Volume Of Solid Waste Research Articles

Medical solid waste management status in Zimbabwe.

In Zimbabwe, management of medical solid waste is emerging as a visible dilemma. This is attributed to population explosion as well as outbreak of diseases and spread of already existing diseases which accelerate volume of medical solid waste generated by medical facilities. Consequently, the overarching objective of this paper was to review medical solid waste management status in Zimbabwe utilising published documents. The literature demonstrated that medical solid waste generated in Zimbabwe encompasses pathological, pharmaceutical, chemical, infectious, cytotoxic, sharps and general waste. Management approaches used by medical facilities are marred with inappropriateness as shown by storage, collection, conveyance and disposal of non-segregated waste. Verdicts of the study depict that open pit dumping, landfills, incineration, burying, open burning, ottoway pits and open dumpsites are discarding strategies used. However, these strategies pose water, air and soil pollution, therefore, impacting the ecosystem and humanity. Findings indicated that infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, gastro-intestinal problems and injuries emanate due to poor management of medical waste. The roots of unsafe management of medical solid waste include inadequate finance, weak enforcement of legislation, ignorance among health workers and waste workers as well as non-participatory approach in decision making. Zimbabwe is recommended to direct funds to medical solid waste, increase awareness of health workers through trainings and education and reinforcing enforcement of legislation linked to medical solid waste among others.

Process for Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Tuti Island, Sudan, during Nile Flood Season; Comparison with International Standards Khogali Hind1

Tuti Island is at the confluence of the White and Blue Niles and lies at the center of Greater Khartoum. The solid waste volume from houses is estimated at 20 tons, which has a significant impact on human health, the environment, and climate change.
 
 This study aims to investigate the process of solid waste management on Tuti Island. Solid waste includes food remains, construction debris, wood, scrap iron, discarded furniture, and collecting and reusing flood and rainwater International standards state that the solid waste disposal process passes through specific stages.
 
 This study adopts a scientific methodology to analyze the current scenario of measuring the types and quantities of solid waste and find appropriate methods for its collection, transportation, classification, treatment, recycling, reduction, and reuse. The study additionally uses questionnaires for the identification of issues, the types of solid waste, and proposed solutions.
 
 The results demonstrated that 37% of the respondents agreed that solid waste management is addressed it means there’s a process, 45% agreed that they should pay for this service, and 75% agreed that one solution for waste management could be to increase people's awareness. It was proposed to continue this project by supporting people, demanding legislation from the government represented by the Ministry of Environment and policies that support the recycling process.

Composting of limed fleshings generated in a tannery: sustainable waste management.

In tanneries, limed fleshing is an unavoidable waste generated in beamhouse operation. Proper management of limed fleshing with protein, fat, lime, and sulfide will help to protect the natural environment and at least reduce the pollution that ends up in it. In this study, excluding any pretreatment, limed fleshing is used for compost production. Chopped and mixed limed fleshing with chicken manure, cow dung, and sawdust was heaped onto a horizontal bamboo frame. Three composting heaps were fabricated weighing 720, 700, and 760kg. The turning of composting materials in the heaps causes temperature changes in the thermophilic range. The thermophilic temperatures in these heaps were 69.07°C (heap 1), 69.9°C (heap 2), and 69.19°C (heap 3) which ensured the death of the pathogenic organism. The quality of compost was assessed based on the nutrients-nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) content. NPKS in the compost fulfils the requirements of the investigated materials as compost. The largest amounts of metals- zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) of the compost detected in the heaps were, respectively, 200.3, 37.4, 20.3, 12.0, and 3.9mg/kg. Cadmium (Cd) in the compost was below the detection limit. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs show the decomposing of composting materials. This study indicates that limed fleshing can be converted into nutrient-enriched compost without any pretreatment. Using an easy, simple, and adaptable technique could reduce the volume of solid waste generated in the tannery to reduce environmental pollution.

