature Environment.

Hydraulic fracturing operations target enhancing the productivity of tight formations through viscous fluid injection to break down the formation and transport proppant. Crosslinked polymers are usually used for desired viscoelasticity of the fracturing fluid; however, viscoelastic surfactants (VES) became a possible replacement due to their less damaging impact. To design a fracturing fluid with exceptional rheological and thermal stability, we investigated mixing zwitterionic VES with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), or a poly diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) polymers. As a base fluid, calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution was prepared with either distilled water or seawater before adding a polymer and the VES. A Chandler high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) viscometer was used to conduct the viscosity measurements at a shear rate of 100 1/s. It has been found that adding 1% CMC polymer to 9% (v/v) VES increases the viscosity more compared to 10% (v/v) VES at reservoir temperatures of 143.3 °C. On the other hand, adding only 1.0% of HEC to 9% (v/v) VES doubled the viscosity and proved more effective than adding CMC. HEC, nevertheless, reduced the system stability at high temperatures (i.e., 148.9 °C). Adding DADMAC polymer (DP) to VES increased the system viscosity and maintained high stability at high temperatures despite being exposed to saltwater. CaCl2 concentration was also shown to affect rheology at different temperatures. The improved viscosity through the newly designed polymer can reduce chemical costs (i.e., reducing VES load), making it more efficient in hydraulic fracturing operations.

Comparative evaluation of MIL-101(Cr)/calcium alginate composite beads as potential adsorbents for removing water vapor from air

Recently, MIL-101(Cr) as a porous coordination polymer is of great interestin water adsorption due to its water stability and excellent water uptake capacity. However, its microcrystalline nature puts limitations on its practical applications. Therefore, achieving an efficient method to produce the desired shaped forms while preserving the intrinsic properties of the powder has been a challenge. In this study, the MIL-101(Cr) powder material was produced in >300 g quantities with an overall yield of around 65% and an average SBET = 3101 m2 g−1 and it was shaped into spherical beads with mean size of 2.1 ± 0.2 mm by using sodium alginate and calcium chloride solution through an ionotropic gelation technique. The water vapor adsorption and the breakthrough behavior of prepared adsorbent were investigated in comparison with commercial adsorbents. In addition, hydrothermal stability, optimized regeneration temperature and mechanical strength of the adsorbent beads were examined. The results showed that at 25 °C and 1 bar the shaped adsorbent affording of water uptake of 1.1 g/g at 75% relative humidity, which is 290, 250 and 350 % more than activated alumina, 13X and 3A molecular sieves, respectively. Furthermore, it showed a breakthrough time as high as that for activated alumina and 3A molecular sieve. The complete regeneration was achieved at as low as 80 °C and the adsorbent showed stable performance after 20 consecutive water adsorption/desorption cycles. The outcome of this study suggests the high potential of the ionotropic gelation to shape MIL-101(Cr) powder material into bead form and use in water adsorption applications.

Dynamic diffusion and precipitation processes across calcium silicate membranes

HypothesisChemical gardens are tubular inorganic structures exhibiting complex morphologies and interesting dynamic properties upon ageing, with coupled diffusion and precipitation processes keeping the systems out of equilibrium for extended periods of time. Calcium-based silica gardens should comprise membranes that mimic the microstructures occurring in ordinary Portland cement and/or silicate gel layers observed around highly reactive siliceous aggregates in concrete. ExperimentsSingle macroscopic silica garden tubes were prepared using pellets of calcium chloride and sodium silicate solution. The composition of the mineralized tubes was characterized by means of various ex-situ techniques, while time-dependent monitoring of the solutions enclosed by and surrounding the membrane gives insight into the spatiotemporal distribution of the different ionic species. The latter data reflect transport properties and precipitation reactions in the system, thus allowing its complex dynamic behavior to be resolved. FindingsThe results show that in contrast to the previously studied cases of iron- and cobalt-based silica gardens, the formed calcium silicate membrane is homogeneous and ultimately becomes impermeable to all species except water, hydroxide and sodium ions, resulting in the permanent conservation of considerable concentration gradients across the membrane. The insights gained in this work may help elucidate the nature and mechanisms of ion diffusion in Portland cements and concrete, especially those occurring during initial hydration of calcium silicates and the so-called alkali-silica reaction (ASR), one of the major concrete deterioration mechanisms causing serious problems with respect to the durability of concrete and the restricted use of many potential sources of raw materials.

