Solubility Of Piroxicam Research Articles

Cucurbit[7]uril-based host–guest complexes for improving bioavailability and reducing side effects of piroxicam

Piroxicam (PX) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly associated with gastrointestinal (GI) injuries, including dyspepsia, heartburn, inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, and life-threatening perforation. The β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based PX formulation (PX@CD) has been shown to reduce gastric side effects by improving PX’s solubility and dissolution rates. However, the solubility of PX can only be increased to a limited extent by β-CD, due to the low binding constant between PX and β-CD (∼100 M−1). As a result, adverse reactions such as epigastric pain and pyrosis are still commonly reported. Cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) is a synthetic macrocyclic host compound that binds strongly to various drugs. In this study, we demonstrated that CB[7] forms complexes with PX in the gastric acid environment with a binding constant approximately 70 times higher than that between β-CD and PX. The PX@CB[7] inclusion complexes exhibited rapid dissolution rates in the gastric environment. In addition, PX@CB[7] showed significantly higher oral bioavailability and maximum concentration (Cmax) compared to PX and PX@CD (1:2.5), resulting in improved anti-inflammatory effects in both mouse and rat models. Moreover, PX@CB[7] (1:2.5) had the least adhesion to the gastric mucosa and caused the mildest gastric side effects in rat models when compared to PX, PX@CD (1:2.5), and PX@CB[7] (1:1). Lastly, CB[7] demonstrated good oral biocompatibility in a subacute toxicity evaluation study. These findings indicate that CB[7] could be used as an excipient to improve treatment effectiveness and decrease adverse reactions in orally administered formulations with a favorable safety profile.

Solubility-permeability interplay of hydrotropic solubilization of piroxicam

Objectives In this research paper, an investigation has been made to assess the simultaneous effect of a solubility enhancement approach, i.e., hydrotropy on the solubility and apparent permeability of piroxicam. The solubility of piroxicam (PRX) a BCS (biopharmaceutics classification system) class II drug has been increased using a mixed hydrotropy approach. This study is based on identifying the pattern of solubility-permeability interplay and confirming whether every solubility gain results in a concomitant decrease in permeability or permeability remains unaffected. Method Solid dispersions of PRX were formulated using two hydrotropes, viz., sodium benzoate (SB) and piperazine (PP) by solvent evaporation method. A comprehensive 32factorial design was employed to study the effect of hydrotropes on the solubility and permeability of PRX. Subsequently, PRX tablets containing these solid dispersions were formulated and evaluated. Key findings SB and PP displayed a significant increase in the solubility of PRX ranging from 0.99 to 2.21 mg/mL for F1–F9 batches attributed to the synergistic effect of hydrotropes. However, there is a reduction in PRX permeability with increasing hydrotrope levels. The decline in permeability was notably less pronounced compared to the simultaneous rise in aqueous solubility of PRX. Conclusion An evident tradeoff between permeability and solubility emerged through the mixed hydrotropic solubilization for PRX. As PRX has generally higher intrinsic permeability, it has been assumed that this permeability loss will not affect the overall absorption of PRX. However, it may affect the absorption of drugs with limited permeability. Therefore, solubility permeability interplay should be investigated during solubility enhancement.

Characterization of some sucrose-based deep eutectic solvents and their effect on the solubility of piroxicam

In this study, we synthesized deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on sucrose with citric acid, choline chloride, and proline by an evaporating method. The structural features and thermal behaviors of the DESs were further characterized by polarized optical microscopy (POM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The experimental data showed that the physicochemical properties of DES were closely related to their water content. Furthermore, the solubility of piroxicam in DESs was studied by the shake-flask method at 30–45 °C. Results indicated that the drug solubility was enhanced with an increase in the proportion of DESs and temperature. Piroxicam was dissolved more than 2420 times compared with pure water in the presence of sucrose/citric acid (1:1) with 30 % (w/w) water content when the temperature was 45 °C. Cell counting kit-8 assay was applied to determine the cytotoxicity of the DESs. Cell experiments showed that these solvents were highly biocompatible in mouse fibroblasts. This information supported that sucrose-based DESs have potential and provided new insight into a wide range of sucrose applications.

