Solid Waste Problem Research Articles

Hydrothermal carbonization of food waste: Effect of leachate on physicochemical and energetic properties of hydrochar

It has never been more important than now to address the growing problem of unmanaged municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries. This study deals with hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of food waste (FW) at temperatures of 180 °C, 210 °C and 240 °C for a fixed period of 6 h to produce hydrochar (H) using leachate (L) as an alternative moisture source. As the process temperature increases from180°C to 240 °C, the mass yield (MY) for FW hydrochar produced from leachate (FWH-L) decreases from 54.06 % to 43.25 % while the higher heating value (HHV) rises from around 21 MJ/kg to 29 MJ/kg. The MY and HHV of FWH-L were comparable with FWH produced conventionally using distilled water (FWH-DW). The results obtained from Van Krevelen diagram indicates that FWH falls under the lignite coal category. Moreover, FWH can be used as a sustainable alternative solid fuel because of HHV values compared to raw food waste (16.13 MJ/kg).

Karakterisasi Proses Gasifikasi Menjadi Listrik Berbahan Baku Sampah Padat Perkotaan Menggunakan Reaktor Tipe Downdraft Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat

Indonesia is currently experiencing the problem of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), energy and environmental crisis. Gasification by electric generator is the solution. This study about the design and characterization of the gasification reactor with MSW feed. This research was conducted by examining the effect of gasification temperature (550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850oC) and Air Fuel Ratio variations (0,5; 0,51; 0,53; 0,54; and 0,55). The variabel tes of temperature variations is syngas, FC, CGE,CCE, and scf. The AFR evaluated syngas and SCF. The result showed an increase the syngas levels with the increasing the gasification temperature, except CO2. The FC value increased(71% to 74%) and The CGE increases (77 to 97%). The CCE increases from 69% to 78% (550-650oC) and decreases again to 66% (850oC), and Scf decreased (4.5-0.5 kg/kWh). In the AFR variation, syngas levels increase with increasing AFR, but scf decreased (5.3 to 2).

Experimental Studies on Ternary Blended Concrete using GGBS and Calcined Clay

Abstract: Concrete is the most widely used and versatile building material in all kinds of civil engineering structures.A little more than 5% of global CO2 emissions are attributable to cement, the primary component of concrete.Concrete is strengthened using suitable alternative materials to make it more environmentally friendly.Making the concrete industry sustainable is essential in the current climate in order to reduce its detrimental environmental effects.When choosing raw materials for construction, environmentally friendly products must be employed.The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) to address the problem of solid waste disposal.Cement can be substituted with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), a solid waste made by the iron and steel industry. Cement alternatives can also be made from other resources, such as calcined clay, which is commonly found in oil sand tailings.This study's objective is to experimentally investigate the effects of GGBS in structural concrete by partially substituting calcined clay for cement (5, 10, and 15 percent) and cement for the remaining cement volume.Numerous tests, such as compressive,tensile,and flexural tests,will be used

Shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams incorporating waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement

This work aimed to investigate experimentally the effect of incorporating waste glass powder on the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams under bending load in terms of load- vertical displacement relation, load-strain relation, cracks pattern/propagation, load –cracks relation, and mode of failure. The replaced cement partially with waste glass powder achieves two main goals; the first is an economic benefit represented by reducing the cost of supplementary materials and the second one is an environmental benefit represented by solving some of the solid waste problems that waste causes and saving energy. The experimental program consists of testing nine simply supported beams of 150 × 150 × 900 mm designed to fail in shear. Three parameters have been studied; glass powder content (0, 10, and 15% as partial replacement of cement), steel reinforcement ratio equal to 0.02267 (2Φ16mm), and 0.013785 (2Φ12mm), and spacing between stirrups (65 and 170 mm). The test results showed that using glass powder improved the strength capacity of the beam and that can be seen through the increase in ultimate load for beams incorporating glass powder compared to the control beam. Recorded load at failure increased by 39% and 23% for 10% and 15% replacement compared with the control beam. For the same waste glass powder content, an increase in the amount of longitudinal steel reinforcement from 2Φ12 mm to 2Φ16 mm led to an increase in ultimate load but decreases in the corresponding vertical displacement, which refers to more brittle behaviour. In addition, reducing the spacing among the stirrups from 170 mm to 65 mm led to a decrease in ultimate load and increasing in the corresponding vertical displacement. The incorporation of waste glass powder made the behaviour of beams more brittle i.e. for the same load the vertical displacement for beams incorporating waste glass powder (especially for 15%) is lower than for reference beams without waste glass powder, which is not desired. To take advantage of the property of waste glass powder by improving the ultimate strength of the beam, which appeared by increasing the maximum load at failure compared to the reference beam and at the same time preventing the property of brittle failure caused by the addition of this material, it is suggested to use waste glass powder with fibers.

