Soluble Fluoride Concentration Research Articles

Assessment of total and soluble fluoride content in commercial dentifrices and mouthwashes available in the Indian market: An in vitro study

Introduction: Dental caries is the most common dental problem across the globe. Due to the increase in the use of refined sugars and lack of fluoride exposure, dental caries is becoming a serious issue for public health. The present study was conducted to determine the total fluoride (TF) concentration and soluble fluoride concentration in different dentifrices and mouthwashes available in the Indian market. Materials and Methods: Ion-specific electrode and fluoride ion metre were used to determine the soluble fluoride, as well as the TF concentration of seven dentifrices and five mouthwashes, and the findings were recorded in particle per million of fluoride. Descriptive statistic was used, and mean ± standard deviation of TF and soluble fluoride content of dentifrices and mouthwashes were reported. Results: Nine samples contained sodium fluoride and three samples contained sodium monofluorophosphate Na MFP as the fluoride compound. The TF and soluble fluoride levels showed variations from the fluoride concentration mentioned on the packaging. Conclusions: This study found that the concentration of total soluble fluoride and TF was lower than the fluoride level mentioned on the packaging.

In vitro effect of experimental nanocomposites solutions on the prevention of dental caries around orthodontic brackets.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a single application of experimental nanocomposite solutions on the prevention of dental caries around orthodontic brackets. The specimens were exposed to mesoporous silica (MS) nanocomposites containing fluoride by association with titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) or sodium fluoride (NaF). Nanocomposites also could contain calcium and groups were described as MSCaTiF4, MSTiF4, MSCaNaF, MSNaF, and controls (TiF4, and NaF). Specimens were subjected to the formation of a multispecies biofilm to generate a cariogenic challenge. After 24h, both pH and total soluble fluoride concentration of the culture medium were assessed. Mineral loss was evaluated by percentage of surface mineral loss (%SML), mineral volume variation (ΔZ) of inner enamel and polarized light microscopy (PL). Linear (Ra) and volumetric (Sa) surface roughness and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were used to assess enamel topography. Statistical analyses were conducted considering p<0.05. MSNaF had the highest value of culture medium pH after cariogenic challenge, similarly to MSTiF4. All nanocomposite solutions released less fluoride than their controls NaF and TiF4 (p<0.05). All nanocomposite solutions presented lower %SML compared to their respective control groups (p<0.05). Lower Ra, Sa and ΔZ were observed for experimental groups compared to TiF4 (p<0.05). The results were confirmed by PL and SEM analysis. The experimental nanocomposite solutions contributed for lower enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets.

Estimation of Total Fluoride Concentration, Total Soluble Fluoride Concentration and pH among Various Brands of Toothpastes

Introduction: Fluoride toothpastes are a major reason for the decline in dental caries globally. For fluoride toothpaste to be effective, an adequate amount of Total Soluble Fluoride (TSF) must be available in the toothpastes. Aim: To determine and compare the Total Fluoride (TF), TSF and pH among various toothpaste brands. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted during October 2019 on 20 toothpaste samples, which belonged to four groups namely, herbal toothpastes group, nonherbal toothpastes group, medicated toothpastes group and kids toothpastes group. Analysis of the samples was done at the Department of Environmental Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka, India. The TF and the TSF concentration was determined using fluoride ion electrode. The pH was determined using pH meter. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 19.0). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used by Tukey’s post-hoc test to determine the difference between groups. The level of significance was kept at 0.05. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the toothpaste types for mean TF concentration (p=0.004). The post-hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between herbal and nonherbal toothpastes (p=0.041) where the mean TF concentration for nonherbal toothpastes was 1095.20 ppm when compared to herbal toothpastes was 704.40 ppm. The results showed that there was a siginificant difference between the toothpaste types for Mean TSF concentration (p&lt;0.003). There was a significant difference between medicated and kids toothpastes (p=0.024) where the mean total soluble fluoride concentration for medicated toothpastes was 938.60 ppm when compared to the kids toothpastes was 521.20 ppm. Conclusion: The present study showed that pH of all the toothpastes were either neutral or alkaline and the TSF concentration was less when compared to TF concentrations.

Phase Transition of Waste Silicon Carbide Side Block from Aluminum Smelters During Vacuum High-Temperature Detoxification Process

Waste silicon carbide side block (WSB) from aluminum reduction cells are considered as hazardous materials since they contain a large amount of soluble fluoride salts. The storage of this material outside or in landfills is detrimental for the environment. A joint temperature–vacuum controlling process for treating WSB is proposed in this paper. Thermodynamic analysis by FactSage 7.0, and a series of experimental investigation and characteristics tests on the product materials by SEM and XRD were carried out. The results showed that the fluoride in the waste side block was completely volatilized, and the silicon nitride was also decomposed after being treated at 1600°C under a vacuum of 10 Pa. The soluble fluoride concentration was reduced from 2216 mg L−1 to 3.9 mg L−1, and the silicon carbide content was increased from 76.7 wt.% to 91.5 wt.%.

