Soluble Ratio Research Articles

Solubility of N2O and CO2 in 2-Butoxyethanol, 2-(Butylamino)ethanol, and Their Binary Blends

Solubility of N2O and CO2 in pure 2-butoxyethanol (2-BE) was determined in a stirred equilibrium cell at temperatures ranging from 283.2 to 333.2 K and correlated as an exponential function of temperature. Ratios of solubility of CO2 to N2O in several reported solvents were found to be strongly dependent on the order of solvent dielectric constants. Solubility of N2O in 2-(butylamino)ethanol (BAE) and the binary blends of 2-BE and BAE was measured over the temperature range from 283.2 to 333.2 K and with BAE concentration from 6.5 to 65.4 mass%. N2O solubility data were well represented by correlation models with AARDs within 0.8%. Physical solubility of CO2 in a nonaqueous 2-BE/BAE system can be estimated using the N2O analogy method.

Novel weight loss diet attenuates dietary-induced obesity in mice and might correlate with altered gut microbiota and metabolite profiles.

Although many dietary patterns have been studied for weight loss, various limitations still exist. Therefore, we designed a novel weight loss diet (NWLD) with carbohydrate, protein, and fat (energy) contents of 45%, 20%, and 35%, respectively. The saturated fatty acids: monounsaturated fatty acids:polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio was 1:2:1, and the insoluble: soluble dietary fiber ratio was 2:1. We aimed to observe the effect of NWLD on weight loss and understand the underlying metabolic mechanisms. Twenty-nine male C57BL/6J mice were selected. Nine mice were fed ordinary feed in a blank control group, and the rest were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish obese mouse models. Twelve weeks later, obesity models were established, and 10 obese mice were switched to NWLD feeding. Six weeks after switching the diet, the serum, intestinal feces, and kidneys of mice were collected. Obesity-related indicators, gut microbial composition, and fecal metabolite profiles of all the mice were determined, and the correlations among these indicators were analyzed. Kidney function indicators were also assessed. The results showed that the NWLD attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, serum triglycerides (TG), and inflammatory factors, optimized the body composition without kidney function impairment. Amino acid metabolism pathways and metabolites might play key roles in this process. The findings of this research imply that NWLD could be an effective nutritional remedy for managing dietary-induced obesity.

Impact of Vacuum Assisted Oven Drying of Kurut on Product Quality and Drying Characteristics

Kurut is an ancient flavor of central Asia, produced by sun-drying of yogurt. Kurut is used in preparation of pasta, soup and also in the form of yogurt by mixing with water. Alternative to sun drying, this study was aimed at conducting Kurut production by use of vacuum-oven drying (VOD) and oven drying (OD) techniques at two different temperatures (35 °C and 45 °C). Samples were coded as KV35, KV45 and K35, K45 for VOD and OD techniques, respectively. All samples were concentrated by drying in proximate composition (p > 0.05). Less progress of acidity, lower solubility ratio (p > 0.05) and lower hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) values were maintained by VOD than OD (p < 0.05) in the 1st day. All Kurut samples were very distinctly different (ΔE ˃ 3), more yellowish (b*) and less bright (L*) than strained yogurt. Redness (a*) was observed only in OD-applied samples (p < 0.05). Yagcioglu, Wang and Singh, Midilli and two-term models were best fitting models for predicting drying behavior of KV35, KV45, K35 and K45, respectively. Drying time for VOD and OD were determined as 2 days and 8 days, respectively. Difference in means of drying temperature was found statistically significant in terms of HMF, L*, a* and b* in the OD technique (p < 0.05). In the industrial aspect use of VOD, especially with the establishment of continuous systems, Kurut production in a shorter time with better preservation of quality is possible.

Modeling of Hydrogen Diffusion in Inhomogeneous Steel Welded Joints.