Lixo e descarte em Terras Indígenas: a experiência dos Gavião Pyhcop Catiji com resíduos sólidos na Amazônia (Brasil)

Abstract The volume of solid waste that accumulates in Indigenous Lands in the Amazon today increases the ecological and political problems of the indigenous peoples, requiring reflection and action against garbage coming from urban areas. This article aims to describe how the Gavião people deal with the garbage discarded within the Governor Indigenous Land, identifying management practices and classification schemes according to the Gavião. Over 60 years of disposal in the Governor Indigenous Land, waste has been linked to periods of proximity and distance from the urban centers, requiring specific management practices. The categories 'poisonous waste', 'dangerous waste', and 'our waste' indicate dimensions of agency present in the waste, and imply different ways of dealing with each waste. Reflecting on different human abilities in dealing with waste enables us to take a new look at our problems with petroleum derivatives and human life on the planet.

Statistical analysis of waste generated in Russia and the EU

The study is devoted to the analysis of the state of waste generation in Russia and the European Union countries. The volumes of waste generation and recycling in Russia and the EU countries have been assessed. The tendency to increase the volume of waste generated from production and consumption in Russia has been revealed. Most of the waste generated is industrial waste, but the volume of solid household waste generated by the population also continues to increase. The main method of waste disposal in Russia is landfill, while global trends focus on recycling and reuse. Despite global trends of decreasing MSW generation per capita, the accumulation rate in Russia tends to increase. This is due to increasing levels of housing improvement and an increase in the amount of packaging materials. In 2022, about 48% of municipal solid waste is sent for recycling, 19% more than in 2019. Changes in waste management in Russia set the stage for the development of the waste management market.

Generating electricity from solid waste and biodiesel

The everyday solid waste created by human activity can be used to produce energy from which electricity can be produced. Municipal solid trash is currently increasing, which has complicated and complicated its disposal. Thus, a suitable process and planning are required for lowering solid waste. The necessity to develop an alternate source that may be used as fuel to produce electricity has arisen due to the depletion of fossil fuels as an energy source in today’s generation. We have suggested a substantial, most suitable approach that would enable us to simultaneously generate more electricity and reduce the volume of solid waste in order to fulfill the growing demand for electricity and power generation. This research also demonstrates a technique for converting biomass to energy.

The 3Rs(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) of Waste Management – An effective and Sustainable Approach for Managing Municipal Solid Waste in Developing Countries

As the population of the world increases, more and more places are becoming urbanized; production and consumption rates are on a speedy rise. The inevitable consequence of high consumption rate around the world is the high volume of solid waste generated, thus, there is urgent need to properly manage generated wastes. The developing countries are at high risk of environmental degradation because of the way their solid waste is been handled due to lack of waste management infrastructures, policy framework and orientation.This research is based on a comprehensive review of relevant scholarly written literatures for an in-depth understanding of the concept of waste, it sources, composition, treatment, disposal, and general management of MSW (municipal solid waste) in places around the world. In a more specific way by answering the WH(What and how) question on common and everyday items used and easily dispose of by individual. With the approach and framework brought forward by this study, it aims to meet economic and environmental obligations of the ecosystem.

Application of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Plant in Piyungan Landfill Municipal Solid Waste Management

Piyungan Landfill is the biggest landfill in the Yogyakarta Province that still operates in overcapacity condition. A new alternative is highly required in solid waste management in the landfill, which can reduce the volume of the waste coming into it and decrease the need for a new landfill area. Refused-derived fuel (RDF) plant is one of the technological alternatives in solid waste management that has the potential to reduce the volume of solid waste and change the waste into fuel. The study analyzed the potential of the application of the RDF to reduce the volume of solid waste in the Piyungan landfill and its economic feasibility. The results of the analysis showed that during the operational period of the RDF plant, the volume of the solid waste coming into the landfill could be annually reduced by 43% on average. The results of the economic analysis show that the RDF plant in the Piyungan Landfill is feasible to apply with an NPV of IDR 281.46 billion, an IRR of 24%, and a payback period of 6 years.

