Solid Waste Processing Research Articles

Integrated Use of Microalgae in Waste Water Purification and Processing of Food Industry Waste

The processing of liquid and solid waste from the food industry using microalgae is considered on the example of St. Petersburg enterprises. Waste water from Baltika Brewing Campaign and food waste from public catering enterprises were used in the work, using the example of food waste from the canteens of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. Тhe possibility of purifying wastewater from the brewing industry using microalgae was studied. The obtained biomass of microalgae after purification of waste water from the food industry is proposed to be used to accelerate the processes of anaerobic digestion of food waste generated in the canteens of the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. It has been shown that the addition of microalgae biomass is capable of accelerating the decomposition of food waste and producing more biogas with a maximum methane content.

Advanced Modular and Integrated Equipment Design Trend in Waste-to-Energy Processes

Proper processing and management of various types of waste represent an important feature of a developed society. Thermal processing followed by heat utilization of waste (or Waste-to-Energy) provides an excellent solution to reduce environmental pollution, and simultaneously to maximize the financial profit. Following the current trend of energy decentralization by small energy sources, this paper presents several novel incineration based technologies for processing solid and gaseous wastes. In the case of solid waste processing, the micro-incineration unit, called EVECONT, is presented as a modular advanced technology enabling environmentally friendly and energy-efficient waste management in place of its origin. Subsequently, two industrial units for waste gas treatment are introduced in an up to date integrated design enabling the minimization of the built up area and heat losses. Finally, an experimental unit based on Urea hydrolysis for NOx removal from flue gas is presented as a promising complementary technology to Waste-to-Energy processes.

Processing Solid Waste of Animal Beef using Bioactivators in Effort to Reduce Environmental Pollution

Cattle waste both in the form of solid and liquid waste that is produced every day if left alone without proper waste treatment, it can cause environmental pollution, namely air, water, and soil pollution. The environment becomes squalid and attracts various animals such as flies and dogs which can carry various diseases such as deare, typhoid, cholera and skin diseases which can spread quickly and smell bad. One of the efforts to overcome environmental pollution around cattle is to carry out a composting process using cow rumen bioactivator. This study aims: (1) to find out whether cow rumen bioactivator can reduce the unpleasant odor caused by cattle waste, (2) find out whether cow rumen bioactivator can accelerate the composting process, (3) determine the effect of bioactivator volume on compost quality, namely nitrogen content. (N-total), Phosphorus levels, and Potassium levels. This study uses qualitative analysis to test odors (H2S gas, CO2 gas, NH3 gas and CH4 gas) which was carried out at the CHEMICAL Laboratory of SMK Kesehatan Bhakti Indonesia Medika Kediri, and quantitative analysis to test Nitrogen levels using a Kjeldahl flask, Phosphorus levels with a visible spectrophotometer. , Potassium levels with AAS conducted at the Laboratory of PTPN X Jengkol Plosoklaten Kediri. This study showed: (1) after the composting process, cattle solid waste did not smell, (2) the composting process took 30 days, (3) the addition of various bioactivators (25 ml, 50 ml, 75 ml, and 100 ml), volume 50 ml is the optimal volume in the composting process with 3 kg of cattle solid waste. From the decomposition results, total nitrogen content was 0.592%, phosphorus content was 0.27%, and potassium content was 0.538%. These levels meet the Quality Standards for organic fertilizers and soil enhancers according to the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture no. 2/Pert./HK.060/2/2006.

