Solute Diffusion Research Articles

Crystallization of Poly(l-lactic acid) on Water Surfaces via Controlled Solvent Evaporation and Langmuir-Blodgett Films.

Solvent evaporation is one of the most fundamental processes in soft matter. Structures formed via solvent evaporation are often complex yet tunable via the competition between solute diffusion and solvent evaporation time scales. This work concerns the polymer evaporative crystallization on the water surface (ECWS). The dynamic and two-dimensional (2D) nature of the water surface offers a unique way to control the crystallization pathway of polymeric materials. Using poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) as the model polymer, we demonstrate that both one-dimensional (1D) crystalline filaments and two-dimensional (2D) lamellae are formed via ECWS, in stark contrast to the 2D Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer systems as well as polymer solution crystallization. Results show that this filament-lamella biphasic structure is tunable via chemical structures such as molecular weight and processing conditions such as temperature and evaporation rate.

Microstructure refinement and mechanical properties enhancement of Mg[sbnd]Al alloys via a novel of MgO nanoparticles modified graphene nanoplates refiner by in-situ synthesis

Grain refinement by inoculation treatment is one of the simplest and most efficient ways to improve the mechanical properties of MgAl alloys. In this study, a novel GNP@MgO grain refiner was designed by an in-situ reaction of CO2 gas and Mg melt. It can significantly reduce the average grain sizes of Mg9Al alloys from 126.9 μm to 12.7 μm. The mechanical properties of Mg9Al alloys were significantly enhanced, and its ultimate compressive strength was increased from 370 MPa to 436 MPa. HRTEM characterization and atomic interface analyses have shown that the Al4C3 phase has an orientation relationship with α-Mg as (009)Al4C3//(002)Mg, and [11−20]Al4C3//[11–20]Mg, which has a low degree of lattice mismatch of 5.79%. Besides, these MgO nanoparticles can adsorb on the surface of α-Mg grains and play a role in hindering growth and solute diffusion. The ultra-high grain refinement efficiency of 90% is achieved through the synergistic effects of GNP promoting heterogeneous nucleation and MgO nanoparticles inhibiting grain growth. This work sheds new light on designing innovative and effective grain refiners for Mg alloys.

Effects of CO2 reaction-induced bubble proliferation on the dynamic conditions of stainless steel smelting molten pool

In pursuit of advancing the utilization of CO2 in steel production processes, this study investigates the impact of CO2 reaction-induced bubble proliferation on the dynamic conditions of stainless steel smelting molten pool, focusing on the stirring dynamics and liquid steel flow. Combining numerical simulation and water experiments, the influence of volume increase on bubble expansion and splitting was quantitatively analyzed. Water experiments show a significant reduction in molten pool mixing times under bottom-blowing CO2 reactions, with reductions of 16.5 s and 8.4 s in bubble expansion and splitting scenarios compared to the control group. Numerical simulation reveals contrasting effects on the molten pool flow field, where bubble expansion enhances lateral solute diffusion, while splitting encourages longitudinal diffusion. Notably, the observed ink diffusion patterns in water experiments align seamlessly with the velocity distribution and flow patterns from numerical simulation, providing a qualitative validation. Analysis of “dead zones” within the molten pool demonstrates a decrease of 10.82 % and 9.25 % in the proportions of “dead zones” volume in bubble expansion and splitting groups, respectively. These findings emphasize the positive influence of CO2-induced bubble proliferation in minimizing low-velocity regions and enhancing overall uniformity in the molten pool. The study provides valuable insights for the iron and steel industry, supporting the transition towards sustainable practices and contributing to global initiatives for carbon neutrality.