Hydrogen is a main factor in cold cracking or hydrogen-induced cracking. The most crack susceptible region of a steel welded joint is the heat affected zone (HAZ). The formulation and functional-analytical solution of the one-dimensional problem of hydrogen diffusion in an inhomogeneous butt-welded joint considering weld and joint dimensions and initial hydrogen distribution as well as hydrogen diffusion coefficients and solubilities are presented. It is shown that the peak hydrogen concentration in the HAZ of inhomogeneous joints varies in direct proportion to the initial hydrogen concentration in the weld metal. It is inversely proportional to the ratio of hydrogen solubilities in the weld metal and the HAZ metal and is nonlinear in the diffusion coefficient ratio of these metals. The peak hydrogen concentration in the HAZ can exceed 170% of the average initial concentration in the joint if martensitic steel is welded using low-carbon low-alloy welding consumables. The utilization of austenitic consumables leads to a dramatic reduction in the hydrogen concentration in the HAZ in comparison with the non-austenitic consumables. No direct relationship was found between the hydrogen concentration in the HAZ and the hydrogen evolution from the joint surface.

Development of Abraham Model Correlations for Describing Solute Transfer into Transcutol Based on Molar Solubility Ratios for Pharmaceutical and Other Organic Compounds

Development of Abraham Model Correlations for Describing Solute Transfer into Transcutol Based on Molar Solubility Ratios for Pharmaceutical and Other Organic Compounds

The influence of different bacteria consortium and irrigation levels on yield and physiological attributes of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown under organic farming conditions

BackgroundInorganic fertilizers help to prevent yield and quality losses in agricultural production; however, adversely affect soil quality and human health. The rising public awareness is switching the production focus from conventional to organic farming. Therefore, obtaining higher yields under organic farming conditions is inevitable. Different bacterial consortia have been found helpful in improving crop yields under stressful and benign environments. Therefore, current study tested the impact of two bacterial consortia on yield and physiological attributes of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown under organic farming conditions with two different irrigation levels. MethodsTwo bacteria consortiums [(consortium 1 = Bacillus megaterium RCK-869 + Pantoea agglomerans RK-120 + Paenibacillus polymyxa RCK-540 + Bacillus subtilis RCK-561), (consortium 2 = Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Acetobacter) and two irrigation levels, i.e., 50 and 100% of the required moisture were included in the study. Data on chlorophyll index, flag leaf area, soluble sugar content, plant height, protein ratio, and grain yield were drecorded. ResultsThe GY in bacteria-free treatment was 3512.0 kg ha−1, which increased to 4868.3 kg ha−1 with the application of bacteria consortium 1. The application of 50% irrigation significantly reduced the yield and related traits, whereas the application of bacteria consortium 1 significantly improved these traits under normal and 50% irrigation. Overall, higher values of the studied traits were recorded during 1st year than 2nd year. The decrease in total precipitation and relative humidity, and the increase in temperature in the second year caused a decrease in grain yield, agronomic and physiological parameters. ConclusionBacteria consortium consisting of Bacillus bacteria significantly improved the yield and related traits of durum wheat under deficit and normal irrigation. Therefore, bacterial consortium consisting of B. megaterium + P. agglomerans + P. polymyxa + B. subtilis could be used to improve durum wheat production under organic farming conditions and deficit irrigation.

Field inoculation responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi versus endophytic fungi on sugar metabolism associated changes in fruit quality of Lane late navel orange

