Soluble Carbohydrates Research Articles

Differential responses of Brassica napus cultivars to dual effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have great potential to enhance the crop productivity and sustainability of agriculture. Still, a thorough understanding is lacking about its essentiality or toxicity and precise dose for the safe cultivation of oilseed crops. Thus, we assessed the dual effects of MgO NPs (control, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 200mg/L) on the seed germination, growth performance, photosynthesis, total soluble protein, total carbohydrates, oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxide as H2O2 and superoxide anion as O2•‒), lipid peroxidation as MDA, and antioxidant defence machinery (SOD, CAT, APX, and GR activities, and GSH levels) of seven different oilseeds (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (ZY 758, ZD 649, ZD 635, ZD 619, GY 605, ZD 622, and ZD 630). Our findings revealed that low doses of MgO NPs (mainly at 10mg/L) markedly boosted the seed germination, plant growth (shoot and root lengths) (15‒22%), and biomass (fresh and dry) (11‒19%) by improving the levels of photosynthetic pigments (14‒27%), net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), total soluble protein and total carbohydrates (16‒36%), antioxidant defence, and reducing the oxidative stress in B. napus tissues. Among all B. napus cultivars, these beneficial effects of MgO NPs were pronounced in ZD 635. ile, elevated levels of MgO NPs (particularly at 200mg/L) induced oxidative stress, impairedantioxidant scavenging potential, photosynthetic inhibition, protein oxidation, and carbohydrate degradation and lead to inhibit the plant growth attributes. These inhibitory effects were more pronounced in ZD 622. Collectively, low-dose MgO NPs reinforced the Mg contents, protected the plant growth, photosynthesis, total soluble carbohydrates, enzyme activities, and minimized the oxidative stress. While, the excessive MgO NP levels impaired the above-reported traits. Overall, ZD 622 was highly susceptible to MgO NP toxicity and ZD 635 was found most tolerant to MgO NP toxicity.

Methods of processing recycled manure solids bedding on Midwest dairy farms II: Relationships between bedding characteristics and bedding bacterial count

The first objective of this study was to identify bedding characteristics associated with bedding bacterial count (BBC) in ready-to-use (RTU) recycled manure solids (RMS). The second objective was to explore the association between processing method and bedding characteristics in RTU solids. A third objective was to investigate factors associated with BBC in used solids (after placed in stalls). This observational study recruited 29 premises in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Farms were visited twice, once in August of 2019 and again in January of 2020. At each visit, the herd manager/owner completed a questionnaire describing facilities, bedding and manure management, and mastitis control practices. Additionally, pre-processed RTU and used bedding samples were collected for determination of BBC (coliforms, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus or Streptococcus-like organisms and Staphylococcus spp.) and bedding characteristics (dry matter [DM]), organic matter [OM], water soluble carbohydrates, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and pH). Mixed linear regression showed that increased DM, decreased OM and RMS processing method were all associated with reduced BBC in RTU RMS samples. Processing method for RMS was associated with DM, total nitrogen and soluble nitrogen, but not other characteristics in RTU RMS samples. Low BBC in RTU solids, decreased OM in RTU solids, and use of deep bedding systems were associated with lower BBC in used RMS. Implications for these findings are that producers should strive to put clean and high DM fresh (RTU) bedding into stalls. Monitoring BBC and DM in RTU solids may be of value for producers using RMS bedding.

Efficacy of endophytic bacteria as promising inducers for enhancing the immune responses in tomato plants and managing Rhizoctonia root-rot disease

Around the world, a variety of crops, including tomatoes, suffer serious economic losses due to the Rhizoctonia root-rot disease. Herein, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus megaterium, and Herpaspirillum huttiense isolated from strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis var. ananassa) plants were pragmatic as plant growth promotors for battling the Rhizoctonia root rot disease and bringing about defense mechanisms as well as growth promotional strategies in tomato plants. These endophytic bacteria demonstrated potent antifungal activity against R. solani in vitro along in vivo. Data explained that the isolated endophytic bacteria could produce Indole acetic acid, Gibberellic acid GA, and siderophore as well as solubilize phosphate in the soil. The consortium of (Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus megaterium, and Herpaspirillum huttiense) increased the protection % against Rhizoctonia infection by (79.4%), followed by B. velezensis by (73.52%), H. huttiense by (70.5%), and B. megaterium by (67.64%), respectively. There was an increase in soluble proteins and carbohydrates in infected plants treated with a consortium of endophytic bacteria by 30.7% and 100.2% over untreated infected plants, respectively. Applying endophytic bacteria either alone or in combination lowered the level of malondialdehyde MDA and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both infected and uninfected plants. Also, bacterial endophytes have distinctive reactions regarding the number and concentrations of isozymes in both infected and uninfected plants. It could be recommended the commercial usage of a mixture of targeted bacterial endophyte strains as therapeutic nutrients against Rhizoctonia root-rot disease as well as plant growth inducer.