Securing Reversibility of UVO2+/UVIO22+ Redox Equilibrium in [emim]Tf2N‐Based Liquid Electrolytes towards Uranium Redox‐Flow Battery

AbstractWe studied electrochemical behavior of UVO2+/UVIO22+ in non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes to clarify what is required to attain its reversibility for utilizing depleted U in a redox‐flow battery. To transfer knowledge from former pyrochemical systems in high temperature molten salts, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylamide ([emim]Tf2N) ionic liquid was employed here. As a result, a reversible redox reaction of the UVO2+/UVIO22+ was successfully observed on a glassy carbon working electrode under presence of Cl− in [emim]Tf2N, where [UVIO2Cl4]2−+e−=[UVO2Cl4]3− occurs after stabilization of both U oxidation states by the Cl− coordination. The observed electrochemical responses are rather sensitive to an electrode material, so that cyclic voltammograms on a Pt working electrode were actually irreversible. To improve diffusivity of solutes, viscosity (η) of [emim]Tf2N diluted with an auxiliary molecular solvent, N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), was examined under absence and presence of Cl−. When the mole fraction of DMF (xDMF) is 0.769, η of the mixture becomes sufficiently low to be utilized as a liquid electrolyte. Finally, we have succeeded in demonstrating a reversible redox reaction of [UVIO2Cl4]2−+e−=[UVO2Cl4]3− in the [emim]Tf2N‐DMF (50 : 50 v/v, xDMF=0.769) liquid electrolyte containing [Cl−]=0.519 M, where η=6.2 mPa ⋅ s.

Transport of carboxylate salts of varying chain lengths in crosslinked polyether membranes

Carboxylate anions of various chain lengths are important molecules for many applications such as CO2 reduction, membrane-based bioreactors, etc. Also, carboxylate anions are ubiquitous in biological molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids, etc. Therefore, understanding the transport behavior of carboxylates of different chain lengths in polymer materials is important both as a fundamental phenomenon but also for designing materials for applications. Here, we characterized transport behavior by measuring the permeability (P), and total partition coefficient (K) for a series of polymer membranes for four model carboxylate salts—sodium salts of formate (NaOFm), acetate (NaOAc), propionate (NaOPr), and butanoate (NaOBu)—at varied upstream salt concentrations (0.1–1 M) or a series of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)-based membranes with 1) varying pre-polymerization water content; 2) varying uncharged side chain comonomer (polyethylene glycol methacrylate, PEGMA), and 3) varying charged comonomer)2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, AMPS). Also, diffusivity values of the four salts through the membranes have been calculated based on the solution diffusion model equation (PK × D), experimentally obtained permeability, and total partition coefficients. For a majority of these membranes, NaOFm's permeability is much higher than the other three carboxylate salts (NaOAc, NaOPr, and NaOBu) seemingly due to the lower chain length and thereby smaller hydrated diameter. In terms of total partition coefficient, a size-based trend is not observed. For example, NaOBu's total partition coefficient (K) is generally the largest among the four, and at higher upstream salt concentrations (1 M), the values of the total partition coefficients of the four salts converge. From this we conclude that the carboxylate salt transport through these PEGDA-based non-porous dense membranes to be primarily driven by kinetics and not sorption.

Isotope fractionation of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements (Li, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) during diffusion in aqueous solutions

In this study, we used an improved “diffusion cell” method to precisely determine the diffusion-driven kinetic isotope fractionation factors of the Li, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba cations in aqueous solutions under room temperature. The obtained isotope fractionation factors (±2σ errors) are, α7/6Li = 0.996139 ± 0.000140, α41/39K = 0.998572 ± 0.000072, α87/85Rb = 0.999333 ± 0.000020, α26/24Mg = 0.999877 ± 0.000010, α44/42Ca = 0.999704 ± 0.000010, α88/86Sr = 0.999781 ± 0.000014, α138/135Ba = 0.999716 ± 0.000018. The results show that the charge of the cation and the ion-water bond length for the aquo ions are the two predominant factors affecting the mass dependence of isotope fractionation (β factor) during cation diffusion in aqueous solutions. Cations with higher charge numbers and shorter ion-water bond lengths exhibit less kinetic isotope fractionation during diffusion. Therefore, the isotope separation effect during diffusion (or β factor) in fluids is fundamentally controlled by the intensity of ion-water interaction. Weaker ion-water interaction (e.g., lower charge number, longer ion-water bond length) leads to less prominent hydrodynamic behavior for diffusing ions at the molecular level, thus more significant isotope fractionation in bulk solutions, and vice versa. Ions of larger radius would show stronger mass dependence of isotope fractionation (β factor), which can cancel the effect of decreasing relative isotope mass difference for heavier elements, thus kinetic isotope fractionation during diffusion in aqueous solutions remains prominent even for heavy elements such as Rb, Sr, and Ba. The diffusion-driven kinetic isotope fractionation factors measured in this study could provide a useful basis for interpreting specific natural isotopic variability of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements in supergene environments where chemical diffusion takes place.