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plants require sugars, especially during fruit ripening stage, while the underlying mechanism influencing sugar accumulation in response to AM fungi is still unclear. The objective of this study was to analyze the field inoculation response of three AM fungi (Acaulospora scrobiculata, Diversispora spurca, and D. versiformis) and an endophytic fungus (Piriformospora indica) on internal as well as external quality parameters of Lane late navel orange (Citrus sinensis) fruits, with emphasis on monosaccharide and disaccharide components and expressions of sucrose-associated enzyme genes and sugar transporter genes. Root fungal colonization rate increased by 51.2−109.6% with the inoculation of D. spurca displaying the best response after two years of field inoculation. The fungal introduction also improved the external fruit quality attributes to some extent, especially longitudinal and transverse diameter, sarcocarp weight, and fruit coloration value in response to inoculation of A. scrobiculata and P. indica. Fruit number increased in response to inoculation with D. versiformis. Although none of the four symbiotic fungi influenced the soluble solids of fruits, however fruit titratable acids registered a significant reduction leading to an increase in soluble solids-titratable acids ratio in response to A. scroblculata and D. spurca. Inoculation with A. scrobiculata and D. spurca also reduced sucrose while increased glucose, fructose, and trehalose concentrations in fruit sarcocarps, along with up-regulated expressions of CsVINV1, CsA/NINV4, and CsSWEET in fruit sarcocarps, suggesting that AM fungi played a pivotal role in sucrose transport, synthesis, and cleavage in fruits. In contrast, inoculation with P. indica only increased the sucrose and up-regulated expressions of CsSPS1 and CsSPS4 in fruit sarcocarps, implying that Pi mainly triggered the sucrose synthesis in fruits. These symbiotic fungi increased concentration of one of the three sweeteners (arabinose, xylitol and fucose) in fruit sarcocarps, with an exception of A. scrobiculata responding to an increase in the three sweeteners. These results provided strong clues that symbiotic fungi have an important role in improving the fruit size and different sugar components in citrus fruits by regulating the expression of genes related to sucrose synthesis, cleavage, and transport, with A. scrobiculata outplaying the response of other three symbiotic fungi.

Modeling the relationship between air temperature and grapefruit quality traits.

Consumers of grapefruit require consistent fruit quality with a good physical appearance and taste. The air temperature during the growing season affects both the external (external color index (ECI)) and internal (titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids ratio (TSS/TA)) fruit quality of grapefruit. The objective of this study was to develop computer models that encompass the relationship between preharvest air temperature and fruit quality to predict fruit quality of grapefruit at harvest. There was a logarithmic relationship between the number of days with a daily minimum air temperature ≤13 °C and ECI, with a greater number of days resulting in higher ECI. In addition, there was a second-order polynomial relationship between the number of hours ≥21 °C and both TA and TSS/TA, with a greater number of hours resulting in lower TA and higher TSS/TA. Model performance for predicting the ECI, TA, and TSS/TA during 2004-05 and 2005-06 growing seasons was good, with Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE) values for each season of 0.835 and 0.917 respectively for ECI, 0.896 and 0.965 respectively for TA and 0.898 and 0.966 respectively for TSS/TA. Applying the model to statistical survey data covering 13 growing seasons demonstrated that the TSS/TA model was robust. Statistical models were developed that predicted the development of grapefruit ECI, TA, and TSS/TA. The TSS/TA model was confirmed after application to long-term statistical survey data covering 13 growing seasons. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development of Abraham Model Correlations for Solute Transfer into the tert-Butyl Acetate Mono-Solvent and Updated Equations for Both Ethyl Acetate and Butyl Acetate

Experimental solubilities were determined for 31 solid nonelectrolyte organic compounds dissolved in tert-butyl acetate at 298.15 K. Results of the experimental measurements were combined with published mole fraction solubility data for two lipid-lowering medicinal compounds (lovastatin and simvastatin) in order to derive Abraham model expressions for solute transfer into the tert-butyl acetate mono-solvent. The derived correlations provided an accurate mathematical description of the observed experimental data. As part of the current study, previously published Abraham model solvent correlations for both ethyl acetate and butyl acetate were updated using much larger datasets that contained an additional 64 and 35 experimental data points, respectively. The mathematical correlations presented in the current study describe the observed solubility ratios of solutes dissolved in tert-butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate to within an overall standard deviation of 0.15 log units or less.

Maturation and determination of the harvest point of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (‘biquinho’ pepper)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (‘biquinho’ pepper) at different stages of maturation and to determine the ideal harvest point of the fruits according to the coloration of the epidermis. The treatments consisted of five maturation stages, characterized as: green, orange-green, orange, red-orange, and red. Fresh mass, vertical and horizontal diameters, pericarp thickness, cracked fruit, luminosity, chroma, hue angle, pH, soluble solids, acidity, and ratio were evaluated. The fresh mass, vertical and horizontal diameter, and pericarp thickness increased with the stages of maturation until reaching an red-orange color. The highest incidence of cracked fruit occurred at the red stage. There was a reduction in pH while soluble solids, acidity, and ratio increased with maturation. The highest chroma values ??occurred intermediate stages, while the hue angle and luminosity decreased with advancing of the stages of maturation. Thus, the ideal harvest point for consumption is the red-orange stage, because the fruits are larger, with a lower incidence of cracking compared to the more advanced stage of maturation, and their chemical characteristics indicate a soft fruit.