Safe utilization of bioresources in gentamicin mycelial residues by thermal treatment: Antibiotic degradation, resistance gene inactivation and available nutrients promotion

Gentamicin mycelium residues (GMRs) abundant in organic substances were generated during the production of gentamicin. Inappropriate handling techniques not only waste valuable resources, they could also result in residual gentamicin into the natural environment, leading to the generation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which would cause a significant threat to ecological system and human health. In the present work, the effects of thermal treatment on the removal of residual gentamicin in GMRs, as well as the changes of associated ARGs abundance, antimicrobial activity and bioresources properties were investigated. The results indicated that the hazards of GMRs was significantly reduced through thermal treatment. The degradation rate of residual gentamicin in GMRs reached 100 %, the total abundance of gentamicin resistance genes declined from 8.20 to 1.14 × 10-5 and the antibacterial activity of the decomposition products of GMRs on Vibrio fischeri was markedly reduced at 200 °C for 120 min. Additionally, the thermal treatment remarkably influenced the bioresource properties of GMRs-decomposition products. The release of soluble organic matters including soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins have been enhanced in GMRs, while excessively high temperatures could lead to a reduction of nutrient substances. Generally, thermal treatment technology was a promising strategy for synergistic reducing hazards and utilizing bioresources of GMRs.

Understanding salinity stress responses in sorghum: exploring genotype variability and salt tolerance mechanisms.

Salinity, a significant abiotic stressor, adversely affects global plant growth. To address this, monitoring genetic diversity within a plant species germplasm for salt tolerance traits is vital. This study investigates the responses of ten sorghum genotypes to varying salt stress levels (control, 60 mM NaCl, and 120 mM NaCl), aiming to assess genetic diversity. Using a randomized complete block design with three replications and a split-plot arrangement, salt treatments were assigned to main plots, and genotypes were placed in sub-plots. Physiological attributes, including photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 concentration, leaf area index, chlorophyll concentrations, and antioxidant enzyme activity, were measured during the 50% flowering stage. Fresh forage yield was evaluated at the early dough stage, while dry forage yield and sodium/potassium concentrations were determined post-drying. Salinity induced 10-23% and 21-47% reductions in forage fresh yield at 60 mM and 120 mM NaCl, respectively, across sorghum genotypes. Forage dry yield also declined by 11-33% at 60 mM NaCl and 30-58% at 120 mM NaCl. Increased oxidative stress markers, proline, soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidant enzyme activity accompanied salinity. Genotypes exhibited diverse responses, with Payam showing significant chlorophyll and yield reductions at 60 mM NaCl and notable stress indicators at 120 mM NaCl. Pegah and GS4 demonstrated robust osmoregulation. In stress tolerance indices, Sepideh excelled at 60 mM NaCl, while GS4 outperformed at 120 mM NaCl. Pegah demonstrated high tolerance at 120 mM NaCl. Our findings highlight the importance of combating oxidative stress, managing water-related stress, and maintaining ionic homeostasis for sorghum's salt stress resilience. Key indicators like K/Na ratio, MDA, MSI, SOD, and proline effectively differentiate between tolerant and sensitive genotypes, offering valuable insights for sorghum breeding. Salt-tolerant sorghum genotypes exhibit stable photosynthesis, improved stomatal function, and membrane integrity through efficient osmotic regulation and robust antioxidant enzyme activity. This capability enables them to sustain performance, minimizing final product loss. The results suggest cultivating salt-tolerant sorghum in saline areas for increased sustainable production, with Pegah and GS4 emerging as promising candidates for further testing in salt-affected environments to obtain reliable yield data.