Availability and stability of soluble fluoride content in commercial fluoride dentifrices available in Uruguay

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability and stability of soluble fluoride fraction in commercial fluoride toothpastes available in Uruguay. Methods Fourteen fluoride toothpastes from four different manufacturers were analyzed. Randomized and blinded analyses were performed in duplicate for each dentifrice at the time of purchase (fresh samples) and after 12 months of storage at room temperature (aged samples). Total fluoride and total soluble fluoride concentrations were measured using a fluoride specific electrode. Results Total fluoride concentrations in all of the products were lower than the F levels specified by the manufacturers. Total soluble fluoride fractions were lower than the total fluoride concentrations in fresh samples of five toothpastes and in aged samples of ten toothpastes (p &lt; 0.05). Three toothpastes had insufficient and unstable total soluble fluoride fractions (&lt; 60%) and five toothpastes had only unstable total soluble fluoride fractions (&lt;1000 ppm) after 12 months. Conclusion Based on theresults of this study, it can be concluded that from fourteen Uruguayan commercial fluoride toothpastes analyzed in this study, three toothpastes have insufficient and unstable chemically active F fractions and five other toothpastes have the lack of stability which may compromise their efficacies. Review the guidelines on fluoride dentifrices in Uruguay is necessary, in order to ensure optimum benefit for population.

Total and soluble fluoride concentration of toothpastes available in Iran

Total and soluble fluoride concentration of toothpastes available in Iran

Biochar alleviates fluoride toxicity and oxidative stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seedlings

An original research was laid out as factorial to evaluate the possible effects of biochar (0, 25 and 50 g kg−1 soil) on mitigating fluoride toxicity (non-contamination, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg NaF kg−1 soil) in safflower seedlings. Increasing fluoride toxicity up to 200 mg NaF kg−1 soil did not decrease the safflower growth. However, the growth of plants under 400 and 800 mg NaF kg−1 was reduced by enhancing soluble fluoride concentration in the soil. This growth reduction was the consequence of an increase in fluoride content of plant tissues, generation of super oxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, misbalancing potassium and calcium ions, and a decrease in synthesis of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanin, flavonoids and xanthophyll's and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Application of biochar decreased the fluoride solubility, fluoride content of plant tissues, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities, leading to an increase in cation exchange capacity of soil and the pH, calcium and potassium uptakes, maximum efficiency of photosystem II, synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, and plant growth. In general, addition of 50 g biochar to 1 kg soil was the best treatment for alleviation of the fluoride toxicity in safflower plants.

Identification and Analysis of the Fluoride Concentration in Toothpastes Intended for Children

Objective: To identify the commercially available toothpastes intended for children and their total soluble fluoride concentrations (TSF). Material and Methods: Twelve brands of toothpastes intended for children marketed in supermarkets and pharmacies were found and analyzed: Bitufo ® ; Colgate Smile ® ; Lilica Ripilica ® ; Even Baby ® ; Turma da Monica Baby ® ; Loney Tunes ® ; Loney Tunes Baby ® ; Malvatrikds Baby ® ; Oral B Stages ® ; Sanifil Kids ® ; Tandy ® ; Tra-la-la Baby ® . Duplicate samples of each toothpaste were weighed (+/- 90 to 110 mg) and diluted in 10 mL of distilled water under stirring. To evaluate soluble fluoride, duplicate aliquots of supernatant suspensions were evaluated on specific ion fluoride electrode calibrated with fluoride standard solutions and results expressed in ppm F according to established protocol. Results: According to information provided by manufacturers, 5 non-fluoridated toothpastes, 3 toothpastes with less than 1000 ppm F and 4 toothpastes with conventional fluoride concentration (1100 ppm F) were identified. After analysis of soluble fluoride of fluoridated toothpastes, only 02 presented TSF concentration equal to or greater than 1000 ppm F. The TSF concentration (mean ± SD) for all samples ranged from 8.2 ± 0.1 to 1065.9 ± 24.7 ppm F. Conclusion: Few toothpastes intended for children presented soluble fluoride concentrations capable of preventing dental caries. Additionally, regulatory measures need to be implemented for the marketing of toothpastes intended for children with at least 1000 ppm of soluble fluoride, especially in locations without other sources of fluoride (fluoridated water) for the population.