Raloxifene-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles decorated gel with enhanced treatment potential of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disorder associated with global morbidities and mortalities which make it a big challenge to the public health. Despite the availability of a number of drugs, its treatment is challenging due the drugs associated complications including poor dissolution, abridged permeation, reduced bioavailability and severe toxicities. This study aims to develop Raloxifene HCl-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (RAL-SLNs) decorated gel in order to address the above-mentioned problems. RAL-SLNs were prepared by high pressure homogenization and evaluated in terms of their size distribution, morphology, zeta potential and drug entrapment using DLS analysis, TEM and HPLC. Prior to this, screening of the lipid and surfactant was done based on drug solubility ratio. The optimized SLNs were further incorporated in chitosan gel to develop RAL-SLNs decorated gel (RAL-SLNsG) and were characterized in terms of their rheological properties, pH and spreadability. In vitro drug release, kinetics of drug release and permeation analyses of the RAL-SLNsG were performed and compared with drug suspension and RAL gel (conventional gel) to check the release and permeation ability of the incorporated dug. Moreover, pharmacokinetics study of the test formulations was performed to check the bioavailability. Additionally, biochemical estimation was done after inducing osteoporosis in rats and their treatment with RAL-SLNsG and RAL gel after transdermal administration and were compared with positive and negative control groups. RAL-SLNs were found to have rounded shaped size distribution of 170 nm with −24.5 mV zeta potential and 95% drug entrapment. The RAL-SLNsG has excellent spreadability, optimum and non-Newtonian flow behavior. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation showed 7-fold and 11-fold enhanced properties, as compared to RAL suspension, respectively. Bioavailability study revealed 3-fold and 6-fold enhanced bioavailability of the drug when incorporated in SLNs decorated gel as compared to the conventional gel and drug suspension. Finally, the serum level of alkaline phosphatase and calcium were found to be significantly reduced in osteoporosis induced rats after treatment with RAL-SLNsG decorated gel as compared to RAL gel. These finding revealed that nanogel has the potential to enhance the permeation and bioavailability of incorporated drug with enhanced anti-osteoporotic effect.

Effect of CO2 flooding in an oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in the Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin, Northwest China

The dissolution and diffusion of CO2 in oil and water and its displacement mechanism were investigated by laboratory experiment and numerical simulation for Block 9 in the Tahe oilfield, a sandstone oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Such parameters were analyzed as solubility ratio of CO2 in oil, gas and water, interfacial tension, in-situ oil viscosity distribution, remaining oil saturation distribution, and oil compositions. The results show that CO2 flooding could control water coning and increase oil production. In the early stage of the injection process, CO2 expanded vertically due to gravity differentiation, and extended laterally under the action of strong bottom water in the intermediate and late stages. The CO2 got enriched and extended at the oil-water interface, forming a high interfacial tension zone, which inhibited the coning of bottom water to some extent. A miscible region with low interfacial tension formed at the gas injection front, which reduced the in-situ oil viscosity by about 50%. The numerical simulation results show that enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is estimated at 5.72% and the oil exchange ratio of CO2 is 0.17 t/t.

Abraham Solvation Parameter Model: Calculation of L Solute Descriptors for Large C11 to C42 Methylated Alkanes from Measured Gas–Liquid Chromatographic Retention Data

Abraham model L solute descriptors have been determined for 149 additional C11 to C42 monomethylated and polymethylated alkanes based on published Kovat’s retention indices based upon gas–liquid chromatographic measurements. The calculated solute descriptors, in combination with previously published Abraham model correlations, can be used to predict a number of very important chemical and thermodynamic properties including partition coefficients, molar solubility ratios, gas–liquid chromatographic and HPLC retention data, infinite dilution activity coefficients, molar enthalpies of solvation, standard molar vaporization and sublimation at 298 K, vapor pressures, and limiting diffusion coefficients. The predictive computations are illustrated by estimating both the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation and the enthalpies of solvation in benzene for the monomethylated and polymethylated alkanes considered in the current study.