Formulation and evaluation of Piroxicam nanosponge for improved internal solubility and analgesic activity

Cyclodextrin nanosponges are solid nanoparticles, designed by cross-linking of cyclodextrin polymer; it has been used widely as a good delivery system for water insoluble drugs. The aim of this study is to enhance the solubility of Piroxicam (PXM) using β-Cyclodextrin based nanosponges formulations. PXM nanosponge (PXM-NS) formulations were prepared using β-cyclodextrin and carbonyldiimidazole as a cross linker, three ratios of β-cyclodextrin to crosslinker in addition to three drug to nanosponges ratios were tested. Piroxicam nanosponge formulations were characterized for its particle size, zeta potential, physical compatibility and in vitro release. Stability studies at three temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C) were done for optimal formula. Finally, the in vivo analgesic activity and pharmacokinetic parameters of the optimal formula were conducted. The optimized PXM-NS formula (PXM-NS10) showed particle size (362 ± 14.06 nm), polydispersity index (0.0518), zeta potential (17 ± 1.05 mV), and %EE (79.13 ± 4.33). The dissolution study showed a significant increase in the amount of PXM dissolved compared with the unformulated drug. Stability studies confirmed that nanosponge showed accepted stability for 90 days at 4 °C and 25 °C. In vivo analgesic studies verified that there was a significant enhancement in the analgesic response to PXM in mice, and 1.42 fold enhancement in the relative bioavailability of PXM-NS10 as compared to commercial tablets. Nanosponge prepared under optimal conditions is an encouraging formula for increasing the solubility and therefore the bioavailability of Piroxicam.

Investigating the Effect of Basic Amino Acids and Glucosamine on the Solubility of Ibuprofen and Piroxicam.

Poor aqueous solubility hampers the development of several compounds as pharmacological agents. Hence, preparing novel formulations with augmented absorption is a challenge in pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, we have examined the effect of basic amino acids including arginine (ARG), lysine (LYS), and glucosamine (GlucN) on the solubility of ibuprofen (IBU) and piroxicam (PXM) as drugs with limited solubility. We have also studied the effect of the dissolution media with the pH values 1.2 to 7.4. The saturation shake-flask method was used for solubility studies in the presence of amino acids. Briefly, buffer solutions containing different concentrations of amino acids were prepared. Then, an excess amount of each drug with these buffers was shaken to reach equilibrium. After 48 hours, the upper phase was separated, and solubility was calculated by reading their UV-Vis absorbance. The results illustrated that amino acids increased solubility of both drugs with different ratios, which were pH and concentration-dependent. Solubility improved as the amount of amino acids went up, and this upward pattern was more robust with ARG than LYS. The presence of GlucN in citrate buffer significantly enhanced IBU solubility. The solubility of PXM in accompany of GlucN in water did not change significantly while in citrate buffer solubility enhanced specially at pH 6. Overall, GlucN in citrate buffer and ARG in phosphate buffer could be introduced as the most suitable media for IBU and PXM solubility improvement, respectively.

Solubility and Crystallization of Piroxicam from Different Solvents in Evaporative and Cooling Crystallization

In this work, the solubility of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), piroxicam, is investigated. The polymorphic form II, which is the most stable form at room temperature, was investigated in seven different solvents with various polarities. It has been found that the solubility of piroxicam in the solvents is in the following order: chloroform > dichloromethane > acetone > ethyl acetate > acetonitrile > acetic acid > methanol > hexane. Crystallization of piroxicam from different solvents has been performed with evaporative crystallization and cooling crystallization; the effects of solvent evaporation rate and solute concentration have also been studied. Both form I and form II could be produced in cooling and evaporative crystallization, and no simple link can be identified between the operating parameters and the polymorphic outcome. Results obtained in the present work showed the stochastic nature of the nucleation of different polymorphs as well as the complexity of the crystallization of a polymorphic system.

Biosurfactant Production Using Mutant Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis from Agro-industrial Wastes.

