Solid Waste Management Plan Research Articles

Don’t Transfer Waste, Transform Waste: A Sustainable Approach Towards Zero Waste Events Initiative During Hockey World Cup in Bhubaneshwar, India

This paper is based on the planning, execution and implementation of solid waste management in the Hockey World Cup hosted by the city of Bhubaneswar and implemented by GIZ (German Development Cooperation). Zero Waste Plan was prepared wherein establishment of a zero-waste facility; collection of waste in colour coded bins of capacity 120l; hands on training provided to the operational staff for ensuring proper segregation. Approximately 1000kgs/day of waste was segregated, out of which 30% organic, 25% Plastic, 30% Paper, 10% Metal and Glass and 5% of rejects. The initiative was successful in diverting more than 90% waste for recycling. Sustainable waste management has been exemplified in the Hockey World Cup 2018, making Bhubaneswar a pioneer city to host large event as a Zero Waste event. Well integrated, efficient and socially inclusive system was ensured in alignment with long term vision of Government of India and Smart City Missions.

Microplastics in Surface Waters and Sediments in the Sebou Estuary and Atlantic Coast, Morocco

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants and present risks to human and environmental health. Microplastic levels were examined in sediment and surface water samples at stations along the Sebou Estuary and Atlantic Coast of Morocco. The microplastic abundance, distribution, and characteristics were characterized. The microplastics were separated into fragments, fibers, films, and granules. The results at all stations showed that the microplastic abundance in water samples ranged from 10 to 168 particles/m³, whereas in the sediment samples, the levels were from 10 to 300 particles/kg. Stations adjacent to Kenitra City showed significantly high levels of microplastics (p < 0.001) compared with the Atlantic Coast, likely due to population density and human activity. The majority of the detected microplastics was from 0.1 to 0.5 mm, followed by 0.5 to 1 mm. The predominant shape in water and sediments were fragments. The results for the type, size, and color of the microplastics suggest the Sebou Estuary is a hotspot on the Atlantic Coast. The results of this study may contribute to increased awareness and better implementation of solid waste management plans, especially at Kenitra City, to protect the biologically diverse ecosystem of the Moroccan Estuary and Atlantic Coast.

System Dynamics as Ex Ante Impact Assessment Tool in International Development Cooperation: Study Case of Urban Sustainability Policies in Darkhan, Mongolia

In recent years, there has been a trend of increasing criticism towards official development assistance (ODA) and the optimization of ODA policies, in a world of growing inequality between the Global North and Global South. To contribute to efficient ODA planning, this article proposes to innovatively apply system dynamics as an optimal tool for ex ante impact assessment. The study case is located in the slums of Darkhan (Mongolia), whose citizens and environment suffer the consequences of poor urban planning and lack of municipal solid waste management (MSWM). In this context, the present research proposes a policy of education and infrastructure as key factors for the improvement of MSWM in the context of an international cooperation plan, carried out by the Korean agency KOICA. To evaluate its impact and anticipate its effects, a tailor-made system dynamics model of a Darkhan district has been created, with the focus on the education process in order to simulate the different options of the proposed policies. The results show that education policy is particularly relevant for behavioral change, in terms of reducing waste burned and waste on the ground, and increasing composted and recycled waste. However, in this context, the policy is ineffective for improving the district’s water and air pollution situation. This article also offers discussions and recommendations to be applied to the international cooperation plan, which takes place in real life. It is expected that the described process of model construction and its results will contribute to the further use of system dynamics as a planning tool in the international cooperation field.

Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos de Serviços de Saúde em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) no Extremo Sul do Estado do Pará

O gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos de serviços de Saúde (RSS), ainda constitui uma problemática em vários municípios brasileiros, esta fatalidade pode ocasionar problemas ambientais e trazer riscos para a segurança e saúde do homem. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS), localizadas no extremo sul do estado do Pará, assim como analisar a percepção dos profissionais que trabalham em cada unidade sobre a temática em questão. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva-exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa por meio de dois formulários eletrônicos semiestruturados (um direcionado a todos os funcionários, e o outro apenas aos coordenadores das unidades) e disponibilizados na plataforma Google Forms para os participantes responderem. Mediante os dados coletados, constatou-se que não foi possível descrever com detalhes o gerenciamento dos RSS, uma vez que as respostas enviadas pelos coordenadores foram muito resumidas. Em relação à percepção dos colaboradores, observou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados tem pouca informação sobre o tema, principalmente no que tange às normativas e ao Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos de Serviços de Saúde (PGRSS). Dessa forma, sugere-se a revisão das atividades executadas em cada etapa do PGRSS e a implementação de atividades direcionadas à capacitação permanente dos trabalhadores sobre a temática, a fim de aprimorar o gerenciamento dos RSS.

A Study of Policy Implementation and Community Participation in the Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Philippines

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management has become one of the most pressing environmental concerns of the Philippines at present. Several measures have been implemented to circumvent this issue, including waste management policies stipulated in the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2001. However, the implementation of these policies even at the barangay level has always been a challenge. Hence, this study assessed the compliance of selected barangays in Cebu City, Philippines, specifically to the integrated solid waste management plan based on the 3R’s (reduce, reuse, and recycle). A descriptive quantitative method was utilized in this study. There were 1523 residents and 30 Barangay Environment Officials identified as respondents based on Slovin’s sampling method at a 95% confidence level. The results revealed that there is less extent of compliance in almost all of the SWM policies such as segregation, composting, recycling, incentives, and public information. There is a moderate extent of compliance in terms of collection and transport of solid waste and enforcement of penalties and fines. However, there is non-compliance in terms of facilities for final disposal. Furthermore, the results suggested that effective measures for recycling and composting should be undertaken to encourage higher participation among residents of the barangay. The presence of effective, functional, and marketable materials resource facilities and convenient drop-off locations for recyclable materials ensure final sorting according to its type for composting and recycling.

Assessing the eco-effectiveness of a solid waste management plan using agent-based modelling

Municipal Solid Waste Management is yet to be eco-effectively performed, especially in developing countries. In Brazil, a considerable fraction of waste has been improperly landfilled, generating environmental, social and economic problems. In 2018, the government of the state of Paraná released a revised version of its waste management plan, defining improvement strategies to be gradually implemented until 2038. However, these strategies’ eco-effectiveness has not been forecasted, nor the plan was deployed to the regional level. This research aims to fill this gap, downscaling the plan to the region of Norte Pioneiro, simulating its implementation and monitoring environmental and economic benefits. The dynamics of waste generation, collection and disposal are investigated using an agent-based model, considering the four population growth scenarios addressed in the plan. Targets for strategies of waste reduction, collection, source-separation and charging of waste fees are modelled. Multiple simulation runs were performed and outputs assessed and discussed. Results show that, if the plan is thoroughly implemented since 2020, at least 650 kilotons of avoided CO2eq emissions and US$ 40 million in avoided expenditures can be achieved in the most conservative scenario by 2038. Implications from the strategies proposed in the plan are highlighted, and recommendations to improve the plan’s eco-effectiveness are outlined.

Liderazgo y gestión ambiental, el caso de la comercialización de aceites lubricantes

El cambio de aceite lubricante para el motor es uno de los procesos más relevantes para el motor; sin embargo, genera desechos residuales altamente peligrosos. En Barranquilla se observa que los talleres dedicados a este servicio no cuentan con un plan de gestión integral de residuos sólidos. Por ello, el presente artículo presenta características de liderazgo que deben adoptarse para implementar estrategias de tratamiento, aplicando la logística inversa en la propuesta de una cadena de suministro de ciclo cerrado para empresas comercializadoras de aceites lubricantes en la localidad norte centro histórico de la ciudad. Como conclusión se encontró que la reutilización es la mejor alternativa para la localidad estudiada, reduciendo los residuos plásticos.