Improvement of the functional properties of insoluble dietary fiber from corn bran by ultrasonic-microwave synergistic modification

A comprehensive investigation aimed to access the impacts of ultrasonic, microwave, and ultrasonic-microwave synergistic modification on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and functional properties of corn bran insoluble dietary fiber (CBIDF). Our findings revealed that CBIDF presented a porous structure with loose folds, and the particle size and relative crystallinity were slightly decreased after modification. The CBIDF, which was modified by ultrasound-microwave synergistic treatment, exhibited remarkable benefits in terms of its adsorption capacity, and cholate adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the modification improved the in vitro hypoglycemic activity of the CBIDF by enhancing glucose absorption, retarding the starch hydrolysis, and facilitating the diffusion of glucose solution. The findings from the in vitro probiotic activity indicate that ultrasound-microwave synergistic modification also enhances the growth-promoting ability and adsorbability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum. Additionally, the level of soluble dietary fiber was found to be positively correlated with CBIDF adsorbability, while the crystallinity of CBIDF showed a negative correlation with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activity, as well as water-holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity.

Atom probe tomography-assisted kinetic assessment of spinodal decomposition in an Al-12.5 at.%Zn alloy

The rates of atomic clustering and precipitation hardening are closely related to the diffusivity of solutes and the concentration of vacancies during the natural aging of aluminum alloys. The measurement of the diffusivity of solutes at room temperature, especially in systems with an equilibrium vacancy concentration, is beneficial to the design of the aging process. However, this measurement has long been challenging because of the extremely low diffusion rates of solutes in aluminum at room temperature and the presence of supersaturated vacancies. In this work, we propose a method to quantify the diffusivity of solutes based on the kinetic evaluation of the spinodal decomposition process. This evaluation involves conducting atom probe tomography experiments, analyzing the radial distribution function, and modeling the phase separation process using the Cahn–Hilliard theory. The aging experiments were conducted on nanoscale samples, where excess vacancies can be eliminated at free surfaces due to a high surface-to-volume ratio. The results yielded a diffusivity of Zn in the Al-12.5 at.% Zn alloy of (1.32±0.46)×10−25 m2/s at 295 K. This work introduces a novel approach to assess the solute diffusivity under conditions of equilibrium vacancy concentration at room temperature and expands the temperature range for measuring the diffusivity in systems with spinodal decomposition, particularly in cases where kinetic data at low temperatures are scarce.

Nanoscale Pumping Effect of Perovskite via Supported Bilayer Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Printable Mesoscopic Solar Cells

Recently, enhancing the photovoltaic performance of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p‐MPSCs) poses a significant challenge, particularly in improving the diffusion of perovskite precursor solutions during device assembly. In this research, effective gap‐driven diffusion of the precursor solution perovskite is successfully achieved, leading to the formation of well‐filled and crystallized perovskite through TiO2 nanorod arrays. By incorporating upper‐layer TiO2 nanoparticles, a bilayer electron transport layer with dual crystal phase is developed, establishing a cascaded energy level structure that exhibits superior capabilities in electron collection and directional transport. The effective suppression of nonradiative recombination and efficient charge transfer result in notable enhancements in both open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current density. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency of p‐MPSCs devices based on MAPbI3 γ‐butyrolactone solution increases from 14.32% to 16.07% (highest reported value in the literature is 16.21%). These findings highlight a novel interface engineering approach for the fabrication of high‐performance p‐MPSCs devices.