Acidogenic digestion of organic municipal solid waste in a pilot scale reactor: Effect of waste ratio and leachate recirculation and dilution on hydrolysis and medium chain fatty acid production

The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of 1) leachate recirculation (LR) and dilution (LD), 2) the increment of the waste ratio, and 3) co-digestion using poultry waste as co-substrate for enhancing the acidogenesis process of the organic municipal solid waste (OMSW), thereby increasing the medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) production. The results of the experiment carried in a batch pilot reactor show that LR increases hydrolysis as well as the OMSW conversion efficiency. Meanwhile, the highest total MCFA production of around 62,000 mg/L is shown for LR with a high OMSW ratio. Thus, a high concentration of hexanoic acid is shown in LR lysimeters (5475 mg/L, 6627 mg/L, and 10,889 mg/L respectively). However, a metabolic shift toward the production of heptanoic and octanoic acids is reported for LD samples. Nonetheless, the use of poultry waste as co-substrate in the co-digestion process multiplied the concentration of the produced MCFAs.

Modeling and simulation of a fixed bed gasification process for thermal treatment of municipal solid waste and agricultural residues

This work aims to develop a numerical simulation model of the combined and integrated production process of combustion and gasification, for a synthesis gas production system (SYNGAS), fed with municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural and forestry waste. For this purpose, the EMSO software (Environment for Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization) was used in the formulation of a fixed-bed gasifier with the co-current flow. The model is developed based on mathematical calculations of partial differential equations, being one-dimensional (1-D), and considers chemical kinetics, diffusivity, and heat and mass transfer phenomena. Its validation is based on data available in the literature (variables, initial and operational conditions). As a result, a simulation of a gasifier was obtained, capable of predicting the production of Syngas, having a good correlation with the published experimental results. The general data obtained were in agreement, with high consistency for the analysis of the pilot plant in the laboratory and semi-industrial scale for solid waste processing. However, detailing the behavior of the gasifier is essential to maximize the efficiency of the process. For that, the numerical simulation tested several operational parameters, such as air–fuel ratio and gasifier temperature for instance.

The use of solid household waste as fuel in the housing and utilities sector

The development of civilization is accompanied by a steady increase in the amount of waste and industrial production. Improvement of technology and production technology increases the variety of chemical compounds and their danger to the environment. The problem of processing and disposal of solid household waste (SHW) is becoming more and more urgent not only for megacities, but also for small settlements. The vast majority of solid waste in our country is stored in natural or specially organized landfills. Landfills of solid waste without preliminary processing occupy huge territories, thus removing fertile lands from economic circulation for many decades. Landfills are characterized by a high concentration of carbonaceous materials. For various reasons, fires often occur, as a result of which the products of incomplete combustion pollute the environment. Solid waste landfills are a source of pollution of surface and ground waters due to the drainage of landfills with atmospheric precipitation. In addition, landfills are home to stray animals, rats, mice, birds, insects and parasites. All of them are the cause of the spread of viruses. Because of this, there is a danger of the spread of infectious diseases [1]. In order to reduce the volume of solid waste, harmful emissions into the atmosphere, the number of rodents and birds, and put an effective barrier to the spread of various infections, it is necessary to improve the production and put the project of a mini-plant for processing solid household waste into operation. Thus, the work considers a technological scheme and a set of equipment for processing solid household waste into gas fuel. Calculations of technical and economic indicators are given.

PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH MEDIS PADAT B3 DI PUSKESMAS PERAWATAN BETUNGAN KOTA BENGKULU TAHUN 2021

ABSTRACT The Betungan Health Center in Bengkulu City has an outpatient and nursing service unit. The health services provided by the Puskesmas in Betungan in Bengkulu City can have a negative impact on the environment and the surrounding community. The general objective of this research is to know the implementation of the B3 solid medical waste management system at the Betungan Health Center, Bengkulu City. This type of research is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The research location was carried out at the Betungan Health Center, Bengkulu City in January-February 2021. Sources of informants were health care and cleaning service officers. Data collection techniques by means of interviews, observation and documentation. The results showed that the identification of B3 waste, Temporary Shelters (TPS) for solid B3 medical and further processing of B3 Solid Medical Waste at the Betungan Health Center were in accordance with Minister of Health Regulation No. 7 of 2019. Meanwhile, the sorting of B3 solid medical waste, the storage and transportation of B3 solid medical waste is not in accordance with Minister of Health Regulation No. 7 Years 2019 The conclusion from the results of the study that solid medical waste treatment at the Betungan Health Center in Bengkulu City was not in accordance with the Minister of Health Regulation No. 7 of 2019, because there are still some that do not meet the standards at the stages of selection, storage and transportation.