Purpose: Biosurfactants are applied in drug formulations to improve drug solubility and in some cases, treat diseases. This study is focused on generating, extracting, purifying and then characterizing biosurfactants from bacterial isolates of palm oil wastes and abattoir soil origins.Methods: Eight bacteria were isolated from the soil and sludge samples, out of which four (50%) were found to produce biosurfactants. Bacillus subtilis (37.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50%) were isolated and identified from these samples using mineral salt medium, nutrient agar and Cetrimide agar. Mutant isolates of B. subtilis BS3 and P. aeruginosa PS2 were used to produce biosurfactants using mineral salt medium as enrichment medium and extraction was done using membrane filter.Results: The mutant strains B. subtilis BS3 and P. aeruginosa PS2 generated biosurfactants that displayed significant solubility and dissolution properties by enhancing the percentage solubility of piroxicam to 62.86 and 54.29% respectively, and achieved 51.71 and 48.71% dissolution of the drug in 0.1N HCl. Conclusion: From the results obtained, the produced biosurfactants could serve as a better alternative to conventional surfactants. Notably, the study indicated that the biosurfactant produced by mutant strain of B. subtilis produced more potent activities (surface tension reduction ability, high emulsification) than those of P. aeruginosa.

Optimasi Formula Tablet Piroksikam Menggunakan Eksipien Laktosa, Avicel pH-101, dan Amprotab dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design

Piroxicam solubility in water is very small this cause problem in the process of absorption so that it’s required an optimal formula to establish the physical properties of tablet quality for piroxicam tablets. The purpose of this research was creating formulas with the optimal combination of excipients lactose, Avicel pH 101, and piroxicam amprotab to obtain tablets with good physical properties and disolution. Seven piroxicam tablet formulas were made with a combination of lactose, avicel PH-101, and Amprotab on 2 batches. Method for making tablets piroxicam was established by direct compression. Tests included were the physical properties of piroxicam tablets tablets weight uniformity, uniformity of size, hardness, brittleness, disintegration test, as well as dissolution test, and content uniformity. Based on the simplex lattice design method, lactose is a dominant factor to improved the uniformity of tablet’s concentartions. Interaction of two components avicel PH-101 and amprotab is a dominant factor to reduced vulnerability. Interaction of three components lactose, avicel PH-101 and amprotab is a dominant factor to lowered the value coefisien variation of weight uniformity, increased hardness, decreased the disintegration, and improved dissolution of tablets. Selection of the optimum formula was determined by the method of simplex lattice design through diagrams superimposed contour plots and contour plots for obtaining the optimal proportions of each ingredient as follows: lactose (85,154–100%), avicel PH-101 (0–12,437%), and amprotab (0–5,425%).

Formulation and optimization of quinoa starch nanoparticles: Quality by design approach for solubility enhancement of piroxicam

In the present study piroxicam loaded starch nanoparticles were prepared to enhance the solubility of piroxicam by nanoprecipitation technique. The preparation of nanoparticles was carried out as per central composite experimental design protocol, having concentration of starch and drug as independent variables and particle size and polydispersity index (PdI) as dependent variables. The particle size and PdI of piroxicam loaded starch nanoparticles was found to be between 282–870 nm and 0.339–0.772, respectively. After the characterization by FT-IR, TGA, XRD and SEM studies, the optimized batch was evaluated for in-vitro release study, anti-inflammatory activity and anti-oxidant activity. The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of piroxicam loaded starch nanoparticles was found to be more than the pure drug piroxicam whereas the anti-oxidant activity of starch is found greater than starch nanoparticles. In-vitro release study showed 98.8% release in 2 h dissolution study following supercase II transport mechanism of drug release.