Sustainability analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Management Programme in GMADA cluster, Punjab

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the important components of “Swachh Bharat Mission”, a campaign taken up by the Government of India with an aim to clean up the streets of Indian cities/towns and make them open defecation free. This paper analyses the action plans taken up by the government of Punjab in response to the new SWM Rules, 2016, for developing waste processing facilities. Mohali is particularly focused, for it is emerging as an educational hub, and coming up with a plan for developing a centralized waste processing facility to generate Refuse derived Fuel (RDF). Through this study, we try to highlight that the current chosen technology: RDF may not sustain, for a larger fraction of the wastes in Mohali is wet organics (62%), while the dry combustible fraction required for RDF is only 17%. Further, it has been observed that Mohali plans to connect 15 urban local bodies (ULBs) to a single processing site and a few of them are far (~70 km) and generate low daily wastes (5-7 TPD). Thus, looking at the obvious difficulties, the current study thus concludes that the SWM plan needs a revision with the more focus on anaerobic digestion (AD) or composting as they are best suited for handing wet organic wastes.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) Conditions, Practices, and Challenges of Select Barangays in Lipa City

One of the significant challenges around the globe is solid waste and solid waste management. In Lipa City alone, over 167kilos of garbage are produced per day, making it the second biggest waste generator in Batangas province. The study aimed to identify the city’s solid waste management conditions, practices, and challenges, focusing on three selected barangays. The focus was to identify, evaluate, assess the existing solid waste management; and design and develop a piece of equipment as an alternative way ideal for the current condition of solid waste management for these barangays in Lipa City. This study used the descriptive-evaluative and quantitative research design; utilized the 10-year Ecological Solid Waste Management Plan of the Lipa City Environmental and Natural Resources Office or CENRO; and a personal interview with the head and 27 staff in the solid waste management of the city. This study found out that problems still arise despite the strict implementation of solid waste management in these three barangays. As part of the program to be implemented, the researchers proposed introducing a biodegradable composter known as BIOCOM.

COGNITIVE DOMAINS OF COMMUNITIES ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN METU TOWN, SOUTH-WEST ETHIOPIA

Urban waste management is drawing increasing attention in emerging cities of Ethiopia. Accurate and reliable information on cognitive domains of communities is a very important element for efficient and effective planning of solid waste management (SWM) system. Therefore, we assessed the cognitive domains of communities on SWM system in Metu town. A cross-sectional study design and simple random sampling technique was employed on 252 households (HHs), and 65 commercials and institutions (CIs). Data was collected through face to face interview using a structured questionnaire and checklist. A survey from sampled HHs and CIs revealed that 79.8% of HHs and 38.5% of CIs were separately stored solid wastes, capable of being sold and/or exchanged. Nevertheless, 26.2% of HHs and 94.6% of CIs didn t practice recycling and reusing of solid waste, only 24.2% of HHs is currently doing home composting as recycling. Out of the total, 19.8% HHs and 16.9% of CIs were accessed to door to door municipal solid waste collection service, 75% of the HHs and 80% of CIs were used Micro and small scale enterprize (MSE) for door to door solid waste collection service. The vast majority of the communities in Metu town unsatisfied by the service rendered by municipality and MSE, only 1.2% of HHs and 3.1% of CIs respondents were satisfied with solid waste collection services of the municipality. In general, the town should emphasize the cognitive domains of communities to improve SWM activities by promoting waste segregation, recycling/reusing, and providing waste transfer stations with collection containers.

Application of smart waste management in the Department of Civil Engineering, Bali State Polytechnic

The existence of the green campus program is expected to create awareness and concern for the campus community to participate and be responsible for reducing global warming. This research is expected to be a guideline in implementing smart waste management in the Civil Engineering Department of the Bali State Polytechnic in particular to improve quality in the environmental sector. The method of analysis in this research includes: Identification, planning of and quantity of waste generation. The analysis conducted in this study used an analysis referring to several standards regarding green campus, namely UI Greenmetric, Green Guide for University and Greening University Toolkits. Waste management in the Department of Civil Engineering has not carried out processing efforts such as recycling, composting or other integrated efforts. The waste generated from teaching and learning activities, practicum and canteen is carried out by making a reservoir and it is carried out by disposing of waste into the trash bins that have been provided, practicum waste is collected in carts, waste management is carried out in the area of the department such as in the room carried out by cleaning services, which is then the final handling in the campus area, namely garbage is disposed of to the Temporary Landfills (TPS) campus then brought to the Landfills (TPA) by the South Kuta District Sanitation Office. The main objective of the campus solid waste management plan is to maximize resource recovery, with the aim of minimizing the disposal of waste to the TPS. The main strategy is to implement a waste hierarchy by avoiding purchasing products that will eventually become waste, repair and reuse, then recycle, and finally if there is no other choice, disposal to the TPS.