Solute band transport in electroosmotic-pressure-driven flow of Carreau–Yasuda fluid over micropillar arrays

In this study, we numerically investigate the transport and dispersion characteristics of a neutral solute band in a fluid following generalized Carreau–Yasuda constitutive equations. The combined action of electroosmotic forcing and pressure gradient drives the flow through a microchannel embedded with micropillars. We analyze the band transport process by altering the flow-controlling parameters and fluid rheology. We observe an enhancement in band dispersion with increasing solute diffusivity. An augmentation in band dispersion is achieved using bluff micropillar designs compared to the streamlined micropillars. We also observe that the dispersion of solute band is less in shear-thickening fluids than in shear-thinning fluids. In a mixed electroosmotic-pressure-driven flow, the favorable pressure gradient conditions enhance the band dispersion phenomenon. Our results may prove valuable in understanding solute transport dynamics in non-Newtonian fluids, which has implications for lab-on-a-chip diagnostics and precise drug delivery.

Grain boundary diffusion and grain boundary phase transition in tungsten in the temperature range of activated sintering

Abstract Grain boundary self- and solute (cobalt) diffusion in tungsten was found [Lee et al., Scr. Metall, 1988; Lee et al., Col. de Physique, 1990] to exhibit discontinuities in the Arrhenius behavior at the homologous temperatures of 0.36 < T/T m < 0.4 that surprisingly match the activation sintering temperature of W (T m is the melting point). In the present work, this unusual grain boundary diffusion phenomenon is discussed in terms of a fundamental grain boundary phase transition in W. The experimental data are analysed with respect to predicted segregation-induced grain boundary phase transformation. Competing co-segregation of impurity elements (carbon and phosphor) might induce a discontinuous grain boundary segregation and invoke a grain boundary phase transition which modifies the grain boundary mobilities of substitutional atoms. The improved understanding of grain boundary phase transitions is expected to provide a breakthrough in interpreting the exact mechanism of W-activated sintering.

THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRIES AND GRADIENT OF STRAIN-DEPENDENT SOLUTE DIFFUSIVITY ON THE METABOLIC TRANSPORT IN PATIENT-SPECIFIC INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

Intervertebral discs (IVD) provide flexibility to the back and ensure functional distributions of the spinal loads. They are avascular, and internal diffusion-dependent metabolic transport is vital to supply nutrients to disc cells1, but interactions with personalized IVD shapes and mechanics remain poorly explored. Poromechanical finite element models of seven personalized lumbar IVD geometries, with mean heights ranging from 8 to 16 mm were coupled with a reactive oxygen, glucose and lactate transport model linked with tissue deformations and osmosis . In previous studies, reduced formulations of the divergence of the solute flux (∇ .J = ∇ . (D∇ C) = ∇ D. ∇ C +D∇ 2C) ignored the dependence of the diffusion on the deformation gradients, ∇ D. ∇C. We simulated this phenomenon to explore its significance in mechano-metabolic -transport couplings, in the different geometries, over 24h of simulated rest (8h) and physical activity (16h). ∇ D. ∇ C affected the daily variations of glucose concentrations in IVD thinner than 12 mm but with neglectable variation ranges, while not considering ∇ D. ∇ C in taller discs only slightly overestimated the glucose concentration. Most importantly, tall IVD had nearly 60% less glucose than thin IVD, with local drops below the concentration of 0.5 mM, considered to be critical for disc cells3, in the anterior nucleus pulposus. On the one hand, previous reduced formulations for mechanometabolic-transport models of the IVD seem acceptable, even for patient-specific modelling. On the other hand, tall IVD might suffer from unfortunate combinations of deformation-dependent solute diffusion and large diffusion distances, which may favor earlyAcknowledgements: Catalan Government and European Commission (2020 BP 00282; ERC-2021-CoG-O-Health-101044828)

Diffusion across particle-laden interfaces in Pickering droplets.

Emulsions stabilized by nanoparticles, known as Pickering emulsions, exhibit remarkable stability, which enables applications ranging from encapsulation, to advanced materials, to chemical conversion. The layer of nanoparticles at the interface of Pickering droplets is a semi-permeable barrier between the two liquid phases, which can affect the rate of release of encapsulates, and the interfacial transfer of reactants and products in biphasic chemical conversion. A gap in our fundamental understanding of diffusion in multiphase systems with particle-laden interfaces currently limits the optimal development of these applications. To address this gap, we developed an experimental approach for in situ, real-time quantification of concentration fields in Pickering droplets in a Hele-Shaw geometry and investigated the effect of the layer of nanoparticles on diffusion of solute across a liquid-liquid interface. The experiments did not reveal a significant hindrance on the diffusion of solute across an interface densely covered by nanoparticles. We interpret this result using an unsteady diffusion model to predict the spatio-temporal evolution of the concentration of solute with a particle-laden interface. We find that the concentration field is only affected in the immediate vicinity of the layer of particles, where the area available for diffusion is affected by the particles. This defines a characteristic time scale for the problem, which is the time for diffusion across the layer of particles. The far-field concentration profile evolves towards that of a bare interface. This localized effect of the particle hindrance is not measurable in our experiments, which take place over a much longer time scale. Our model also predicts that the hindrance by particles can be more pronounced depending on the particle size and physicochemical properties of the liquids and can ultimately affect performance in applications.