The utilisation of End-of-Life Plastics for the production of paver blocks: A waste management and disposal strategy

The volume of municipal solid waste in developing countries continues to grow, yet disposal and management have become significant challenges. As a result, a proper disposal strategy is required. The feasibility of making paver blocks from plastic waste for construction work was investigated in this study. Paver blocks manufactured from plastic waste (PP and HDPE) and sand in varied proportions were evaluated for compressive strength, water absorption, and abrasion resistance. Paver blocks were manufactured with plastic (PP and HDPE) to sand ratios of 30:70%, 40:60%, 50:50%, 60:40%, and 70:30%, or PP30, PP40, PP50, PP60, and PP70, and HDPE30, HDPE40, HDPE50, HDPE60, and HDPE70. The paver blocks were inspected after 28 days. Compressive strength, LA abrasion, and water absorption of paver blocks increased from 30% to 40% HDPE, then fell to 70%. As paver block PP content grew from 30% to 70%, abrasion and water absorption decreased. The compressive strength of PP paver blocks declined from 30% to 50% PP, then increased somewhat, and then fell to 60% and 70% PP. PP60 and HDPE40 paver blocks had the highest compressive strength, abrasion value, and water absorption. HDPE40 pavers have lesser water absorption and more abrasion than PP60 pavers. PP60 water absorption and abrasion were 0.53% and 11%; HDPE40 was 0.03% and 24.2%. PP60 and HDPE50 have compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and water absorption of 20.09 MPa, 11%, and 0.53%, respectively, and 13.06 MPa, 12.1%, and 0.03%.

Wet Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) Wastewater Treatment Using Membrane Distillation

The use of waste incineration with energy recovery is a matured waste-to-energy (WtE) technology. Waste incineration can reduce the volume and mass of municipal solid waste significantly. However, the generation of high volumes of polluting flue gases is one of the major drawbacks of this technology. Acidic gases are constituents in the flue gas stream which are deemed detrimental to the environment. The wet flue gas desulphurization (FGD) method is widely employed to clean acidic gases from flue gas streams, due to its high efficiency. A major setback of the wet FGD technology is the production of wastewater, which must be treated before reuse or release into the environment. Treating the wastewater from the wet FGD presents challenges owing to the high level of contamination of heavy metals and other constituents. Membrane distillation (MD) offers several advantages in this regard, owing to the capture of low-grade heat to drive the process. In this study the wet FGD method is adopted for use in a proposed waste incineration plant located in Ghana. Through a mass and energy flow analysis it was found that MD was well matched to treat the 20 m3/h of wastewater generated during operation. Thermal performance of the MD system was assessed together with two parametric studies. The thermal efficiency, gained output ratio, and specific energy consumption for the optimized MD system simulated was found to be 64.9%, 2.34 and 966 kWh/m3, respectively, with a total thermal energy demand of 978.6 kW.

Analysis of the state of the solid municipal waste management system in St. Petersburg over the past 25 years

The article examines the state of the waste management system in St. Petersburg over the past 25 years. It is shown that over 25 years, the environmental damage to the waste management system in St. Petersburg has increased 2.22 times, which indicates that the system has not been practically improved over the past years. Throughout the 25 years under consideration, the bulk of the solid municipal waste generated in St. Petersburg has been exported to the landfill, which is approximately 88 % of their total amount. The remaining 12 % is processed into compost at waste recycling plants. At the moment, in St. Petersburg there is a system for collecting hazardous waste from the population, which includes: hazardous waste collection points "Ecopoints", mobile hazardous waste collection points "Ecomobiles", metal terminals for receiving hazardous waste "Ecoterminals", as well as those designed to receive spent batteries, i.e. batteries "Ecoboxes" installed in specially selected places convenient for citizens. The work of the city's hazardous waste collection system from the population has been carried out since 2010, it is being improved, and is aimed at extracting hazardous waste generated by residents of St. Petersburg from the total volume of solid municipal waste generated by them. In conclusion, it is concluded that in the future in St. Petersburg it is necessary to develop directions for reducing the amount of waste exported to landfills by separating organic fraction from the main stream of municipal solid waste coming for processing, separating hazardous waste from them, as well as using high-quality sorting and deep processing of incoming solid streams municipal waste with the extraction of useful fractions from them, which can be used as secondary raw materials and for energy production

Valorizing the usage of olive leaves, bioactive compounds, biological activities, and food applications: A comprehensive review.