Role of microbial inoculants for improving productivity and systemic resistance in Abelmoschus esculentus

Okra is an economic vegetable crop and widely dispersed throughout the world's tropical, subtropical zones. It is necessary for human health and an adequate supply of total vitamins, minerals, digestive enzymes and other elements that are typically deficient in developing-country diets. The disease issues in this crop are root-decaying infections. Microbial inoculants are gaining a reputation in agronomic research. Pseudomonas species have the ability to boost plant immunity by inducing resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. Because of its substantial properties in growth and pathogen suppression during its complimentary relationship with host, Pseudomonas is the most preferred bio-inoculant. The association of Pseudomonas with crop stimulates the secretion of phytohormones, secondary metabolites and enzymes responsible for growth and pathogen control. The aim of the study is to figure out the consequences of competing inoculants on the nutritional content and quality of okra plants. So different strains of P. fluorescens (EFP161, EFP121, EFP43, EFP56, and EFP171) were inoculated (200 mL in soil) along with okra seeds in field trails. The experiment was completely randomized block design and run for 60 days of inoculation. After harvesting (60 days), their growth parameters with their biomass and stress resistance indicators like polyphenols (26.5 μg/mL), antioxidant (43.08%) and salicylic acid content (0.11 μg/mL) were estimated in Pseudomonas treated plants. Fruit quality parameters including total soluble solids (4.7%), pH, moisture content (93%), proteins (95 μg/mL) and carbohydrates (39 μg/mL) were tested in order to check their nutritional value. Okra plants showed some complications during field trails like death of the young seedlings, wet soil, rotting of small pods is a fairly common problem. These inoculants exhibited plant growth-stimulating properties by elevating their resistance power to stress and against phytopathogens responsible for plant growth reduction. The inoculation of these strains not only increased the plant growth parameters but also increased the nutritional quality of fruits. This research summarizes the impact of microbial inoculants as agricultural inputs.

Probiotic-loaded seed mucilage-based edible coatings for fresh pistachio fruit preservation: an experimental and modeling study

In this study, Lallemantia royleana mucilage (LRM) based edible coating containing 1.5 × 108 and 3 × 109 CFU/mL Lacticaseibacillus casei XN18 (Lbc1.5 and Lbc3) was designed to improve the quality and shelf-life of fresh pistachio. The fresh pistachios were coated with LRM + Lbc and their physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties were evaluated after 1-, 5-, 15-, 25-, and 35-day storage at 4 °C. By the end of storage day, in comparison to control, the presence of probiotic isolate in the edible coating (particularly LRM + Lbc3) led to a marked decrease in fungal growth (3.1 vs. 5.8 Log CFU/g), weight loss (6.7 vs. 8.1%), and fat oxidation (0.19 vs. 0.98 meq O2/kg), and preserved total chlorophylls (8.1 vs. 5.85 mg/kg) and phenols (31.5 vs. 20.32 mg GAE/100 g), and antioxidant activity (38.95 vs. 15.18%) of samples during storage period. Furthermore, LRM + Lbc3-coated samples had a probiotic number above the recommended level (6.85–9.29 log CFU/g) throughout storage. The pistachios coated with probiotic-enriched edible coatings were greatly accepted by panelists. In the next section, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) was used for predicting some parameters including: weight loss, TSS, Fat content, PV, Soluble carbohydrate content, Viability, Total phenolic compounds, Antioxidant activity, Mold and yeast, Total chlorophylls, Total carotenoids, Color, Odor and Overall acceptance. The results indicated that, there is a good agreement between the actual and predicted data by GPR model and it can be used for similar situation to decrease the cost of laboratory tests and increase the respond of analysis.