Thermal Decomposition Kinetic Study of Non-Recyclable Paper and Plastic Waste by Thermogravimetric Analysis

The global net emissions of the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), fluorinated gases, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), remain substantially high, despite concerted efforts to reduce them. Thermal treatment of solid waste contributes at least 2.8–4% of the GHG in part due to increased generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and inefficient treatment processes, such as incineration and landfill. Thermal treatment processes, such as gasification and pyrolysis, are valuable ways to convert solid materials, such as wastes into syngas, liquids, and chars, for power generation, fuels, or for the bioremediation of soils. Subcoal™ is a commercial product based on paper and plastics from the source segregated waste that is not readily recyclable and that would otherwise potentially find its way in to landfills. This paper looks at the kinetic parameters associated with this product in pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion conditions for consideration as a fuel for power generation or as a reductant in the blast furnace ironmaking process. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) in Nitrogen (N2), CO2, and in air, was used to measure and compare the reaction kinetics. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor A were measured at different heating rates using non-isothermal Ozawa Flynn Wall and (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sonuse (KAS) model-free techniques. The TGA curves showed that the thermal degradation of Subcoal™ comprises three main processes: dehydration, devolatilization, and char and ash formation. In addition, the heating rate drifts the devolatilization temperature to a higher value. Likewise, the derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) results stated that Tm degradation increased as the heating rate increased. Substantial variance in Ea was noted between the four stages of thermal decomposition of Subcoal™ on both methods. The Ea for gasification reached 200.2 ± 33.6 kJ/mol by OFW and 179.0 ± 31.9 kJ/mol by KAS. Pyrolysis registered Ea values of 161.7 ± 24.7 kJ/mol by OFW and 142.6 ± 23.5 kJ/mol by KAS. Combustion returned the lowest Ea values for both OFW (76.74 ± 15.4 kJ/mol) and KAS (71.0 ± 4.4 kJ/mol). The low Ea values in combustion indicate shorter reaction time for Subcoal™ degradation compared to gasification and pyrolysis. Generally, TGA kinetics analysis using KAS and OFW methods show good consistency in evaluating Arrhenius constants.

CURRENT STATE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND PROSPECTS OF ECOLOGICALLY FOCUSED DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION

The article deals with current issues of the modern state of solid waste management of industrial regions of Ukraine and identifies prospects for their environmentally friendly development. It was argued that it is appropriate to draw attention to the optimization of recycling and disposal of solid waste, taking into account the peculiarities of regional policy on the modernization of solid waste treatment at the existing ones as well as new landfills. It was also noted that an integral part of the regional development strategy is the diagnosis of solid waste management in cities of Ukraine as well as finding optimal ways to recycle waste, which is an alternative source of energy, and a supplier of additional raw materials for the national economy. The consequences of irrational policy on storage, disposal, processing and utilization of solid waste against the background of problems related to the low level of welfare of the population were highlited. It was noted that traditional waste disposal does not completely prevent the negative effects of decomposition, such as rot and fermentation, which have a negative impact on the environment: pollution of soils, groundwater, affects the functioning of ecosystems, harms agriculture. It has been established that the main barriers to improving the efficiency of the solid waste management system are the lack of established norms on the right of ownership of waste and a clear definition of responsibility for their disposal or recycling. The study confirms that the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of solid waste generation in Ukraine still differ from those of developed countries. However, these differences are rapidly decreasing. Emphasis was made on the fact that in many respects the initial conditions in Ukraine are similar to those of the EU, which, given the success of European models of administrative management, will have a positive effect on the application in Ukraine given the local context..