Olive oil production is a significant source of economic profit for Mediterranean nations, accounting for around 98 percent of global output. Olive oil usage has increased dramatically in recent years, owing to its organoleptic characteristics and rising knowledge of its health advantages. The culture of olive trees and the manufacture of industrial and table olive oil produces enormous volumes of solid waste and dark liquid effluents, involving olive leaves, pomace, and olive oil mill wastewaters. These by-products cause an economic issue for manufacturers and pose major environmental concerns. As a result, partial reuse, like other agronomical production wastes, is a goal to be achieved. Because these by-products are high in bioactive chemicals, which, if isolated, might denote components with significant added value for the food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical sectors, indeed, they include significant amounts of beneficial organic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and phenolic materials, which are distributed differently between the various wastes depending on the olive oil production method and table olive agronomical techniques. However, the extraction and recovery of bioactive materials from chosen by-products is a significant problem of their reasonable value, and rigorous detection and quantification are required. The primary aims of this review in this context are to outline the vital bioactive chemicals in olive by-products, evaluate the main developments in extraction, purification, and identification, and study their uses in food packaging systems and safety problems.

Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation suitability using multivariate statistical approach in a rapidly developing urban area, Tirunelveli, India.

The quantitative and qualitative stress on groundwater resources has been witnessed across the globe. The current study assesses the groundwater quality of Tirunelveli district which faces the hazard of groundwater contamination through seepage of toxins, considering the open dumping ofhuge volumes of solid waste. The findings from this study confirmed the presence of more than 20% samples in the "poor to very poor" quality with high concentrations of TDS, Cl-, and NO3-, unfit for drinking, and other domestic purposes. The spatial distribution of TDS and NO3- highlighted the potentialimpact of solid waste dumping in the nearby landfill sites. K-means hierarchical clustering and multivariate analysis suggested that salinization and nitrate pollution was highly influenced by anthropogenic sources in comparison to geogenic sources. Rock water interaction and evaporation processes emerged as the two major dominant natural mechanisms controlling the groundwater chemistry. Four hydro-chemical facies were identified in the order of Ca-HCO3 > Ca-Mg-Cl > Na-Cl > mixed Ca-Na-HCO3. Thus, this study creates an urgent need of mitigation measures towards curbing and management of solid waste disposal and hence, the potential hazard ofcontaminant seepage into the groundwater.

An Assessment of the Variability of Household Income on Volume of Waste Materials Generated in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Income variability plays a determinant factor in the volume of waste materials generated. The research examined the variability of household income on the volume of waste materials generated by residents in Benin City. The objective of the study was to examine the variabilities of household income on the volume of solid waste generated in the study area. Primary data were obtained from 25 selected communities which comprise 110 settlements from the 3 Local Government areas that constitute Benin City. A total of 1,781 copies of questionnaires were administered in the 768 pollen unit stations and 192,250 numbers of registered voters were used for this study. Systematic sampling techniques from the selected streets and houses were used for the study. In each of the selected streets 2nd, middle and 2nd to the last households were administered questionnaires. Secondary data were sourced from published and documentary materials. The 2-way ANOVA statistical techniques were used for the study. On examinations, the results revealed that income variabilities, number of persons per household and economic determinants have positive impacts on the volumes of waste materials generated. High-income earners consumed more packaged products and by implication generate a huge volume of waste items and vice versa. The correlation analysis between monthly income and waste materials generation revealed that a 99% level of significance and relationship exists between monthly income and waste materials generation (r = 0.82). The Sum of Squares and Mean squares between Groups and Within Groups were 3.606 and 1.802 for the former and 3237.861 and 1.994 for the latter respectively. Furthermore, since the P-values are less than 0.5 level of significance, there was no significant variation (0.000) in the variability in household income and volume of waste materials generated among residents of the study area.