Evaluation of fatty tissue representative solvents in extraction of medical devices for chromatographic analysis of devices’ extractables and leachables based on Abraham general solvation model

Extraction solvents used in chemical characterization (i.e., extractables and leachables testing, E&L) of fatty tissue-contacting medical devices for biocompatibility assessment per ISO 10993 have been studied by Abraham general solvation models. Chemically suitable alternative solvents to fatty tissues in solvation properties (solubility, partition, extraction, etc.) have been proposed based on Abraham's organic solvent system coefficients for water and air to condensed organic solvent phases. This evaluation is built upon the conclusion by Abraham, Acree Jr and Cometto-Muñiz that olive oil is chemically corresponding to fatty tissues. However, olive oil, if used as an extraction solvent to simulate fatty tissues, is in general not analytically expedient (realistic) per ISO 10993-18 (2020) for chromatographic analysis, and it is critical to seek alternative solvents to olive oil to perform the extraction. Although nonpolar solvents such as alkanes have been proposed and used as alternative solvents to vegetable oils, they are not equivalent to olive oil in solvation properties. Due to the practical challenge in chromatographic analysis of oil samples and the difference in migration kinetics of E&L between oil and organic solvents, the computational approach is the only realistic option to evaluate chemically alternative solvents to olive oil to simulate fatty tissue extraction. By comparing Abraham solvent system coefficients for water and air to condensed organic solvent phases distribution, a five-dimensional space distance (D) between solvents and olive oil as a reference solvent is calculated using Abraham and Martin equation to predict alternative or similar solvents to olive oil. The results of the calculation are further evaluated using E&L solubility ratio between solvents and olive oil, taking into consideration of solvent safety and physical properties. It is concluded from the study that butanone and dioxane are chemically the most suitable alternative or representative solvents to olive oil. They can be used as fatty tissue representative solvents in chemical characterization study of medical device. As Abraham solvation model is solvent system specific, not solute specific, the conclusions from this study are considered as universal.

Displacement characteristics of CO2 flooding in extra-high water-cut reservoirs

Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is a widely applied recovery method during the tertiary recovery of oil and gas. A high water saturation condition in reservoirs could induce a ‘water shielding’ phenomenon after the injection of CO2. This would prevent contact between the injected gas and the residual oil, restricting the development of the miscible zone. A micro-visual experiment of dead-end models, used to observe the effect of a film of water on the miscibility process, indicates that CO2 can penetrate the water film and come into contact with the residual oil, although the mixing is significantly delayed. However, the dissolution loss of CO2 at high water-cut conditions is not negligible. The oil-water partition coefficient, defined as the ratio of CO2 solubility in an oil-brine/two-phase system, keeps constant for specific reservoir conditions and changes little with an injection gas. The NMR device shows that when CO2 flooding follows water flooding, the residual oil decreases—not only in medium and large pores but also in small and micro pores. At levels of higher water saturation, CO2 displacement is characterized initially by a low oil production rate and high water-cut. After the CO2 breakthrough, the water-cut decreases sharply and the oil production rate increases gradually. The response time of CO2 flooding at high water-cut reservoirs is typically delayed and prolonged. These results were confirmed in a pilot test for CO2 flooding at the P1-1 well group of the Pucheng Oilfield. Observations from this pilot study also suggest that a larger injection gas pore volume available for CO2 injection is required to offset the dissolution loss in high water saturation conditions.

WATER DESALINATION USING ICE FREEZING IN ICICLES

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of initial salinity and water flow rate on desalination processes in icicles formed on horizontal nozzles.
 Experimental installation, is a frame on which are fixed: a container with initial salt water, impact surface, horizontal nozzles. Initial saline water of 10-30 g/l flowed out through the hole, fell and crushed against the impact surface, and then froze on the nozzles in the form of icicles. To investigate the degree of salinity, the icicles were divided into equal parts and melted.
 The results of the investigation show that the obtained water contains the most salts in those parts that are closer to the bases of the borules. At a flow rate of 2 ml/sec, the borules grew to their full length. The level of the option was defined as the ratio of initial water solubility to the received solubility and was 1.5 to 4, higher values were obtained at the flow rate of 1 ml/sec, and at the first intervals.
 Conclusions: The results of experiments showed that it is impossible to refine brackish water in 1 cycle. To obtain drinking water with salt concentration less than 0.5 g/l it is necessary to use several cycles of freezing-melting or to combine with other methods of desalination. It is necessary to control the optimum water consumption to ensure a higher degree of (solidification)desalination.