Landfill Site Selection Using GIS Based Multicriteria Evaluation Technique in Harar City, Eastern Ethiopia.

Solid waste disposal is one of the challenging components in integrated solid waste management. Particularly the problem is prominent in cities with rapid population growth and waste generation. Harar, a capital city of Harari regional state located in the eastern part of Ethiopia, covers an area of 19.5 km2 and has a total population of 270 000. Despite the fastest population growth of the city, it doesn’t have a landfill site to accommodate the waste generated and open dumping is in full practice. As an integral part of a solid waste management plan, the construction of a landfill has been suggested by the city municipality. However, the multi-dimensional and conflicting aspect of landfill sitting, which involves environmental, social, technical, and economic considerations, challenges the location of a suitable landfill site. In the current study, we have applied geographic information system (GIS) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) multi-criteria decision analysis to select a landfill site through minimizing conflicting interests. Environmental and socio-economic factors including well water, distance from residence, land use and land cover, elevation, slope, and wind direction were weighted to develop a suitability index for landfill siting. Experts’ opinion was obtained to rank the aforementioned factors. The required landfill size was determined based on population growth, waste generation rate, and waste volume/year. Accordingly, the suitability index resulted in 3% of the area as highly suitable, and the rest 0.29%, 14.18%, 52.75%, and 29.8% classified as unsuitable, least suitable, moderately suitable, and suitable, respectively. Considering the future trend of waste generation, 16 ha of land located in the eastern part of the city was selected as a candidate landfill site with all the required suitability. The results of this study can be used as an input for decision making in siting landfill for Harar city.

Solid Waste Management in Urban and Rural Communities of Santa Cruz Watershed, Laguna, Philippines

Solid waste management (SWM) has become a continuing hurdle for governments and communities because of its multi-faceted nature. With the worsening SWM problem, the Philippines enacted Republic Act 9003, the Ecological Solid Waste Management (SWM) Act 2000, instituting SWM Program. Water quality in water bodies and watersheds is adversely affected by pollution, exacerbated by increasing population and urbanization. This study examined RA 9003 implementation in urban and rural communities of Santa Cruz Watershed (SCW) which drains into Laguna Lake. Knowledge, awareness, and perceptions (KAPs) of communities were elicited using focused group discussions, interviews, and surveys in barangays within the watershed. Municipalities have completed respective10- year SWM Plans, organized SWM Boards, and SWM committees in villages. Communities showed satisfaction with SWM implementation and monitoring but rural communities had higher overall SWM effectiveness ratings. Both communities were willing to pay for a cleaner environment. Challenges that hamper better implementation of RA 9003 include non-segregation of solid waste by residents attributed to lack of awareness and discipline; irregular garbage collection; inadequate garbage trucks; lack of functional materials recovery facilities; and limited government resources. Addressing these concerns will further boost RA 9003 compliance and enhance the effectiveness of implementation and monitoring in the communities.

Proposing a solid waste management plan in Tripoli, North Lebanon: An individual awareness based solution

AbstractSolid waste management plans are usually well applied in developed countries, where each country has its unique policy convenient to its urban system. In Lebanon, the problem of solid waste has always been a concern, but the problem escalated dramatically in recent years in different regions in Lebanon with a varying impact on the health of inhabitants and to the environment. There are many reasons that lead to this escalation, one being the consumption‐based lifestyle of the population with little knowledge of how individuals can be part of the solution. This research investigates the lifestyle and the awareness level of residents in Tripoli, Lebanon to understand their effect on solid waste accumulation in the city. The area of study is within Al Maarad region, inhabited by middle to high class population with university level education. The research shows the observation results of the solid waste collection patterns in the selected region, along with a questionnaire that tests the level of awareness of the population sample. The outcome of the observation and the responses of the responding sample showed that the people are aware that their lifestyle is a major cause in the waste accumulation, but they lack the ideas or incentives for contributing to the solution. The people are willing to be part of solving the solid waste crisis with a proper management plan.