THE LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM OF REGIONAL ENERGY SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION

The paper contributes to the literature by developing a linear programming (LP) model for optimization of the development of the regional energy system according to environmental and economic criteria by involving various types of renewable energy sources in the energy balance. The environmental criteria are taken into account throughout the entire life cycle of each energy product. Validation of the model was carried out on the example of a large southern region of Russia - Krasnodar Territory. This region was chosen for testing for several reasons: firstly, the region has significant potential for the development of various types of renewable energy sources, including solar and wind energy, hydro- and geothermal energy, rich biological resources, as well as a large number of bio-waste that can be considered as resources for bioenergy. Secondly, the Krasnodar Territory is currently one of the most densely populated and dynamically developing regions of Russia, experiencing a serious energy shortage and problems with air quality in large cities. The solution of the LP problem shows that when optimizing the development of the regional energy system of the Krasnodar Territory in terms of economic parameters, it is advisable to include bio-waste and municipal solid waste as priority energy sources. Solar power generation is involved in development on a leftover basis in order to make up the difference between the already used renewable energy sources and the required heat and electricity demand. When optimizing the energy balance according to environmental criteria, the involvement of biogas in the energy balance becomes impractical, therefore, after the complete use of the potential for processing solid waste and wind energy, the gap between the used potential of renewable energy sources and the required volume of generation can be replenished through the development of photovoltaics. Keywords: regional energy system, energy balance, environmental footprint, product life cycle analysis, linear programming, simplex method, shadow pricesJEL Classifications: O44, Q01DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11377

Adaptation mechanisms of arsenic metabolism genes and their host microorganisms in soils with different arsenic contamination levels around abandoned gold tailings

Soil around the gold tailing due to the smelting process of wastewater and solid waste can lead to metal (loids) contamination, especially arsenic (As). Soil microorganisms have gradually evolved adaptive mechanisms in the process of long-term adaptation to As contamination. However, comprehensive investigations on As metabolism genes and their host microbial communities in soil profiles with different levels under long-term As contamination are lacking. There are selected three typical soil profiles (0–100 cm) with different metal (loids) contamination levels (L-low, M-moderate and H-high) around tailings in this research. It uses a Metagenomic approach to explore the adaptation mechanisms of arsenic metabolism genes and arsenic metabolism gene host microorganisms in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The results showed that four categories of As metabolism genes were prevalent in soil profiles at different As contamination, with As reduction genes being the most abundant, followed by As oxidation genes, then respiration genes and methylation genes. The As metabolism genes arsBCR, aioE, arsPH, arrAB increased with the increase of metal (loid) contaminants concentration. Longitudinal arsA, arrA, aioA, arsM and acr3 increased in abundance in deep soil. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the dominant phylum of As metabolism gene host microorganisms. Different concentrations of metal (loid) contamination significantly affected the distribution of host As metabolism genes. Random forest prediction identified As as the most critical driver of As metabolism genes and their host microorganisms. Overall, this study provides a reference for a comprehensive investigation of the detoxification mechanisms of As metabolism microorganisms in soil profiles with different As contamination conditions, and is important for the development of As metabolism gene host microbial strains and engineering applications of microbial technologies to manage As contamination.

APPLICATION OF ZERO WASTE TECHNOLOGY IN SOLID WASTE OF SHRIMP TAMBAK IN SRIMINOSARI VILLAGE, LABUAN MARINGGAI, LAMPUNG TIMUR