Methods and Models of Machine Learning in Chemistry and Material Science Using Solute Diffusion Experiment

Machine learning is a logical extension of automation using computer systems. While a large number of different areas of human activity have been improved by algorithmic software, a large number of other problems remain unsolved because creating an algorithm for them is almost impossible. One of these fields is science. The empirical approach is still main approach in achieving results, because for many studies there is still no clear mathematical apparatus. Machine learning is the solution that allows to save resources and speed up the research process. Conducting experiments always leads to collecting data about the results. Machine learning algorithms allow to use this information to build a model capable of predicting the results of experiments or the properties of new compounds. Within the scope of this article, the effectiveness of different algorithms, both standard and ensemble algorithms, is tested on the data obtained from experiments with solute diffusion. As a result, the effectiveness data of various algorithms were calculated using the formulas of root mean square error, as well as mean absolute percentage error. An example and description of the process of building different types of machine learning models are given.

Uptake of silicate by pipe scale materials and effects on lead release

AbstractThe interactions between dissolved silica and corrosion scale on lead pipes such as hydrocerussite (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2) and aluminum containing amorphous phases can affect the rates of lead release from the pipes to drinking water. Batch experiments that were well mixed to fully suspend these materials complemented previous experiments that were performed with pipes with intact pipe scales. These experiments focused on chemical interactions between the corrosion scale materials and silicate by decreasing the effect of mass transfer processes associated with solute diffusion into and out of intact scales. The findings from the batch experiments help us understand that the benefits of silicate addition in controlling lead release observed in a previous pipe loop study with pipes with intact scale were primarily due to inhibited diffusion of lead through the scale as a result of silicate uptake and not due to chemical interactions between lead‐containing solids and silicate.

On modeling arterial blood flow with or without solute transport and in presence of atherosclerosis

<abstract> <p>In this article, we review previous studies of modeling problems for blood flow with or without transport of a solute in a section of arterial blood flow and in the presence of atherosclerosis. Moreover, we review problems of bio-fluid dynamics within the field of biophysics. In most modeling cases, the presence of red blood cells in the plasma is taken into account either by using a two-phase flow approach, where blood plasma is considered as one phase and red blood cells are counted as another phase, or by using a variable viscosity formula that accounts for the amount of hematocrit within the blood. Both analytical and computational methods were implemented to solve the governing equations for blood flow in the presence of solute transport, which, depending on the type of the investigated problem, could contain momentum, mass conservation, and solute concentration, which were mostly subjected to reasonable approximations. The form of atherosclerosis implemented in the modeling system either was either based on the experimental data for an actual human or was due to a reasonable mathematical modeling for both steady and unsteady atherosclerosis cases. For the wall of the artery itself, which is elastic in nature, modeling equations for the displacement of the artery wall has previously been used, even though their effects on the blood flow inside the artery were shown to be rather small. In some cases, thermal effects were also taken into account by including a temperature equation in the investigation. In the case of the presence of solutes in the blood, various blood flow parameters such as blood pressure force, blood speed, and solute transport were mostly determined or approximated for different values of the parameters that could represent hematocrit, solute diffusion, atherosclerosis height, solute reaction, and pulse frequency. In some studies, available experimental results and data were used in the modeling system that resulted in a more realistic outcome for the blood flow parameters, such as blood pressure force and blood flow resistance. Results have been found for variations of blood flow parameters and solute transport when compared to different values of the parameters. Effects that can increase or decrease the blood flow parameters and solute transport in the artery have mostly been determined, with particular applications for further understanding efforts to improve the patients' health care.</p> </abstract>

Macro–micro coordination optimization of lead iodide reactivity toward millimeter-to-centimeter-scale perovskite solar cells with minimal efficiency loss

A macro–micro synergistic strategy to optimize the spreadability and reactivity of PbI2, which can accelerate the diffusion of an organic cation solution macroscopically and completely convert PbI2 into an optically active phase microscopically.