High nutrient availability modulates photosynthetic performance and biochemical components of the economically important marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) in response to ocean acidification

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations not only change the components of inorganic carbon system in seawater, resulting in ocean acidification, but also lead to decreased seawater pH, resulting in ocean acidification. Consequently, increased inorganic carbon concentrations in seawater provide a sufficient carbon source for macroalgal photosynthesis and growth. Increased domestic sewage and industrial wastewater discharge into coastal areas has led to nutrient accumulation in coastal seawaters. Combined with elevated pCO2 (1200 ppmv), increased nutrient availability always stimulates the growth of non-calcifying macroalgae, such as red economical macroalga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Here, we evaluated the interactive effects of nutrients with elevated pCO2 on the economically important marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) in a factorial 21-day coupling experiment. The effects of increased nutrient availability on photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments of K. alvarezii were greater than those of pCO2 concentration. The highest Fv/Fm values (0.660 ± 0.019 and 0.666 ± 0.030, respectively) were obtained at 2 μmol L−1 of NO3–N at two pCO2 levels. Under the elevated pCO2 condition, the Chl-a content was lowest (0.007 ± 0.004 mg g−1) at 2 μmol L−1 of NO3–N and highest (0.024 ± 0.002 mg g−1) at 50 μmol L−1 of NO3–N. The phycocyanin content was highest (0.052 ± 0.012 mg g−1) at 150 μmol L−1 of NO3–N under elevated pCO2 condition. The malondialdehyde content declined from 32.025 ± 4.558 nmol g−1 to 26.660 ± 3.124 nmol g−1 with the increased nutrients at under low pCO2. To modulate suitable adjustments, soluble biochemical components such as soluble carbohydrate, soluble protein, free amino acids, and proline were abundantly secreted and were likely to protect the integrity of cellular structures under elevated nutrient availability. Our findings can serve as a reference for cultivation and bioremediation methods under future environmental conditions.

Ripening stage impacts nutritional components, antiglycemic potential, digestibility and antioxidant properties of grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) fruit

This study aimed to determine the nutritional components (macronutrients ans minerals) and α-amylase inhibition capacity of freeze-dried grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam) seeds (S) and pulp/peel (P) portions, at ripe and mid-ripe stages. In vitro digestion was also performed on S and P from grumixama to assess the bioaccessibility of total phenolic compound (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and anthocyanins (TAC), as well as to examine their impact on antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP). The ripening process impacts the bioactive compounds and individual phenolics of S and P portions. The ripe S was source of myricetin and exhibited higher antioxidant activity, while mid-ripe S was high in flavonoids and cinnamic acid with higher antiglycemic potential. Ripe P showed higher soluble fiber, carbohydrate, TAC, and caffeic acid content, whereas mid-ripe P had increased mineral content (calcium, potassium, manganese), catechin, and TPC. After in vitro digestion, the P portion showed a bioaccessibility of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) exceeding 40% at intestinal phase. In contrast, the S portions had better release of TPC and TFC and antioxidant activity at gastric phase. Considering the outstanding nutritional and biological properties of grumixama fruit, freeze-dried S and P portions from both ripening stages possess could be explored as valuable sources of nutrients and antioxidant compounds.

Effect of Asparagus Chitosan-Rutin Coating on Losses and Waste Reduction During Storage

Abstract Storage is a crucial component of a sustainable and efficient food supply system. Reduction of postharvest losses and waste is a vital strategy to improve efficiency, ensure product availability, and reduce environmental impact. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) boasts a high nutritional value and complex of phytonutrients. Yet, the storage period for fresh asparagus is quite short, leading to rapid quality deterioration. An effective method to extend storage periods involves postharvest treatments using the natural biopolymer chitosan. The aim of the research was to assess the effectiveness of applying sustainable postharvest treatments based on chitosan and rutin, with a focus on losses and waste reduction during asparagus storage. The impact of the applied storage technology on the visual appeal and sensory attributes of asparagus, along with its effects on respiratory metabolism, weight loss, soluble solids, soluble carbohydrates, chlorophylls, and carotenoids, was systematically assessed. The findings indicate that the post-harvest treatment using chitosan and rutin effectively preserves the visual characteristics of asparaguswhen the storage period is prolonged to a week. A major advantage of this technology is a substantial reduction in waste, achieving the levels of 1.0-1.5%. The proportion of standard products post-storage ranged from 94.4% to 96.0%. The treatment with chitosan and rutin efficiently reduces weight loss by half and suppresses the respiration rate, leading to decreased losses in soluble solids, carbohydrates, chlorophylls, and carotenoids during storage. These outcomes underscore the effectiveness of the applied coating in impeding metabolic processes, resulting in minimized quantitative and qualitative losses in the product quality during a prolonged storage.