Formulation and evaluation of buccal films of piroxicam co-crystals

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to enhance the solubility of piroxicam (BCS class II drug) using co-crystallization technique and formulate the buccal films of selected co-crystals for improved therapeutic utilization of drug. Co-crystals of drug with various co-formers (molar ratio 1:1) were prepared by solvent evaporation method and were screened for their aqueous solubility and percent drug content. The formation of co-crystals was confirmed by FTIR, DSC and XRD. Piroxicam co-crystals loaded buccal films were prepared and evaluated for in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation while safety of formulation was determined by histopathological study.ResultsThe co-crystals prepared with different co-formers have proved their potential to improve the solubility of the drug. Co-crystals of piroxicam-sucralose have shown six-folds more solubility than parent drug. FTIR analysis indicated shifting in characteristics peaks of piroxicam. DSC analysis showed an extra exothermic peak and alteration in characteristic endothermic peak. The powder x-ray diffraction pattern exhibited changes in 2θ values of intense peaks. Thus, formation of co-crystal was confirmed. Physical characters of buccal films were found to be within limits. Formulation F6 showed highest mucoadhesive strength (5617 ± 636 dynes /cm2) while formulation F2 showed highest in vitro drug release after 8 h, i.e., 94.557%. The ex vivo drug permeation of F2 was found to be 84.74%. The hisopathological study revealed that there was no damage to buccal mucosal tissue and was found to be intact.ConclusionThe piroxicam-suralose co-crystals based mucoadhesive films of piroxicam could be a better formulation approach with improved solubility, safety, and therapeutic efficacy as compared to conventional tablets.Graphical abstract

Microemulsions containing long-chain oil ethyl oleate improve the oral bioavailability of piroxicam by increasing drug solubility and lymphatic transportation simultaneously

Drug solubility and lymphatic transport enhancements are two main pathways to improve drug oral bioavailability for microemulsions. However, it is not easy to have both achieved simultaneously because excipients used for improving lymphatic transport were usually insufficient in forming microemulsions and solubilizing drugs. Our research is to explore whether ethyl oleate, an oil effective in developing microemulsions with desired solubilizing capability, could increase bioavailability to a higher extent by enhancing lymphatic transport. As a long-chain oil, ethyl oleate won larger microemulsion area than short-chain tributyrin and medium-chain GTCC. In contrast, long-chain soybean oil failed to prepare microemulsions. The solubility of piroxicam in ethyl oleate microemulsions (ME-C) increased by about 30 times than in water. ME-C also won significantly higher AUC0−t compared with tributyrin microemulsions (ME-A) and GTCC microemulsions (ME-B). Oral bioavailability in ME-C decreased by 38% after lymphatic transport was blocked by cycloheximide, severer than those in ME-A and ME-B (8% and 34%). These results suggest that improving lymphatic transport and solubility simultaneously might be a novel strategy to increase drug oral bioavailability to a higher extent than increasing solubility only. Ethyl oleate is a preferred oil candidate due to its integrated advantages of high solubilizing capability, large microemulsion area and effective lymphatic transport.

Solubility, solution thermodynamics, and preferential solvation of piroxicam in ethyl acetate + ethanol mixtures

The solubility of piroxicam (PIR) in ethyl acetate (EtOAc)+ethanol (EtOH) mixtures at five temperatures from 293.15K to 313.15K was determined and the solubility data in the binary solvent mixtures at various temperatures was mathematically represented using the Jouyban–Acree model. PIR solubility in mole fraction varied from x3=1.77×10−4 in pure EtOH to x3=4.97×10−3 in pure EtOAc at 298.15K, reaching a maximum x3=5.69×10−3 in the mixture with x10=0.80. Thermodynamic quantities of dissolution and mixing of PIR were calculated by means of Gibbs and van't Hoff equations. Furthermore, preferential solvation parameters of PIR were also derived by means of the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals method. The preferential solvation parameter of PIR by EtOAc, δx1,3, is negative in EtOH-rich mixtures but positive in compositions from 0.36 to 0.86 in mole fraction of EtOAc. It is possible that in EtOH-rich mixtures the acidic hydrogen bonding of EtOH with the basic sites of PIR plays an important role in the drug solvation. The greater solvation by EtOAc in mixtures of similar solvent compositions could be owing mainly to polarity effects. Finally, the slight preference of PIR for EtOH in EtOAc-rich mixtures could be explained in terms of the common participation of basic sites in both solvents and/or the acidic site of EtOH with the respective functional groups of PIR.

Effect of Cyclodextrin Types and Co-Solvent on Solubility of a Poorly Water Soluble Drug.