The application of zero waste technology in the handling of pond sludge is an alternative solution that can be done to overcome the problem of decreasing the productivity of shrimp ponds.This activity aims to provide guidance to shrimp farmers in the Sriminosari Village to apply zero waste technology in handling solid waste and processing it into a planting medium. The method of activity is carried out through technical approaches and guidance in the field. The activity target is a group of productive partners in the Sriminosari village. Partner groups gain an understanding of zero waste technology through guidance both theoretically and practically in the field.
 This activity was attended by 10 participants consisting of shrimp pond owners, Karang Taruna, and representatives from UKM Pemuda Sriminosari. The evaluation results show a very significant increase in understanding the concepts of zero waste (theoretically) in participants. Through technical guidance, a tool of a suction sludge with a capacity of 200 m3 per minute was successfully designed and equipped with 10 drums of sludge filter.
 Furthermore, the sludge waste has also been successfully processed into a media for planting. Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is an increase in the ability of partners in terms of implementing zero waste technology in handling solid waste in shrimp ponds. In addition, there is a new business opportunities related to shrimp pond maintenance services and businesses based on processing solid waste in shrimp ponds.

Implementation of monitoring the efficiency of enterprises using a special subsystem of the automated control system

The article discusses the implementation of monitoring the efficiency of enterprises using a special subsystem of the automated control system. It is shown that the analysis within the framework of the performance monitoring subsystem in the automated control system can be carried out with the integration of all available types of measurement information, for example, telemetry, command-software, etc. A list of tasks for monitoring the functioning and operability of the monitoring object, as well as predicting the behavior of the controlled object is presented. The unified structure of the enterprise with the parameters of the functioning of its objects is highlighted, which is presented using the mathematical apparatus of the vector representation of the essence of objects. The steps of the algorithm of the performance monitoring subsystem in the automated control system are developed and the features of the application of the developed monitoring subsystem in processing enterprises are presented on the example of processing bauxite, oil and solid household waste.

Implementation of monitoring the efficiency of enterprises using a special subsystem of the automated control system

The article discusses the implementation of monitoring the efficiency of enterprises using a special subsystem of the automated control system. It is shown that the analysis within the framework of the performance monitoring subsystem in the automated control system can be carried out with the integration of all available types of measurement information, for example, telemetry, command-software, etc. A list of tasks for monitoring the functioning and operability of the monitoring object, as well as predicting the behavior of the controlled object is presented. The unified structure of the enterprise with the parameters of the functioning of its objects is highlighted, which is presented using the mathematical apparatus of the vector representation of the essence of objects. The steps of the algorithm of the performance monitoring subsystem in the automated control system are developed and the features of the application of the developed monitoring subsystem in processing enterprises are presented on the example of processing bauxite, oil and solid household waste.

Pengolahan Sampah Organik dan Limbah Biomassa dengan Teknologi Olah Sampah di Sumbernya

Solid Waste Processing Technology at the Source (TOSS) is an alternative method in processing organic and biomass waste on a communal scale. The processing of organic and biomass waste material is carried out in three stages of the process: biodrying which utilizes the aerobic activity of microorganisms; chopping which is intended to refine the material, and pelletization to compact the material into biomass pellets. The biodrying process in bamboo boxes is able to reduce the water content in organic and biomass waste within 4-5 days. Sorting of non-organic materials can be done at an early stage before or after the biodrying process. Sorting is required before chopping and pelletizing process to avoid unnecessary machine break down. The biomass pellet which is the final product has a diameter of about 10 mm with a length between 10-40 mm, a calorific value between 3000-4000 kcal/kg, and a moisture content of up to 15%. Compared to coal, biomass pellets tend to have higher volatile and ash content, while lower ash and sulfur content.

Techno-commercial Assessment of Concurrent Municipal Brown Field Reclamation Procedures: A Pivotal Case study of Jawahar Nagar Dump Site

Techno-commercial Assessment of Concurrent Municipal Brown Field Reclamation Procedures: A Pivotal Case study of Jawahar Nagar Dump Site

Real-time monitoring of volume flow, mass flow and shredder power consumption in mixed solid waste processing