A Sustainable Solid Waste Management Plan for Sagarmatha (Mt Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal

Solid waste management is one of the most challenging issues for authorities in the Mt Everest region of Nepal, exacerbated in recent years by the rapid and continued growth of tourism. Open and unsightly landfills in the vicinity of villages along the main trekking routes are creating serious public health and environmental concerns, primarily because of their routine burning, resultant release of toxic chemicals, and contamination of groundwater supplies. Following 2 community consultations held in Namche Bazaar and Kathmandu in July 2019, a sustainable solid waste management plan was developed by the authors at the expressed request of local stakeholders. Based upon a collaborative approach, the plan proposes the implementation of a 4-point waste management process: (1) routine segregation of waste type at its source by lodges and home owners, (2) collection of recyclable waste from lodges and households and/or transfer of waste by lodges themselves to environmental stations, (3) transfer of all segregated waste to material recovery facilities for preprocessing and packaging, and (4) transfer of preprocessed materials to Lukla airport for transportation to Kathmandu and/or other recycling facilities. In January 2020, the plan was formally presented to local authorities, who, at the time of writing, are considering available options for its implementation. It is suggested that progress toward the sustainable management of solid waste in Khumbu be closely monitored in the coming years, as success here could provide working models for other heavily visited regions throughout the high mountain world.

Determinants of Household Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Homs City, Syria.

The absence of accurate information on the state of waste is a challenge to the solid waste management system in Syria. The local authorities commonly estimate the quantity of waste produced and its characterisation, which is the starting point for solid waste management planning. So, this paper aims to evaluate the generation and composition of household solid waste in Homs city, Syria. Also, the study presents factors influencing the waste generation rate and the waste composition. The study was carried out in 300 families from four zones in Homs city, and three sampling stages were conducted during the study duration, which started in July 2017 and ended in February 2019. The outcomes show that an average of 0.68 kg/per/day solid waste generated was calculated for the entire study area in Homs city. Also, the data analysis presents that organic waste constitutes the largest component in the waste mixture (69.1%) followed by plastic (10.6%), inert materials (8.7%), paper (4.6%), textile (2.5%), metal (1.2%), glass (1.1%), wood (0.6%), and hazardous materials (1.6%). The multiple linear regression results showed that the adjusted R2 value was found to be 0.557, 0.839, and 0.709 for the waste generation per capita, the daily household organic waste generation, and the daily household packaging waste generation, respectively. Also, according to Pearson's coefficient values, a positive correlation was found between household waste generation and monthly income (r = 0.626), household size (r = 0.37), and age of the household head (r = 0.517), whereas a negative correlation was found between household waste generation and the education level of the household head (r = −0.649).

Appraisal of the Level of Coordination among Solid Waste Management Agencies in Zaria Urban Area, Kaduna–Nigeria

The paper is aimed at determining the level of coordination that exists among the different agencies that are involved in solid waste management in Zaria Urban area. Structured questionnaire and literature review were used to obtain data and information on the roles and responsibilities of agencies involved in solid waste management as well as the nature of inter-agency relationship in the study area. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 13 representatives of the Solid Waste Management agencies. Methods of data analysis employed for the research were the descriptive statistics (frequency analysis, percentage distribution, mean scores, grand mean scores and content analysis) for both government agencies and formal private waste collectors. The two points ordinal scale 1 representing yes and 2 representing no was employed for obtaining information on inter-agency relationships while the multiple options likert scale format was used for obtaining information on the level of coordination that exists among the different agencies, using such indicators as collaboration, consultation and information exchange. The multiple options likert scale questions type was also used to obtain information on effects of absence of a well-coordinated solid waste management system within the study area. The results of the analysis of the indicators of coordination using the two points ordinal scale on inter-agency relationship and other indicators, that is collaboration, consultation and information exchange also signified inefficient coordination among the agencies. The paper recommended among others that, there is need to prepare a well-coordinated and common solid waste management plan for common implementation by all stakeholders, which will guide policy formulation and coordinate all urban solid waste management issues within the urban area and also information exchange should be improved by providing effective means of communication among the institutions in the areas of public awareness campaigns, regularity of accessibility of the institutions to up to date information from other institutions