Assessment of Palm Kernel Shell Powder Strengthened with Renolith as Partial Replacement for Cement

The increase in the population density of the world today requires man to find a suitable substitute to cement as a major material used in construction in order to find an economical, safe and eco-friendly structure for habitation. Palm Kernel shells contribute to the ever-growing volume of solid waste in the environment and its conversion to a viable construction material cannot be overemphasized. This research is therefore focused on the use of Palm Kernel Shell Powder (PKSP) as a partial replacement for cement. Experimental tests were carried out on the PKSP at replacement levels of 0,10, 15, 25, 50 and 75%. Renolith, a chemical polymer was added at 0, 12.5 and 25% by volume to the concrete mix. Slump and compressive strength tests were carried out in line with relevant specifications. The results revealed that PKSP can adequately replace cement at an optimum value of 15%. The addition of Renolith at 12.5% to the mix also improved the strength and workability properties of the mix. It was concluded that the use of PKSP as partial replacement for cement will provide an economy of 15% by volume for cement and an eco-friendly environment through the conversion of PKS wastes to construction material.

Оценка уровня развития циркулярной экономики в регионах России

Currently, the solution of a whole range of priority tasks of social and economic development of Russia is possible in the conceptual and instrumental framework of the circular economy. In accordance with this concept, the article reveals the content of the circular economy and justifies the importance of its assessment. According to the opinion of the authors, the recognition of the potentially high efficiency and priority of development of a circular economy does not imply its automatic implementation in real economic systems. In practice, the transition to a circular economy requires the development of special mechanisms at different levels of economic hierarchy. The creation of such mechanisms, the definition of their content, instrumental core and resource provision is largely due to the current level of economic circularization, which determines the importance of the development and application of methods for circular economy measurement. The article analyzes the existing Russian and foreign methods of circular economy measurement. China’s considerable experience in the development of the system of indicators for circular economy assessment at the macro-, meso- and microlevels is shown. The paper proves that the indicators characterizing the development of the circular economy are mainly focused on the formation and use of waste, energy intensity and water capacity of the gross regional product, as well as investments in “green” initiatives, the values of which give an idea of the development of the circular economy in various territories. Taking into account this fact, assessment expediency of the circular economy which uses official statistical data at the level of Russian regions is justified. To solve this goal, clustering of the regions of the Russian Federation was carried out according to the indicators of energy intensity of GRP, share of used and neutralized waste in the total volume of waste generated during production and consumption, water capacity of GRP, amount (mass) of generated production and consumption waste per capita, volume of municipal solid waste exported per capita over the year. This assessment made possible to determine the specifics and develop recommendations for the development of the circular economy in the regions of the country.

Banana Waste-to-Energy Valorization by Microbial Fuel Cell Coupled with Anaerobic Digestion

Banana is the most cultivated fruit plant in the world. It is produced in Latin America, Asia and Africa. India and China are the world’s largest banana producers, with almost 41% of the world’s production. This fruit reaches a total world production of 158.3 million tons per year. However, during their production cycle, the banana agroindustry produces large volumes of solid waste derived from overripe fruit. It contributes between 8–20 percent of the waste (around 100 kg of banana waste for every ton of banana produced). Therefore, the use of overripe banana waste represents a huge opportunity for bioenergy production. This work demonstrates that banana waste can be further used for power generation using a microbial fuel cell (MFC) coupled with anaerobic digestion (AD). First, the maximum methane production (MMP), methane production rate (MPR) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were measured using an anaerobic batch bioreactor for 64 days of monitoring. Finally, the digestate generated from AD was used in the MFC to determine the polarization curve, maximum voltage, maximum power density (MPD), resistance and current. As a result, the AD generated an MMP of 320.3 mL, BMP of 373.3 mLCH4/gVS and MPR of 18.6 mLCH4/Lb⋅day. The MFC generated 286 mV (maximum voltage), 41.3 mW/m2 (MPD), 580.99 Ω (resistance) and 0.0002867 A (current). Both processes together produced a total bioenergy of 13.38 kJ/gVS. This coupled system showed a suitable and promising use of banana waste for ecofriendly bioenergy generation. Therefore, this feedstock could be taken advantage of for generating sustainable processes and developing a circular economy in the banana agroindustry.