The aim of the study was to investigate the solubility of piroxicam (Prx) depending on the inclusion complexation with various cyclodextrins (CDs) and on ethanol as a co-solvent. The phase-solubility method was applied to determine drug solubility in binary and ternary systems. The results showed that in systems consisting of the drug dissolved in ethanol–water mixtures, the drug solubility increased exponentially with a rising concentration of ethanol. The phase solubility measurements of the drug in aqueous solutions of CDs, β-CD and γ-CD exhibited diagrams of AL-type, whereas 2,6-dimethyl-β-CD revealed AP-type. The destabilizing effect of ethanol as a co-solvent was observed for all complexes regardless of the CD type, as a consequence of it the lowering of the complex formation constants. In systems with a higher concentration of ethanol, the drug solubility was increased in opposition to the decreasing complex formation constants. According to this study, the type of CDs played a more important role on the solubility of Prx, and the use of ethanol as a co-solvent exhibited no synergistic effect on the improvement of Prx solubility. The Prx solubility was increased again due to the better solubility in ethanol.

Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Piroxicam

Piroxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, is widely used in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, musculo-skeletal disorders, dysmenorrhoeal and post-operative pain. It has poor bioavailability due to its inherent properties. The objective of present study is to enhance water solubility of Piroxicam by solid dispersion technique and to develop novel method of preparing compressed tablets for Piroxicam with high porosity which dissolves rapidly in mouth, using camphor as sublimating agent and super disintegrants such as Crosscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycollate. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, wetting time, disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release. Optimized formulation was evaluated for stability according to ICH guideline. All tablets had hardness in range of 2.8-3.1 kg/cm2 and friability of all formulations was less than 1.0%. Weight variation and drug content were within USP limits. A stability study for optimized F6 formulation 40 °C / 75 % RH for 30 days showed little change in drug content. Therefore, it is concluded that enhance solubility and increased levels of the super disintegrants Cross carmellose sodium and sodium starch glycollate increases the rate of Piroxicam release. Camphor decreases disintegration time of tablets and create high porosity which dissolve rapidly in mouth and could be industrially feasible.

Piroxicam Solubility in Binary and Ternary Solvents of Polyethylene Glycols 200 or 400 with Ethanol and Water at 298.2 K: Experimental Data Report and Modeling

The solubilities of piroxicam in binary and ternary mixtures of polyethylene glycols 200 or 400 with ethanol and water (138 data points) at 298.2 K were determined and mathematically represented by cosolvency models. The solubilities were measured using the shake flask method and the models are used to fit the solubility data of piroxicam in the solvent mixtures. The overall mean relative deviations (OMRDs %) for fitting the solubility data of piroxicam in binary and ternary mixtures using the Williams–Amidon and Jouyban–Acree models are 30.7 and 26.8 %, respectively, and the OMRD % values for predicting the solubilities of piroxicam by the trained versions of the Jouyban–Acree model is 57.3 %.

STABILITAS FISIKA DAN KIMIA REKRISTAL DAN DISPERSI PADAT PIROKSIKAM-PEG 6000

It is hoped that solid dispersion and recrystalization can solve the problem of low solubility of piroxicam. Metastable polymorph or amorph state can be formed in solid dispersion and recrystalization preparation, leading to a better dissolution. During storage, the metastable polymorph or amorph will be changed to stable crystal, so that the dissolution will be decreased (physical instability), beside that the increasing of solubility also trigger the higher rate of decomposition (chemical instability). This research was purposed to reveal these two instability. The research was began by preparing recrystal of piroxicam (R) and solid dispersion piroxicam-PEG 6000 (DP) by solvent method using aseton. These preparate were stored in room temperature (25 o C). The dissolution was tested after 1, 2, 3, and 4 month of storage, using dissolution efficiency for 60 minutes (DE 60 ) as parameter, and also the drug content in bulk preparate was determined. The result showed that recrystalization and solid dispersion preparation did not decrease the piroxicam content. During storage, the DE 60 and piroxicam content in R and DP were not changed (p>0.05). It could be concluded that R and DP prepared had a stable dissolution and purity.