Selection of Dried Red Fruits in Hot Pepper Cultivars for EnvironmentFriendly Cultivation

This study was conducted to select cultivar for dried red fruits in hot pepper suitable for environment-friendly cultivation. For the selection of empirical experimental fields, cultivars were publicly announced targeting 5 places that considered regional characteristics. The number of total fruits in 10 plants has found that #114, #103, and #118 showed the high quantity as 99.5, 87.5, and 85 fruits. For the fresh weight of the total fruits harvested from10 plants, the result has found that #114, #118, and #115 were high as 2491.6g, 2,184.5g, and 1,733.0g. The fruit length has found that #115, #117, and #116 were 175.5mm, 162.5mm, and 160.4mm. The fruit width has found that #120, #123, and #117 were 28.3mm, 25.8mm, and 25.5mm. The fresh weight per fruit has found that #116, #115, and #117 were 33.3g, 32.7g, and 30.3g. The dry weight of the total fruits from 10 plants has found that #114, #118, and #122 were 379.3g, 354g, and 322.8g. The Hunter’s color values on fresh fruits have found that L values of #105, #104, and #106 were 33.4, 32.7, and 30.7, #110, #5, and a values of #106 were 17.9, 17.3, and 16.0, and b values of #103, #120, and #119 were 21.5, 19.5, and 19.2. The Hunter’s color values on dried fruits have found that L values of #110, #108, and #123 were 33.6, 32.5, and 31.7, a values of #110, #103, and #106 were 19.0, 18.6, and 17.4, and b values of #106, #103, and #108 were 7.8, 7.0, and 6.8. The total capsaicin content has found that #101, #102, and #104 were 81.3mg/100g, 76.2 mg/100g, and 70.1 mg/100g. The total free sugar content has found that #116, #101, and #113 were 17.39g∙100g-1, 17.32g∙100g-1, and 16.93g∙100g-1. The total organic acid content has found that #102, #111, and #114 were 1272.1mg∙100g-1, 1266.0mg∙100g-1, and 1253.1mg∙100g-1. The soluble solid-acid ratio has found that #120, #119, and #118 were 5.1, 7.3, and 8.5. The preference for dried red fruits in hot pepper powder has found that #106, #107, #115, #116, and #120 were high. The disease survey of CMV and TSWV, anthracnose showed #106, #115, #116, #120 were the best. In the results of the study, #106, #115, #116, and #120 were selected as the cultivars suitable for environment-friendly cultivation by comparing cultivars on red fruits in hot pepper with check varieties and ones before and after drying.

Exploration of Water-Saving and High-Yield Irrigation Model for Tomato under Microsprinkler Irrigation with Plastic Film in a Greenhouse Based on Spatial Analysis

The purpose of this study was to analyse the suitability of the frequency and amount of microsprinkler irrigation under plastic film technology (MSPF) in a greenhouse. This study was aimed at determining the effects of different irrigation frequency and irrigation amount of the MSPF on the quality, yield (Y), and water use efficiency (WUE) of tomato, and the optimal irrigation period and irrigation amount of tomato with MSPF were determined by spatial analysis method. Irrigation frequency was set 3 levels, 3 d (F1), 5 d (F3), and 7 d (F3), respectively. Irrigation amount was set 3 levels, 0.7 E pan (I1), 1.0 E pan (I2), and 1.2 E pan (I3) ( E pan is the diameter of 20 cm standard pan evaporation, mm), respectively. The results show that increase in the single fruit weight (SFW), transverse diameter (TD), vertical diameter (VD), total soluble solids (TSS), total soluble sugar (TSU), soluble solid content (SSC), sugar-acid ratio (SAR), soluble protein (SP), vitamin C (VC), lycopene (L), Y, and WUE of spring and autumn tomatoes was observed initially with decreasing irrigation frequency; however, decrease in all these variables was observed thereafter. Similarly, SFW, TD, VD, and SAR of spring and autumn tomatoes first added and then reduced with increasing irrigation amount, whereas TSS, SP, TSU, VC, L, and WUE exhibited an overall decreasing trend. On the basis of spatial analysis, the comprehensive score, Y, and WUE of F2I2 tomato were predicted to simultaneously reach more than 95% of the maximum, which is consistent with the earlier studies on comprehensive evaluation of yield and WUE.