Preparation and 3D printing building application of sulfoaluminate cementitious material using industrial solid waste

The iron and steel industry , the power industry, and the mining industry each produce large volumes of industrial solid waste. These industrial solid waste are dumped in huge volumes over a wide geographical distribution , causing far-reaching environmental harm in China. To date, the preparation of eco-friendly construction materials from industrial solid waste is one of the feasible large-scale utilization methods. This paper studied the preparation of different types of environmentally benign novel green sulfoaluminate cementitious materials with different contents of Ca 4 Al 6 SO 16 and Ca 2 SiO 4 by using stone tailing, coal gangue , secondary aluminum slag, and desulfurization gypsum . Moreover, the prepared solid-waste-based sulfoaluminate cementitious material (SCM) was used to further prepare 3D printing material. The results show that the optimal calcination conditions are 1260–1290 °C for about 1 h, and the main mineral phases in the clinker system are Ca 4 Al 6 SO 16 , Ca 2 SiO 4 , and Ca 4 Al 2 Fe 2 O 10 . The compressive strengths of hydrated specimens reached 40, 61, and 86 MPa after curing for 1d, 3d, 28 d, respectively, and the main mineral phases of the hydration product were ettringite , alumina gel, and silica gel . After improving its properties by using a suitable accelerant and retardant , the SCM showed advantages of a controlled setting time in the range of 15–80 min, rapid hardening, and rapid attainment of mechanical strength. The compressive strength of hydrated specimens reached 15–20 MPa after curing for 2 h, and the modified SCM proved to be eminently suitable for 3D printing applications. These results provided not only a sustainable mode for 3D printing construction materials and development, but also an innovative strategy for full utilization of industrial solid waste. • A new synthetic method to prepare eco-friendly 3D printing building materials is described. • The novel technological process of SCM from hazardous and industrial solid wastes was proposed. • Effect of raw mix composition and sintering temperature on properties of SCM was analyzed.

Characterization and energy potential of municipal solid waste in Osogbo metropolis

The emission of methane from dumpsites remains a significant source of global environmental pollution concern. This study investigated the physical composition and volume of municipal solid waste at the central dumpsite, Egbedi, Osogbo metropolis. The volume of landfill gas and concentration of methane gas that will be produced via anaerobic digestion over a specified period towards the possibility of energy recovery were also estimated. Results from the characterization of the municipal solid waste revealed that organic materials constitute the highest fraction (35.71 %). The energy content of the organic material was determined to be 21,582.8 kJ/kg. The methane generation potential from 2017 to 2025 was estimated to be around 41,125 tonnes by employing the method proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Methane gas emitted can be harvested and utilized as a renewable source of energy thereby mitigating pollution environmental occasioned by the release of methane into the atmosphere from dumpsites most especially from developing countries towards ensuring a sustainable city. • Waste management is a challenge in developing world. • Municipal solid wastes in developing countries have a high organic component. • Methane from landfill gas is a significant contributor to global warming.

Disposal is not free: fiscal instruments to internalize the environmental costs of solid waste

This paper provides an overview of global solid waste management challenges and waste-specific fiscal instruments that can help address them. Countries struggle to manage an ever-increasing volume of solid waste, which currently exceeds 2 billion tons a year. Though solid waste management is usually relegated to subnational governments, externalities from inadequate management, including greenhouse gas emissions and marine plastic, reach a global scale. Reduction of these externalities through improved waste management requires substantial additional fiscal resources. An effective combination of waste charges levied throughout the product cycle can provide resources to upgrade waste management, reducing environmental impacts, and create incentives for improved stewardship.