The Role of Bacteria in the Termites Intestine Macrotermes gilvus Hagen as a Biological Agent in the Degradation of Medical Mask Waste

The use of disposable medical masks during the Covid-19 pandemic can cause solid waste problems in the environment. The subterranean termite Macrotermes gilvus Hagen has the potential to degrade medical mask waste due to the presence of microorganisms in its intestines. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of adding starter bacteria from the intestine of the subterranean termite M. gilvus Hagen and the most optimal composting time in the degradation of medical mask waste according to SNI standards based on physical properties (color, smell, and texture), chemical properties (C-Organic content, N content, and C/N) compost. The results showed that the addition of bacterial starter from the subterranean termite intestine M. gilvus Hagen with a concentration of 50% and a composting time of 5 weeks gave the best compost yield according to SNI No. 19-7030-2004 because it has a dark brown color, crumb texture, smells like soil, 20.22% C-Organic content, 1.35% total N content, and 15.14% C/N content. This research can be recommended as an alternative solution for waste management using biological agents.

Disasters and Hazards: Risk Reduction, Mitigation and Management

Disasters and Hazards: Risk Reduction, Mitigation and Management

Modular incinerator with pre-treatment plant for municipal solid waste treatment in the super-priority tourism destination of Labuan Bajo Indonesia

One of the competitiveness parameters of tourist destinations is the cleanliness index. Labuan Bajo as a super-priority tourist destination has a very serious municipal solid waste (MSW) problem. Waste generation in Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park in 2020 reached 14.06 tons/day and is projected to be 15.51 tons/day in 2023. The main sources of MSW come from settlements, hotels, traditional markets, and seaports. The current MSW management system is that waste is collected from the source and then transported to a temporary storage tank to be transported by truck to the Warloka landfill. This system poses a threat in the form of shortening the service life of the landfill. Management through recycling is still a very low percentage because the recycling ecosystem has not yet developed. One alternative for MSW management that is currently being carried out by the central government in Labuan Bajo is to implement a modular incinerator. This paper describes the process of designing and operating a test incinerator with a combustion capacity of 20 tons/day consisting of 2 lines each with a capacity of 10 tons/day. The incinerator is equipped with a pre-treatment plant consisting of a sorting conveyor, thermal dryer, and storage conveyor. The incinerator furnace consists of two chambers and each is equipped with a burner. This furnace is designed to be able to burn waste with a calorific value of 1300 kcal/kg with a maximum moisture content (MC) of 60%. The test results show that the temperature in the primary chamber can reach a minimum of 800°C and a maximum of 1000°C in the secondary chamber. The burning rate has obtained a maximum of 527 kg/h which means it has passed the initial design of 417 kg/h. To meet emission-quality standards, exhaust gas is processed through flue gas treatment consisting of a cyclone, quencher scrubber, and chimney. Emissions measured by CEMS include parameters of particulates, CO, SO2, and NOx, all of which are below the national emission-quality standards. The heat generated from partial combustion will be channeled to the thermal dryer to reduce MC so that it can reach 40%. The results of burning waste with this incinerator produce fly ash and bottom ash about 4% of the weight of the input waste.

The Need and Prospects for the Creation of a National Exchange of Secondary Resources

The problem of utilization firm municipal and municipal solid waste (and MSW) and rational use of secondary raw material resources in the conditions of the outlined transition to economy of the closed cycle is considered. The analysis of this problem made it possible to identify the insufficiency of currently used measures, including market instruments that stimulate the use of more effective methods of waste processing. The need to create a national exchange of secondary resources as a promising trading platform, an instrument for market regulation of prices for secondary raw materials, a mechanism of interaction between authorities, the business sector and the population is justified. The main functions of the secondary resource exchange and its advantages are described, an analysis of the likely barriers to its creation and highly efficient functioning is carried out.