Caracterização do germoplasma de soja com aptidão ao consumo humano no Uruguai

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a crop of world economic importance; and its grain constitutes a significant source of protein and carbohydrates for human consumption. This work aimed to characterize soybean genotypes available in Uruguay for human consumption regarding protein quantity and quality, carbohydrate composition and oil content in relation to yield, both in genetically modified and conventional genotypes. In this study, 13 genotypes grown in three different environments (two locations, two years), a conventional set (22 genotypes) and a genetically modified set (36 genotypes), grown in a single environment were subject to study. The traits measured were yield, total protein, oil content, soluble protein, glycinin (11S), conglycinin (7S), the 11S/7S ratio, soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and total raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). A significant environmental and genotype effect was detected for most of the parameters. The interaction between genotype and environment was significant for total protein, oil content and sucrose. Soluble protein and the 11S fraction were only affected by environment; soluble carbohydrates and the 7S fraction were only affected by genotype. It was possible to identify genotypes with good characteristics for human consumption (high total protein, sucrose, ratio 11S/7S and low oligosaccharides) across environments, both genetically modified and conventional genotypes. Variability was found among the genotypes available in Uruguay in the parameters studied.

Comparative characteristics of physicochemical properties and safety indicators of fermented sunflower press cake and sunflower meal

To compare the effect of biofermentation method on sunflower press cake and sunflower meal, we studied their physicochemical properties and biological and chemical safety indicators under the influence of Lesnov’s ferment. We determined that fermentation was more effective for sunflower meal compared to sunflower press cake - the mass fraction of crude protein, soluble carbohydrates, and the amount of starch increased. This allows us to recommend biofermentation as a suitable way to prepare sunflower meal for animal feed. The number of microbial cells of mold and the number of yeast cells (CFU/g), pesticides, nitrates and nitrites, toxic elements in sunflower press cake and sunflower meal both before and after fermentation were within the normative MAC. Keywords. Sunflower press cake and meal, Lesnov’s ferment, biofermentation, quality, safety.

ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ФЕРМЕНТИРОВАННЫХ КОМБИКОРМОВ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СПОСОБА ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЯ

The article presents the results of a comparative study of the physicochemical parameters of fermented compound feed consisting of 40% brewer's grains, 20% wheat bran, 20% sunflower cake, 20% mushroom substrate. Prepared in two ways: the first way – the compound feed composed of native ingredients was fermented, the second – the compound feed composed of pre-fermented ingredients. In the compound feed composed of fermented ingredients, in comparison with the compound feed fermented in full, the mass fraction of moisture, crude fat, soluble carbohydrates, starch and crude fiber was higher; the mass fraction of crude protein and exchange energy was lower.

NPK fertilization modulates enzyme activity and mitigates the impacts of salinity on West Indian cherry.

Salt stress causes several physiological and biochemical disorders and impairs plant growth. However, adequate fertilization can improve the nutritional status and may reduce significantly the harmful effects caused by salt stress. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of different combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the antioxidant activity and accumulation of organic and inorganic solutes in West Indian cherry leaves, in the second year of production. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a 10 × 2 factorial arrangement corresponding to ten fertilization combinations (FC) of NPK (FC1: 80-100-100%, FC2:100-100-100%, FC3:120-100-100%, FC4:140-100-100%, FC5:100-80-100%, FC6:100-120-100%, FC7:100-140-100%, FC8:100-100-80%, FC9:100-100-120%, and FC10:100-100-140% of the recommendation) and two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw) (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1), with three replications. The multivariate analysis showed that irrigation with water of different electrical conductivities (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1) resulted in different responses concerning the enzyme activity, production of organic compounds, and accumulation of inorganic solutes in the leaves. Under irrigation with low salinity water, there was greater accumulation of K+, soluble carbohydrates, and proline, and lower activity of antioxidative enzymes, especially SOD and APX. Under high salinity water, greater enzyme activity and higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl- were observed. The results indicate that the response of West Indian cherry to salinity was more towards redox homeostasis than osmotic homeostasis through the accumulation of compatible solutes. Fertilization combination FC5 (100-80-100% corresponding to 200, 24 and 80 g plant-1 of NPK) modulates the enzyme activity of SOD and APX attenuating the impacts of salinity, being an efficient combination to preserve redox homeostasis in West Indian cherry plants grown under salt stress.