Real-time material flow monitoring is not yet implemented in mixed solid waste processing, but it is important for an efficient quality assured production and the development of the smart waste factory. The present paper shows results of practical investigation of the Real-Time Material Flow Monitoring in a large-scale Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) production plant and a semi large-scale processing line (Technical line 4.0) using mixed solid waste. The investigations aimed to research the fundamentals for generating mass flow data from volume flow data and volume and mass flow data from shredder power consumption. It could be shown that a mass determination from volume flow data with the help of density determinations can be practically realized in a good approximation (deviation < 1%) to the gravimetrically determined mass in an SRF production plant. With R2 = 0.47, the power consumption of a shredder in the SRF plant shows a low to medium correlation to the corresponding volume flow. In the 31 tests with the Technical Line 4.0, both, the mass flow and the volume flow could be measured in real-time. Combining these data results in the temporal density curve and shows strong fluctuations for shredded commercial waste. Comparing the mean bulk densities for each test with those from the density determinations of taken samples shows a robust correlation (R2 = 0.82). Analyzes of the material composition of the shredded mixed solid waste show strong correlations to bulk density for the proportions of the fractions rest (positive correlation) and plastics (negative correlation).

A Techno-Economic Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Conversion to Energy in Indonesia

Municipal solid waste (MSW) processing is still problematic in Indonesia. From the hierarchy of waste management, it is clear that energy recovery from waste could be an option after prevention and the 5R (rethink, refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle) processes. The Presidential Regulation No 35/2018 mandated the acceleration of waste-to-energy (WtE) plant adoption in Indonesia. The present study aimed to demonstrate a techno-economic evaluation of a commercial WtE plant in Indonesia by processing 1000 tons of waste/day to produce ca. 19.7 MW of electricity. The WtE electricity price is set at USD 13.35 cent/kWh, which is already higher than the average household price at USD 9.76 cent/kWh. The capital investment is estimated at USD 102.2 million. The annual operational cost is estimated at USD 12.1 million and the annual revenue at USD 41.6 million. At this value, the internal rate of return (IRR) for the WtE plant is 25.32% with a payout time (PoT) of 3.47 years. In addition, this study also takes into account electricity price sales, tipping fee, and pretreatment cost of waste. The result of a sensitivity analysis showed that the electricity price was the most sensitive factor. This study reveals that it is important to maintain a regulated electricity price to ensure the sustainability of the WtE plant in Indonesia.

Вплив зносу шнека на параметри процесу зневоднення твердих побутових відходів у сміттєвозі

The article is dedicated to the study of the influence of auger wear on the parameters of the dehydration process of municipal solid waste in the garbage truck. An improved mathematical model of the drive operation of dehydration of solid waste in the garbage truck is proposed, which takes into account the wear of the auger and allowed to numerically determine the dynamics of the drive during start-up. It was also established that increasing wear of the auger, the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the hydraulic motor rises, and the angular velocity and speed of the auger is significantly reduced. The research of this mathematical model was carried out using the numerical Runge-Kutta-Felberg method of the 4th order with a variable integration step. By means of the method of regression analysis, the power dependencies of the change of nominal values ​​of pressures at the inlet of the hydraulic motor, angular velocity and speed of rotation of the auger from the value of its wear are determined. The last-mentioned dependence defines the detuning from the optimal speed of the auger during its wear and is used to determine the energy consumption of dehydration of solid waste, taking into account the wear of the auger. It is established that the wear of the auger by 1000 mm leads to an increase in the energy consumption of dehydration of solid waste by 11.6%, and, therefore, also leads to an increase of the cost of the process of their dehydration in the garbage truck. It was also established the expediency of further research to determine the appropriate material of the auger and the ways to increase its wear resistance.

Utilization of municipal solid waste from unauthorised dumps

A modern, mobile energy complex for processing and disposal of solid municipal waste is presented. The analysis of existing similar mobile installations, technological schemes is carried out to determine the most effective scheme. Dismantled and selected the main and auxiliary equipment for the processing of solid municipal waste. The equipment used in the proposed installation will significantly increase the efficiency of collecting useful secondary fractions, and almost completely get rid of tailings sent to landfills for storage.