THE PROBLEM OF HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE IN THE TERRITORY OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC

The article deals with the problem of municipal solid waste is typical for the entire territory of the Russian Federation. In 2018 alone, more than 7 million tons of waste were generated, which is 16.8% more than in 2017. Accordingly, this problem is also typical for the Chechen Republic

Problem of municipal solid waste of Ukraine and ways to solve it

Currently, Ukraine is among the countries with the largest absolute volume of waste generation and accumulation. Situation with landfills in Ukraine is uncontrolled. This is evidenced by unspecified landfills. The situation is constantly worsening due to harmful chemical emissions of landfills. The paper describes how pollution by landfills affects environmental components. Foreign experience, domestic waste management and methods of waste disposal were analyzed. The publication contains statistical data about dumps, landfills of household waste in Ukraine and describes normative-legal acts regulating issue of waste management. This paper outlines several recommendations for decreasing of environmental pollution from landfills on the territory of Ukraine. Following measures should be taken to solve the problem: sorting municipal solid waste; recycling; control and landfills registration; landfill placement; construction of waste-recycling and waste-burning plants; increasing awareness through environmental education on responsible attitude to waste.

Solid municipal waste treatment problems and responsible consumption in a green economy

Improving the life quality of the Russian Federation population is especially relevant in the green economy in general, in the housing and communal utilities sector (further HCUS), in particular, and in the process of solving the problem of solid municipal waste (further SMW) management, in particular. The transition to a green economy is also based on responsible consumer behavior, which is an urgent and difficult task, since the theoretical and methodological basis of research is still being formed here. The purpose of the study is to identify the key problems of SMW circulation and identify the main problems of responsible consumption in the green economy. Research methods: analysis of domestic and foreign authors’ works on the stated problems; surveys of the population and experts; correlation and qualimetric analysis. Issues considered: (1) HCUS, regulatory support for responsible consumption and the problem of SMW circulation in the green economy; (2) the attitude of the population to SMW and the problems of modeling responsible consumption in the green economy. It is revealed that both abroad and in Russia there is a growing attention from the state and society to responsible consumption. It is shown that the majority of respondents noted the high efficiency of the national project "Ecology" activities. It is expected that in the very near future the business will be forced to introduce environmental standards and environmental management, create "clean" technologies, recycle and dispose of waste. The attitude of the population to SMW was studied based on the model of the individual's pro-ecological behavior: (1) identification of the behavior to be changed; (2) study of the main indicators influencing this behavior; (3) development and application of intervention tools to change behavior and reduce environmental impact; (4) evaluation of the results of the intervention. It is revealed that in Russia there is an insufficiently high level of environmental education of the population, which is associated with indicators of quality of life. The most effective ways to stimulate responsible consumption are social marketing activities and the implementation of economic tools to encourage and punish consumers.

Case Study of Solid Waste Management in Indian Urban Areas Examination of Law Practice

Abstract: The case study examine different Indian solid waste management laws and practise in several urban centres of . The main focus of this study is that most of the urban areas in India appear to be heavily affected by poor solid waste , due to lack of proper government effort to tackle the solid waste problem. The most of urban centres of India like Karnataka and Gujarat west Bengal and many more. have abysmal facility of solid waste management facility. As we all know Karnataka is our IT capital and Gujarat is also called the diamond capital of India despite of this achievement, solid waste management is a big issue. Now we have to study exactly how the study is mounted on various lenses. We need to revaluate about the laws, if they can be same as the need of urban communities and also other organization who are involved in waste management or special regulations are needed to reduce the solid waste management problem. For municipal solid waste management, what will be its legal framework? Finally, it is the responsibility of community members and stakeholder to manage solid waste properly several recommendation are drawn from conclusion ,some are the establishment of an independent body to address solid waste management, formalization of this sector is important. Keywords: Waste Management, legal framework, formalization

Optimal Waste-to-Energy Strategy Assisted by Fuzzy MCDM Model for Sustainable Solid Waste Management

In Vietnam, rapid population and economic growth are responsible for the recent increase in solid waste. Energy production from waste is now becoming an effective solution around the world, especially in Vietnam, to solve environmental challenges while contributing to the country’s sustainable energy production. Waste-to-energy production has become a solution to the municipal solid waste problem, which is projected to increase by 10–16%. In this study, the author proposed a fuzzy MCDM model to assess and select a solid-waste-to-energy plant location in Vietnam. In the first stage, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) technique is utilized to analyze the relative weight of the primary and secondary evaluation elements, and a combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) model is used to rank the candidates in the final stage. This is the first solid-waste-to-energy plant location evaluation and selection model used in a renewable energy project in Vietnam based on expert interviews and a literature review. This study’s contribution can be a significant guide in analyzing and selecting appropriate locations for solid-waste-to-energy projects, as well as for decision makers and investors in other renewable energy projects in Vietnam and throughout the world.

Efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by iron-containing mesoporous silica catalysts derived from iron tailings for degradation of organic pollutants

Solid waste and water pollution are global environmental problems that need to be urgently solved. Using industrial solid waste to treat organic pollutant wastewater might be a good strategy to solve two problems. Herein, iron tailings were used to prepare iron-containing mesoporous silica (MFS) materials under a one-step hydrothermal route. The as-prepared MFS showed excellent photocatalytic degradation efficiency and stability over a wide pH range for five typical organic pollutants. Further degradation test using tap water and Xiangjiang River water notably confirmed its practical application. Quenching and ESR experiments revealed radical (including sulfate (∙SO4−), hydroxide (·OH), and superoxide (·O2−) radicals) and non-radical (including single oxygen (1O2)) pathways worked together in the MFS/PMS/vis system. The cost estimation of the waste-derived MFS materials indicated that the raw material cost could be reduced by $129.8 per kilogram compared to the conventional method. This strategy not only provides a possible solution to iron tailings solid waste problem, but also develops a benign approach to the design and preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. The as-prepared materials have great potential in wastewater treatment, and follow the idea of treating waste with waste to achieve sustainable development.

Sustainable Energy Transition in Thailand: Drivers, Barriers and Challenges of Waste-to-Energy at Krabi Province

Waste-to-Energy (WtE) has been considered as an option to eliminate Krabi’s problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. A survey on WtE potential as well as key drivers, barriers, and challenges to overcome the barriers was conducted in this study. The study found high WtE potential due to huge amount of many years accumulated MSW in couple with the increasing trend of new daily waste generation. Meanwhile, Krabi is an island having land limitation for landfill. The urgent need to eliminate the huge amount of MSW has become a key driver for WtE implementation. One more key driver of WtE is Krabi Goes Green roadmap with target to generate electricity from 100% renewable energy by the year 2026. Another key driver is disruptive effects of MSW management roadmap under Section 44 of Thailand's Constitution 2017. By the way, implementation of WtE is facing with public opposing due to concerning of dioxin and air pollutant emissions from solid waste combustion. How to ensure zero emission of dioxin and air pollutants is very challenging to achieve public trust and acceptance. High temperature combustion as well as installation of high efficiency end-of-pipe treatment together with real-time monitoring system was recommended by some interviewees of the present study. In addition, due to MSW management and WtE power plant investment must involve with many organizations; therefore, stakeholders' open mind consultation and policy integration among relevant governmental agencies are highly recommended.

ANALYSIS OF MILLICOMPOST AND ITS EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH

Millicomposting is a novel green technique used to produce organic compost from organic waste with the aid of specific millipede species. It is one of the economically and environmentally friendly methods of organic waste processing. Millicomposting is a newly becoming organic solid waste management strategies. The present research work was carried with the objective exploring the millicomposting processing. In this experiment, the kitchen vegetable waste of Yadava college hostel was processed by two millipede species, Aulacobolus newtoni and Arthrosphaera dalyi. The macronutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium were evaluated in millicompost and conventional compost and assessed the growth efficiency of plant, Solanum lycopersicum. Results: The nutrient status and growth efficiency of millicompost processed by millipede species produced from kitchen waste were more than conventional compost. Moreover, the millicompost produced by Arthrosphaera dalyi processed higher nutrients and growth efficiency than that of Aulacobolus newtoni. This study promising that millicomposting is an ecofriendly method to solve the acute problem of solid waste.

Preparation and characterization of acetylated starch mediated silver nanoparticles: The effect of solution ratio and time-varying exposure

Abstract Plastic packaging is widely used in food industry to protect and maintain food freshness. However, plastic packaging also contributes to solid waste problem and can become the contamination area of microbial activities which in turn affecting the shelf-life of the food product and may causing food-borne illness towards consumer. Thus, the demands on biodegradable polymer as plastic packaging has grown widely especially among the food industry. The employment of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can improve physical properties of biopolymer as well as promoting antimicrobial properties on the plastic packaging. The aim of this study is to synthesize of AgNPs by utilising acetylated starch (AS) as reducing agent with different parameters via microwave irradiation method. The effect of different ratio of acetylated starch and microwave time-varying exposure is evaluated. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized via UV-VIS spectroscopy (UV-VIS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. The absorbance peak emerges at 420nm on UV-VIS shows that silver nanoparticles is successfully produced. 15 minutes microwave time exposure and 1:1 ratio is identified as the optimum condition to produce silver nanoparticles. The peak emerges on FTIR spectra shows the involvement of starch in reduction process in synthesizing AgNPs. The XRD results shows the amorphous structure of starch and crystalline peak of silver appear in 2Θ regions 37.4°, 43.4°, 63.1° and 75.7°. In conclusion, the significant outcome from the study is the AgNPs were successfully synthesized via microwave irradiation method and be a function of time varying exposure and acetylated starch ratio.