Design and biofabrication of a leaf-inspired vascularized cell-delivery device

We designed and biofabricated a channeled construct as a possible cell-delivery device that can be endothelialized to overcome size limitations due to oxygen diffusion. The channeled device mimicking a leaf was designed using computer-aided design software, with fluid flow through the channels visualized using simulation studies. The device was fabricated either by form casting using a custom 3D-printed plastic mold or by 3D-bioprinting using Pluronic F-127 as sacrificial ink to print the channels. The actual leaf was cast or bioprinted using hydrogel made from a mixture of tunicate cellulose nanofibers and alginate that was cross-linked in calcium chloride solution to allow a stable device. The resulting device was a 20 × 8 × 3 mm or 35 × 18 × 3 mm (length × width × height) leaf with one main channel connected to several side channels. Surface modification using periodate oxidation, followed by laminin bioconjugation, was performed to enhance endothelial cell adhesion in the channels. We subsequently used human umbilical vein endothelial cells to demonstrate the efficacy of the device for promoting endothelialization. These results indicated that the biofabricated device has great potential for use in tissue-engineering for various applications associated with the need of perfusable vasculature.

아연 이온화 장치에 의한 물 중 탄산칼슘 스케일 생성 억제 및 제거 효과 측정

Scale inhibition effect of the physical water treatment device that emits zinc cation in water was evaluated. The inhibition effect of scale formation was confirmed by the difference in precipitation amount of calcium carbonate prepared from calcium chloride and sodium carbonate solution with distilled or zinc ionized water. For measuring removal effect of solid calcium carbonate on the filter paper, the ground water passed through the ionizer or not was poured on the filter paper and the differences of weight loss of solid CaCO₃ were observed. In the experiments for inhibition, the addition of zinc ion did not appear to change the amount of calcium carbonate precipitate. On the other hand, zinc ion leaving the filter clumped fine calcium carbonate particles to increase turbidity, and it was estimated that scale particles expected to have grown by zinc ions were discharged by water flow. Although the concentration of zinc ions from the ionization device is only tens of ㎍/L, the exposure of zinc ions for a long period of time was expected to slowly release the scale generated on the inside wall of the pipe.

Numerical prediction of phase equilibrium conditions of gas hydrates up to 200 MPa in the presence of sodium and calcium chloride solutions

The occurrence of natural gas hydrates has both beneficial and negative practical implications. Nowadays, the most numerical studies in gas hydrates formation field were limited to a pressure of 74 MPa. However, these components are abundantly formed at permafrost and under the seafloor in which the pressure exceeds 100 MPa. In this study, the prediction of equilibrium conditions of gas hydrates was investigated numerically in pure gas and gas mixture up to 200 MPa. The inhibition of hydrates formation was examined by using NaCl and CaCl2 at different molar fractions. The Lee-Kesler-Plocker equation of state was selected as the most adequate, to predict gas hydrate stability limits, compared to other numerical approaches. The modeling results indicate that our model is in good agreement with experimental findings up to 200 MPa, but due to the lack of data in literature the maximum pressure compared was 163.25 MPa for gas mixture in pure water. The salt inhibition investigation also shows a good accuracy of our model at molar fractions less than 0.05 in both pure gas and gas mixture. It can be concluded that this model permits to study the stability limits of hydrates in wide range of gas composition and chloride salt solutions.

Impact of an Organic Acid and Calcium Chloride Solution on Minimally Processed Breadfruit Quality

Impact of an Organic Acid and Calcium Chloride Solution on Minimally Processed Breadfruit Quality

Improving tear ferning patterns collected from goats and camels after adding various electrolyte solutions.

Good quality of tear film is essential for healthy vision in both animals and humans. Therefore, improving the quality of tears through the addition of electrolytes is important. To assess the effect of adding various electrolyte solutions on tear ferning (TF) patterns collected from goats and camels. Tear samples (20 ƒÊL) were collected from 5 goats (2 males and 3 females; 3.4 }1.6 years) and 5 camels (2 males and 3 females; 4.0 }1.1 years) using microcapillary tubes. A tear sample (0.5 ƒÊL) from each animal was mixed with various volumes (0.5.5 ƒÊL) of each electrolyte solution to produce homogenous mixtures. A sample (1 ƒÊL) of each mixture was dried on a microscopic glass at 22°C with a humidity .40%. The obtained TF pattern was observed, graded and compared with those obtained for the corresponding pure tear samples. The effect of dilution using purified water on the TF patterns of animals was also tested. The TF grades of animals were generally enhanced when mixed with electrolyte solutions. Specifically, the TF grade for tears collected from a goat was improved from 1.4 to 0.7 and to 0.8 when magnesium chloride hexahydrate and calcium chloride were added, respectively. Similarly, the TF grade for tears collected from a camel was improved from 1.8 to 0.9 and to 1.1, when calcium chloride and sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions were added, respectively. The TF grades of tears collected from both goats and camels were improved after adding electrolyte solutions, and they were most remarkably improved when divalent electrolyte solutions were added, followed by the hydrogenated electrolyte.