Effect of Tragacanth Gum on Some Protective Mechanisms of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Under Drought Stress Conditions

The production of active oxygen species increases under drought stress conditions, which means that their removal or deactivation is out of plant power. Therefore, most plants in the face of drought stress require solutions adopted by farm managers. In order to investigate the effect of various irrigation regimes and anti-evapotranspiration effect of different concentrations of tragacanth gum on protective mechanisms of Nigella sativa L., a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Kurdistan in 2018. The experimental factors included irrigation at three levels of 100 (full irrigation), 70 (mild drought stress), and 40% (severe drought stress) of field capacity of soil and spraying with tragacanth gum at six concentrations of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g/L. The results showed that increasing the intensity of drought stress (irrigation reduction) resulted in increased levels of H2O2, MDA, SOD, POD, proline, soluble carbohydrates (water and alcohol soluble), and osmotic potential of the plant and reduced grain yield. The effect of different concentrations of tragacanth gum was differed at different levels of irrigation. In full irrigation, the concentration of 1.25 g/L was positive for all studied traits. In mild drought stress, the use of higher concentrations of tragacanth (up to 5 g/L) had the best efficiency, and concentrations greater than 5 g/L had opposite effects on the traits. In severe drought stress, the use of higher concentrations of tragacanth was beneficial and concentrations up to 7.5 g/L improved the studied traits, but concentrations of 10 g/L had a negative effect on these traits. Regarding that the application of appropriate concentrations of tragacanth gum improved the measured traits and increase grain yield under mild and severe drought stress by 11.6% and 28.2%, respectively, it may be introduced as a novel anti-evapotranspiration agent with natural origin and may be useful in areas with drought stress.

Differential metabolic rearrangements improve biomass and enhance the tolerance of two dwarf cashew (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i> L.) genotypes to salt stress

<abstract> <p>Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that affect crop productivity and plant development the most. We aimed to analyze the physiological and biochemical responses of dwarf cashew (<italic>A. occidentale</italic> L.) genotypes subjected to salt stress. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with five salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl) and 2 dwarf cashew genotypes (Embrapa51 and CCP76). There was no significant effect of salinity on plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter; however, the dry biomass was significantly reduced. Chlorophylls, starch, and total free amino acids decreased with salt stress, mainly with 75 and 100 mM NaCl. The CCP76 genotype salt-stressed increased carotenoids, anthocyanins, total soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, sodium, and potassium ions compared to Embrapa51. Free proline was increased in response to salt stress in dwarf cashew genotypes. Interestingly, sucrose declined in Embrapa51 and increased in CCP76 in response to salinity. When submitted to 75 and 100 mM NaCl, i.e., under severe stress, CCP76 presented more sucrose than Embrapa51. Our results indicated that sucrose accumulation plays an important role in the acclimation of CCP76 to salinity. This disaccharide induces metabolic rearrangements, mostly in the levels of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids, which contribute to rebalancing the osmotic potential and help to maintain favorable plant metabolism under salt stress. Overall, the dwarf cashew CCP76 was more tolerant to salinity than Embrapa51.</p> </abstract>

Measurement of the Light Intensity and Spectrum Influence on Plant Growth and Secondary Metabolites of Common Buckwheat.

Light is one of the main signals detected by plants that influence plant growth, development, and function. The light features that influence plants are the photoperiod, light intensity, and spectral composition. Manipulating light intensity and spectrum to obtain better plant growth and quality has become a popular research object in recent years. Here we describe the usage of the spectrometer Lighting Passport Pro to determine the impact of light intensity and share of individual waves in its spectrum in environment-controlled plant production systems on the growth, development, and soluble carbohydrate and phenolic synthesis of common buckwheat.