Remineralizing effect of commercial fluoride varnishes on artificial enamel lesions

The aim of this study was to evaluate soluble and insoluble fluoride concentrations in commercial varnishes, and their remineralization effect on artificial caries enamel lesions using surface and cross-sectional microhardness evaluations. Forty bovine enamel blocks were separated into four groups (n=10): control (no treatment), Enamelast (Ultradent Products), Duraphat (Colgate-Palmolive) and Clinpro White Varnish (3M ESPE). Surface enamel microhardness evaluations were obtained, artificial enamel caries lesions were developed by dynamic pH-cycling, and the varnishes were then applied every 6 days, after which the enamel blocks were submitted to dynamic remineralization by pH cycles. After removal of the varnishes, the enamel surfaces were reassessed for microhardness. The blocks were sectioned longitudinally, and cross-sectional microhardness measurements were performed at different surface depths (up to 300 μm depth). Polarized light microscopy images (PLMI) were made to analyze subsurface caries lesions. The fluoride concentration in whole (soluble and insoluble fluoride) and centrifuged (soluble fluoride) varnishes was determined using an extraction method with acetone. The data were analyzed to evaluate the surface microhardness, making adjustments for generalized linear models. There was a significant decrease in enamel surface microhardness after performing all the treatments (p<0.0001). Enamelast and Duraphat showed significantly higher enamel microhardness values than the control and the Clinpro groups (p = 0.0002). Microhardness loss percentage was significantly lower for Enamelast (p = 0.071; One-way ANOVA). PLMI showed that subsurface caries lesions were not remineralized with the varnish treatments. No significant differences in the in-depth microhardness levels (p = 0.7536; ANOVA) were observed among the treatments. Enamelast presented higher soluble and insoluble fluoride concentrations than the other varnishes (p < 0.0001; Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests). Enamelast and Duraphat varnishes promoted enamel surface remineralization, but no varnish remineralized the subsurface lesion body. Although insoluble and soluble fluoride concentration values did not correspond to those declared by the manufacturer, Enamelast presented higher fluoride concentration than the others.

Evaluation of Total and Soluble Fluoride Concentrations in Ten Toothpastes for Children

본 연구에서는 한국에서 판매되는 어린이 치약의 총 불소 함량을 측정하여 이를 제조사에서 표기한 불소 함량과 비교하였으며, 총 용해성 불소 함량을 측정하여 총 불소 함량과 비교하였다. 치약들은 맹검 시험을 위해 알파벳을 이용하여 암호화 되었다(A-J). 총 불소 함량의 측정을 위해 각 치약들은 증류수에 희석되었다....

Total and soluble fluoride concentration present in various commercial brands of children toothpastes available in Saudi Arabia - A pilot study.

ObjectiveThe aim of this pilot study was to perform chemical analysis and investigate the total and soluble fluoride concentrations in various brands of children toothpastes.Materials and methodsThree samples of five different commercial brands of children toothpastes were collected and divided into five groups; group A – Biorepair Oral Care toothpaste containing no fluoride (control), group B – Signal Kids Strawberry toothpaste having 500 ppm fluoride, group C – Aquafresh Milk Teeth toothpaste having 500 ppm fluoride, group D – Aquafresh Little Teeth toothpaste having 500 ppm fluoride, and group E – Siwak F Junior having 400 ppm F. The total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) concentration of the toothpastes was determined using fluoride ion selective electrode. Data were analysed using Paired sample t-test.ResultsThe measured TF values were inconsistent with that of the declared concentrations by the manufacturers. Mean TF found in the toothpastes ranged between 2.37 and 515.74 ppm whereas, the mean TSF ranged between 2.00 and 503.4 ppm. For two groups, TF was more than the declared TF whereas for the other three groups, it was less than the declared concentration. All the differences between the declared and observed TF concentration were statistically significant (p < .05) except for one group. All the toothpastes demonstrated mean TSF slightly lower than their respective observed mean TF concentrations.ConclusionThe analysis of TF and TSF concentrations revealed variations from the labelled claims. Therefore, some of the toothpastes may have doubtful anti-caries effectiveness owing to deficiency of total and soluble fluoride.

Assessment of total and soluble fluoride content in commercial dentifrices in Davangere: A cross sectional survey

Introduction: The major reason for decline in dental caries across globe is because of widespread use of fluoride dentifrices. For a fluoride dentifrice to be effective in the control of dental caries, an adequate concentration of the fluoride must be soluble. Objective : To assess soluble fluoride and total fluoride content in selected commercial dentifrices in Davangere. Materials and Methods: The soluble fluoride and total fluoride content in six selected commercial dentifrices in Davangere were assessed and expressed as ppm of fluoride (F) (mgF/g). Total fluoride and soluble fluoride was determined using an ion-specific electrode. Descriptive statistics applied to assess the mean total fluoride and soluble fluoride. Results: The total fluoride and soluble fluoride concentrations were approximately near to 1,000 ppm. Among the six dentifrices evaluated, four contained sodium fluoride (NaF) and two contained sodium monofluorophosphate (Na MFP) as fluoride compound. Conclusions: All the fluoridated dentifrices evaluated in this study contain adequate amount of soluble and total fluoride.