Structure and dynamics of aqueous VOSO4 solutions in conventional flow through cell design: a molecular dynamics simulation study.

A theoretical model has been proposed to study the structure and dynamics of aqueous vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) solution used in the conventional flow (CF) through cell design operating under varying thermodynamic conditions. Classical molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for aqueous solutions of vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at two different concentrations and temperatures considering the temperature dependent degree of dissociation of sulfuric acid. The MD trajectories are used to study the equilibrium structural, dynamical properties such as viscosity, diffusivity and surface tension of the aqueous solution of vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4). According to the new model, the cation-cation and cation-anion interaction should be low in order to have a good current density in the conventional flow through cell design and further explains the importance of considering mass transport when designing high energy density redox flow batteries. The model is further validated by calculating the viscosity of each system, individual diffusion coefficient of each ion and by comparing them with the experimental data wherever they are available.

A multi-scale framework for predicting α-cyclodextrin assembly on polyethylene glycol axles.

Controlling the distribution of rings on polymer axles, such as α-cyclodextrin (αCD) on polyethylene glycol (PEG), is paramount in imparting robust mechanical properties to slide-ring gels and polyrotaxane-based networks. Previous experiments demonstrated that the functionalization of polymer ends could modulate the coverage of αCDs on PEG. To explore the design rule, we propose a multi-scale framework for predicting αCD assembly on bare and functionalized PEG. Our approach combines all-atom molecular dynamics with two-dimensional (2D) umbrella sampling to compute the free energy landscapes of threading αCDs onto PEG with ends functionalized by various moieties. Together with the predicted free energy landscapes and a lattice treatment for αCD and polymer diffusion in dilute solutions, we construct a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) model to predict the number and intra-chain distribution of αCDs along the polymer axle. Our model predicts the effects of chain length, concentration, and threading barrier on the supramolecular structure of end-functionalized polypseudorotaxane. With simple modifications, our approach can be extended to explore the design rule of polyrotaxane-based materials with advanced network architectures.

Experimental assessment of diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) protocols.

Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) is an increasingly used digital complement, supplement, or alternative to traditional dissection-based anatomical research. The diceCT protocol, which has evolved and expanded over the past decade, employs passive diffusion of Lugol's iodine (KI3) to increase soft tissue radiodensity and improve structure contrast in the CT or microCT imaging of specimens. The development and application of diceCT has focused largely on specimens under 1 kg, and the varying reporting of methods on studies of both small and large specimens has initiated, but not yet established, an effective diceCT protocol for larger specimens based on monitored experiments of several fundamental variables (e.g., Lugol's iodine concentration, duration, and impacts of Lugol's iodine on tissues). In this study, we have experimentally assessed the efficacy of diceCT protocols for imaging whole-body specimens of the 1-4.5 kg Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) using sequential CT imaging assessment across experimental conditions. We assessed the impact of varying Lugol's iodine concentration, the presence/absence of skin, solution volume and agitation on tissue radiodensity changes through weekly CT-based monitoring of tissue radiodensities over an 8-week experimental period. We have also quantified tissue volumetric changes across our experiment to assess the impact of diceCT applications on subsequent analyses of imaging datasets. Our results indicate that substantial changes in both soft-tissue radiodensity and soft-tissue volume occur within the first 28 days of Lugol's iodine treatment, followed by a slower rate of progressive soft-tissue radiodensity and volume changes across the experiment duration. Our results demonstrate the negligible benefit of skinning larger specimens to improve solution diffusion, and document significant soft-tissue volumetric changes with high concentration solutions (e.g., 10%) and long-duration exposure (e.g., beyond 5 weeks) that should guide individual diceCT protocol design and/or quantification and analysis for mammal specimens above 1 kg.