Dynamics of physico-chemical properties and safety indicators of fermented wheat bran

The article is devoted to the study of quality and safety indicators of wheat bran under the influence of microbiological fermentation. Wheat bran is the main by-product of deep processing of wheat, formed at the stage of grain purification and crushing, and accounts for about 15% of its weight. The purpose of our research was to study the effect of microbiological fermentation of wheat bran on the quality and safety of the resulting product during fermentation for 12 and 24 hours. It was found that after 12- and 24-hour fermentation of wheat bran with Lesnov's starter culture, the mass fraction of protein, soluble carbohydrates, starch increased; the mass fraction of moisture, fat, and crude fiber content decreased in comparison with the initial level; pH shifted to the alkaline side. CFU/g of mold fungi and yeast cells, the content of mycotoxins, pesticides, nitrates and nitrites, heavy metals, GMOs in wheat bran were in quantities below the minimum MAC level both before and after fermentation, regardless of the fermentation time.

Phytonutrients in black nightshade fruit (Solanum nigrum L.) growing in Bulgaria

Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and is a medicinal plant with wild populations found in different regions of Bulgaria. The aim of this study was to analyze the availability of selected phytonutrients in the fruits, and, in particular, their presence in two individual fruit structures (seeds and peels) regarded as by-products in juice production. Fresh fruits were characterized by their diameter (8.42±0.62 mm) and absolute weight (393.75±38.00 g/1000 pcs). The seeds contained 9.81% lipids, while their content in the peels was negligible. The main fatty acids in the extracted lipid fraction were linoleic (48.0%), oleic (27.8%) and palmitic (19.6%), with 76.6% share of unsaturated fatty acids. β-Sitosterol (70.80%) predominated in the sterol fraction, and γ-tocopherol (100%) – in the tocopherol fraction of the extracted oil. The main soluble carbohydrates in the seeds were glucose (2.78%) and fructose (2.42%), while the respective quantities in the peels were 4.21% and 3.82%. The cellulose content of the two fruit parts was 14.90% and 15.70%, respectively. The most abundant macro minerals in the seeds were K (15109.34 mg/kg) and Mg (1988.07 mg/kg), and the main micro minerals – Fe (53.68 mg/kg) and Zn (37.77 mg/kg). The peels contained the respective dietary minerals in substantially higher quantities; K (31373.32 mg/kg), Na (3348.46 mg/kg), Ca (2365.82 mg/kg). The results from the study contribute to a more complex appreciation of the nutritional potential of black nightshade fruit available in Bulgaria and the prospects for their processing into value-added products

Agroecological Zone-Specific Diet Optimization for Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) through Nutritional and In Vitro Fermentation Studies.

The water buffalo faces challenges in optimizing nutrition due to varying local feed resources. In response to this challenge, the current study introduces originality by addressing the lack of region-specific feeding strategies for water buffaloes. This is achieved through the formulation of 30 different diets based on locally available resources, offering a tailored approach to enhance nutritional optimization in diverse agroecological contexts. These diets were segmented into three groups of ten, each catering to the maintenance (MD1 to MD10), growth (GD1 to GD10), and lactation/production (PD1 to PD10) needs of buffaloes. Utilizing local feed ingredients, each diet was assessed for its chemical composition, in vitro gas and methane emissions, and dry matter (DM) disappearance using buffalo rumen liquor. The production diets (127 and 32.2 g/kg DM) had more protein and fats than the maintenance diets (82.0 and 21.0 g/kg DM). There was less (p < 0.05) fiber in the production diets compared to the maintenance ones. Different protein components (PB1, PB2) were lower (p < 0.05) in the maintenance diets compared to the growth and production ones, but other protein fractions (PB3, Pc) were higher (p < 0.05) in the maintenance diet. Furthermore, the growth diets had the highest amount of other protein components (PA), while the maintenance diets had the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates (586 g/kg DM), whereas the carbohydrate fraction (CB1) was highest (p < 0.05) in the production diets (187 g/kg DM), followed by the growth (129 g/kg DM) and maintenance diets (96.1 g/kg DM). On the contrary, the carbohydrate CA fraction was (p < 0.05) higher in the maintenance diets (107 g/kg DM) than in the growth (70.4 g/kg DM) and production diets (44.7 g/kg DM). The in vitro gas production over time (12, 24, and 48 h) was roughly the same for all the diets. Interestingly, certain components (ether extract, lignin, NDIN, ADIN, and PB3 and CC) of the diets seemed to reduce methane production, while others (OM, NPN, SP, PA and PB1, tCHO and CB2) increased it. In simple words, this study reveals that different diets affect gas production during digestion, signifying a significant step towards a promising future for buffalo farming through tailored, region-specific formulations.