Environmental Practices of Waste Management in the Small Towns of the European Part in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation

Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by the negative consequences for the environment from the constant increase in the amount of municipal solid waste. The most vulnerable in this situation are small towns in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The remoteness, inaccessibility, as well as the difficult socio-economic situation of these settlements are serious obstacles to achieving both the effectiveness of the implementation of the reform of production and consumption waste management, and the goals of sustainable development of the region. The purpose of the article is to identify the value foundations prevailing in environmental consciousness and the prevailing types of environmental behavior of the population of small towns in the European part of the Russian Arctic in the field of solid waste management. Materials and Methods. The article presents the results of an empirical study conducted by a questionnaire survey in August-November 2020 in the Arctic territories of the Republic of Karelia and the Murmansk region. The number of respondents is 1303. The questionnaire method is used to carry out a mass representative survey of residents of the Arctic territories on the problem of municipal solid waste. Statistical methods for processing quantitative data makes it possible to identify the main correlations between variables in relation to grassroots practices in the management of municipal solid waste by gender, age and place of residence of the respondents. Results. The paper shows the findings of a sociological study, during which the peculiarities of the perception of the population of small towns in the Republic of Karelia and the Murmansk region of environmental problems were identified and an assessment of the degree of threat to the environment from illegal dumps and household waste was given. The authors studied the direct practices of handling household waste and the willingness of respondents to change the traditional poorly environmentally oriented behavior to environmentally conscious actions. Discussion and Conclusion. The study showed that the problem of the increasing amount of MSW is relevant and causes a high degree of concern among the population. At the same time, the majority of respondents implement behavioral practices that indirectly affect the environment. The decisive problem for the population of remote areas of the Russian Arctic is the poor organization of the waste management process: lack of investment attractiveness for business, low level of infrastructure development, little funding, which determines low motivation and mobilization of the population to master various environmental practices. The results obtained can be used by regional and municipal authorities, regional operators and specialists of environmental nongovernment organizations.

Trash to Hryvnias: The economics of electricity generation from landfill gas in Ukraine

Utilization of landfill gas for electricity generation should be an attractive option for Ukraine in light of the country’s rapidly growing municipal solid waste problem, the influx of intermittent renewable electricity into the national grid, and renewable energy adoption commitments. However, the deployment of landfill gas power plants has been slow vis-à-vis other alternative energy technologies despite the existing government incentives. This article aims to help understanding this trend by investigating the economic feasibility of landfill gas power plants. The research focuses on determining the Levelized Cost of Electricity of these electricity generation facilities and comparing it to the feed-in tariff available to landfill gas electricity producers. The results show making an investment into a landfill gas-fired power plant is an appealing strategy due to a potential high and quick return on investment at 5.1 years. This leads to the ultimate conclusion that economic feasibility is not a cause for the slow adoption of landfill gas as a source of renewable electricity generation in Ukraine. In addition, the article identifies several potential barriers to landfill gas electricity generation deployment to be investigated in future research.

GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG AS A SUPPLEMENT ENHANCING FIRE RESISTANCE OF PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR

Using steel slag in the cement industry has been considered a green recycling solution to the solid waste problem. Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), in fact, is used as an additive to counteract the sulfate attack of Portland cement; however, its ability to undergo fire or heat exposure has not been highlighted yet. Therefore, this study focuses on compressive strength behaviour at high temperature along with workability of cement paste of cement containing GBFS. Here, a set of blended mixture prepared with OPC was replaced by GBFS at 10, 20, 30, 40 wt.%. Setting time of pure OPC and blended OPC and GBFS was carried out to evaluate workability of all mixtures. After 28 days of curing, compressive strength of samples exposed to heat at 200, 400 and 600 °C was measured. Along with that, the mass loss of the sample to predict thermal resistance was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); moreover, microstructure of hardened samples in terms of mineral composition, distribution was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results of the conducted study showed that GBFS addition into OPC could enhance fire resistance through the slight increase in compressive strength compared to the OPC one at 600 °C and the mass loss; moreover, the blended cement containing different amount of GBFS maintain workability of cement paste.