121 Effects of Total Dietary Fiber Content During Gestation on Sow Reproductive Performance

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber (TDF) levels during gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 397 (Camborough, PIC) individual-housed sows were used. Sows were balanced by parity (P4-P10) and body condition score (BCS, 1-5) at breeding and allocated to 2 treatments: Low Fiber (TDF = 9%, LF) or High Fiber (TDF = 18%, HF) with similar insoluble to soluble fiber ratios 7.4 and 7.5 respectively. During gestation, all sows were fed according to their BCS (BCS 1 and 2 = 2.7 kg/d, BCS 3 = 2kg/d and BCS 4 and 5 = 1.6 kg/d). From d 90 of gestation thin sows (BCS 1 or 2) received an additional 0.9 kg/d. During lactation sows received a common diet, 1.81 kg/d pre-farrow, and then ad libitum. Diets were milo based with wheat midds and soy hulls as fiber sources. Dietary treatments were isonutrient and isocaloric and formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrients. Data were analyzed for main effects of treatment and within body condition category. Overall, sows that received the LF diet were heavier at placement in lactation (306.6 and 280.6 kg; P = 0.012, for LF and HF, respectively). Similarly, the estimated post-partum BW was heavier for those fed the LF diet (283.1 and 256.1 kg; P = 0.008) and at wean BW (271.3 and 257.1 kg; P = 0.003). However, sows fed a HF gestation diet tended to lose less weight during lactation (17.0 and 4.0 kg; P = 0.080). There were no differences for total born (P = 0.767), born alive (P = 0.821), stillborn (P = 0.850) or weaned pigs (P = 0.620). In conclusion, elevating TDF during gestation did not improve litter performance, but did reduce weight and body condition loss during lactation.

Impurity-impurity interaction during the growth of UMG-Si-based mc-Si

This article investigates the relationship between the chemical composition and electrophysical properties of p- and n-type multicrystalline silicon ingots based on metallurgical silicon with a purity of 99.99 at.%. In particular, the role of impurity-impurity interactions in the production of multisilicon by the Bridgman vertical method is evaluated in order to identify approaches to controlling this process effectively. The phase equilibrium calculations in the “silicon–all impurities” and “silicon-impurity-oxygen” systems were carried out based on the Gibbs energy minimization in the Selector software package. The study investigates the rank correlations of the concentrations of various impurities with each other, as well as with the specified electrical resistivity (SER) and the lifetime of nonequilibrium charge carriers (NCC) in the direction of crystal growth. Pair correlations of the element distribution profiles were considered based on the role of the main factor represented by the ratio of individual impurity solubilities in solid or liquid silicon (k0), as well as from the standpoint of direct interaction between two elements. It was found that the k0 value for two individual impurities in silicon does not automatically lead to the pair correlation of their distribution profiles in the ingot. A significant effect on the distribution profiles of impurities in multisilicon with k0→0 has the factor of binding some part of the impurity into such a form that this impurity can be incorporated easily into a growing crystal. Binding may be induced by the interaction of the impurity in the melt with the oxygen background, its segregation at the grain boundaries, and its capture by the crystallization front in the composition of the liquid inclusion. Significant correlations of impurity distribution profiles in the ingot were demonstrated by the pairs whose elements interact without the formation of chemical compounds in the 25–1413 °C temperature range. The conducted phase equilibrium calculations for the “silicon–all impurities” system revealed the possibility of forming the VB2, TiB2, ZrB2, and MgTiO4 solid phases in the melt.