Core-shell alginate beads as green reactor to synthesize grafted composite beads to efficiently boost single/co-adsorption of dyes and Pb(II)

A series of sodium alginate (SA) grafted polymer composite beads were synthesized by a solution free-radical graft polymerization reaction performed in a surface crosslinked alginate bead reactor. The outer surface of the precursor droplet containing reactants including SA, acrylamide (AM), N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA), ammonium persulfate (APS), sepiolite (SP) and gelatin (GE) was instantly crosslinked with Ca2+ ions to form a capsule-like bead when it was dropped into aqueous solution of calcium chloride, and simultaneously the reactants inside the capsule-like “bead reactor” were polymerized in-situ to form new composite beads with crosslinked network structure, abundant functional groups, excellent single or co-adsorption ability and easily separable advantages. The optimal composite bead shows high adsorption capacities of 390.78, 1425.65 and 533.91 mg/g toward Methylene Blue (MB), Basic Fuchsin (BF) and Pb(II), respectively. After adsorption with the composite bead, 99.71% of MB, 99.99% of BF and 99.97% of Pb(II) were removed from original dye or Pb(II) solutions. Moreover, above 99.22% of BF and 95.33% of Pb(II) was co-removed from their binary mixture (BF concentration, 100 mg/L; Pb(II) concentration, 50 mg/L). This paper provides a simple green way to synthesize efficient and recyclable biopolymer-based adsorbents capable of purifying dyes and heavy metal ions in water.

Investigation of the mechanical behavior of salinized agricultural soils using unsaturated triaxial tests and a constitutive framework

The salinization of agricultural soil is a common issue of concern. However, the coupling relationship between soil chemical properties and mechanical behavior has been largely ignored. A constant water content triaxial test was conducted by controlling suction on unsaturated agricultural soils collected from paddy fields. The soil samples were diluted with different salt solutions (a distilled water, a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution) to investigate the influence of salinity on the mechanical behavior of soils. The pore water pressure of silt loam was significantly influenced by the pore water salinity, while the pore water pressure of silty clay was significantly influenced by the net normal stress. The results showed that the salt type and concentration significantly affected the cohesion value of silt loam. An empirical constitutive model that incorporated osmotic suction was presented in this paper to explain and quantify the effect of pore water salinity on the shear strength of silt loam. Osmotic suction was considered an independent stress variable in the constitutive model, unlike the salt type and concentration. The Barcelona unsaturated constitutive model explained how the pore water salinity affected the mechanical behavior of agricultural silt loam. With an increase in the osmotic suction in silt loam, the yield surface expanded to both sides of the original ellipses, resulting in an increase in cohesion. The constitutive framework considering osmotic suction provides an improved prediction of the mechanical behavior of agricultural soil under natural conditions subjected to salinization/desalinization. This framework can be implemented in a stabilization plan when the soil and salt are involved in agricultural activities.

Development of instant paneer type product from groundnut using microwave dehydration

The present study aimed at the development of a groundnut‐based dehydrated paneer type product which could serve as an instant vegan protein source. In the process of preparing groundnut paneer, a ratio of 1:5 of groundnut to water and 2.0% calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution was used for the preparation of groundnut paneer and the product was evaluated for physicochemical, instrumental color, instrumental textural, and sensory characteristics. The developed paneer cubes (1.5 × 1.5 × 1 cm) were dehydrated using a vacuum‐assisted microwave dryer at different microwave powers (200–600 W, 250 mbar vacuum). The minimum bulk density (0.55 g/cc) and maximum rehydration ratio (2.9) were recorded in the sample dehydrated at 600 W. The samples dried at 600 W also showed significantly (p < .05) higher L* values, softer texture and high sensory scores for color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability after rehydration.

Compositions for Limestone Restoration

Information about the lime composition used for the restoration of limestone is given. To develop a repair composition, a polysilicate solution was used. It has been established that polysilicate solutions contain a monomer, oligomer and polymeric varieties of silica. It was found by the molybdate method that the content of the polymeric form of silica γ-SiO2 in the polysilicate solution is 15–19.93%, depending on the content of the silica sol. This composition of the polysilicate solution contributes to the manifestation of the high reactivity of silica. The technology for carrying out restoration work involves the application of a primer layer - liquid glass, followed by the application of a calcium chloride solution. After 20-30 minutes after applying the primer, it is possible to apply the repair composition with a spatula. It is shown that the use of a polysilicate solution in the formulation of a lime composition helps to increase the water resistance, adhesion strength of the composition to the base, and accelerates curing.