Thermodynamic solubility of piroxicam in propylene glycol + water mixtures at 298.2-323.2 K: Data report and modeling

The solubility of piroxicam (66 data points) in binary mixtures of propylene glycol (PG) + water at six different temperatures which ranged from 298.2 K to 323.2 K were reported. Three different cosolvency models; Yalkowsky, Jouyban-Acree and combined version of the Jouyban-Acree model with van?t Hoff approach, have been used for correlating the reported data. All the analyses results show the acceptable range of the error percentages.

Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Piroxicam

Literature and experimental data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing piroxicam in the free acid form are reviewed. Piroxicam solubility and permeability, its therapeutic use and therapeutic index, pharmacokinetic properties, data related to the possibility of excipient interactions and reported BE/bioavailability (BA), and corresponding dissolution data are taken into consideration. The available data suggest that according to the current biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and all current guidances, piroxicam would be assigned to BCS Class II. The extent of piroxicam absorption seems not to depend on manufacturing conditions or excipients, so the risk of bioinequivalence in terms of area under the curve (AUC) is very low, but the rate of absorption (i.e., BE in terms of Cmax ) can be affected by the formulation. Current in vitro dissolution methods may not always reflect differences in terms of Cmax for BCS Class II weak acids; however, minor differences in absorption rate of piroxicam would not subject the patient to unacceptable risks: as piroxicam products may be taken before or after meals, the rate of absorption cannot be considered crucial to drug action. Therefore, a biowaiver for IR piroxicam solid oral dosage form is considered feasible, provided that (a) the test product contains only excipients, which are also present in IR solid oral drug products containing piroxicam, which have been approved in ICH or associated countries, for instance, those presented in Table 3 of this paper; (b) both the test and comparator drug products dissolve 85% in 30 min or less at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8; and (c) the test product and comparator show dissolution profile similarity in pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8. When not all of these conditions can be fulfilled, BE of the products should be established in vivo.

Enhancement of solubility, dissolution release profile and reduction in ulcerogenicity of piroxicam by inclusion complex with skimmed milk

Context: Piroxicam (PXM), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which is poorly soluble in water and ulcerogenic. Milk has been used against the gastric disturbances caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, skimmed milk (SKM) is used as the carrier for inclusion complex (IC) due to its surface active agent and amino acid content.Purpose: To enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and prevent ulcerogenicity of PXM though IC with SKM.Methods: IC of PXM were prepared with SKM by solvent evaporation method using rota evaporator and were evaluated for solubility, dissolution, solid state characterization, drug excipient interaction, rat intestinal permeation, ulcerogenicity and histopathological studies.Results: Solubility of PXM was enhanced 2.5 times with IC. The dissolution release and amount of PXM permeated through rat small intestine was enhanced significantly with IC. Decreases in the gastric lesion index values of IC were observed than physical mixture (PM) and free PXM. The histopathological studies revealed significant reduction in ulceration in rat stomach after treatment with IC.Conclusion: It is concluded that SKM is a good carrier to prepare IC of PXM for oral administration.

Experimental measurement and correlation for solubility of piroxicam (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) in supercritical carbon dioxide

Since the knowledge of pharmaceutical solubilities in the supercritical carbon dioxide is one of the first essential necessities for designing the supercritical carbon dioxide-based processes, solubility of piroxicam a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug was experimentally measured. In this regard, a static method coupled with gravimetric method was used to measure the solubility of piroxicam in the supercritical carbon dioxide in temperature and pressure range of 308.15–338.15K and 16–40MPa, respectively. The obtained solubility data were in the range of 1.17×10−5 and 5.12×10−4 based on the mole fraction (mole piroxicam/(mole piroxicam+mole CO2)) then modeled using four different density based correlations namely Bartle et al., Mendez-Santiago-Teja, Chrastil and Kumar and Johnston models. The results of error analysis revealed that the used correlations were potential to correlate the solubility of piroxicam with minimum and maximum average absolute relative deviation percents (AARD%) of 14.4% and 15.2%, respectively.