EVALUATION OF ORGANIC AND RECYCLABLE WASTE SEPARATION AT GENERATION SOURCE IN RATNAPURA AND KATARAGAMA LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN SRI LANKA

The Japan International Cooperation Agency implemented a technical cooperation project from 2017 to 2019 in collaboration with Central Environmental Authority (CEA) in Sri Lanka. The project provided technical; and financial assistances in preparing solid waste management plans at selected local authorities, and consequently implemented 3R promotion programs introducing source separation at households and subsequent separate collection by local authorities. Two pilot projects were implemented based on the solid waste management plans which were aimed at reducing the amount of solid waste to be landfilled. This paper described the approaches taken and results obtained through the pilot projects in Ratnapura Municipal Council (RMC) and Kataragama Pradeshiya Sabha Town (KPS) of Sri Lanka. The pilot project in RMC consisted of distribution of household compost bins and the separate collection of five categories of waste: 1) biodegradable waste, 2) plastic and polythene, 3) paper and cardboard, 4) glass, metal and coconut shells, and 5) other residual waste; and provision of advices to households by leaflets, distribution of equipment, and implementation of an awareness program. The pilot project in KPS consisted of procurement of separation bins for biodegradable waste by cost-sharing with dischargers and the separate collection of three categories of waste: 1) biodegradable waste; 2) recyclables including paper, cardboard, plastic, polyethylene, iron and coconut shells, broken glass and glass bottles; and 3) other residual waste. The post evaluation of waste composition and final discharge amounts at disposal sites indicated that pilot projects have contributed to increase 3Rs in both pilot project areas.

Material flow analysis and life cycle assessment of solid waste management in urban green areas, Thailand

This study presents solid waste management planning in an urban green area, Bangkok, Thailand based on the material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Global warming potential (GWP) of four scenarios for handling solid waste generated in Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park, 2018 was assessed concerning the different ratios of waste recycling, composting, incineration, and landfilling. The results show that alternative systems proposed will result in lower GWP than the existing waste management strategy. The MFA results reveal that the final weights of solid waste ending up in a landfill are 98.8, 101.9, 68.2, and 44.8 t yr− 1 for scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Increased rates of landfill diversion by increased recycling, composting, and incineration decreased the quantity of solid waste disposed to the landfill and improved the environmental profile of the park waste management system. The LCA results found landfilling to be the dominant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) burdens, while waste recycling was found to result in the reduction of GHG. The results highlight that the use of MFA and LCA as a combined tool to evaluate the environmental performance of solid waste management systems provides valuable information for policy and decision-makers.

Development of Solid Waste Management Plan to Solve the Transport Routes Problem in Baghdad City

The transportation cost problem of solid waste presents the biggest part of the budget allocated by municipalities for SWM. So, there is no comprehensive plan to address transport routes optimization problems in SWM that including the transfer of solid waste from transfer stations to final landfill sites. Therefore, the aim of the study finding a scientific method to solve the transportation problem of solid waste transport suitable Baghdad city that tries to find feasible solutions that ensure reducing total transport costs and leads to an effective solid waste management system. In this research, a new methodology has been developed to select the optimal transport routs of SWM in Baghdad city which involves determining the best-supposed scenario. the proposed methodology includes integration of Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies with Network Analysis model (NA). Therefore, this work provides an advanced framework of decision-makers for analysis and simulation of the optimal transport routs problem related to SWM. Applying these modeling tools to select the scenario that can provide economic benefits by minimizing travel time, travel distance and reduction of total transportation costs. The Results of work implementation show that all solutions that include current state S1 and suggested scenarios have been evaluated. The scenarios generated include (S2, S3) by applying the proposed technique for analyzed and identified the optimal routes. The solutions of scenario S2, specified with two landfill sites while scenarios S3 specified with four landfill sites. Finally, this work shows the Scenario S3 is the best scenario of the solution, that include applied GPS and Network Analysis for four landfill sites.