Solid Waste Management Plan Research Articles

Retracted: Development of an Appropriate Uncertainty Model with an Application to Solid Waste Management Planning.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/6988306.].

Sustainability performance evaluation of municipal selective collection systems applied to a case study

Despite the existence of several waste recycling initiatives in Brazil, the national average of recyclable material recovery rates still remains below 3%. In this context, it is necessary to diagnose the performance of systems to implement improvement actions, considering the particularities of each system. In this study, we describe the application of a method capable of diagnosing the effectiveness of selective collection systems by identifying a general sustainability index, calculated based on 16 performance indicators. The study focused on the city of Volta Redonda and was organized into three stages: identification of the performance evaluation method; data collection and calculation of indicators; and calculation of the sustainability index. The index value found for the city was 0.47, which represents an unfavorable level of sustainability. In this case, Volta Redonda is making insufficient investments in its selective waste collection system. The factors that contributed to this low index are: an outdated solid waste management plan, low collection coverage, low recovery rate of recyclable materials, high rejection rate, high selective collection cost, outdated cost of selective collection service, precarious occupational health and safety conditions of members of waste picker cooperatives, and lack of registration of residences for donation of recyclable materials.

Sustainability Analysis of Anaerobic Digestion Systems for Decentralized Waste Management

Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) analyses were utilized to assess decentralized anaerobic digestion (AD)-based solid waste management (SWM) plans for a remote community. A hypothetical developing community of 20,000 habitants was selected with an average municipal solid waste (MSW) generation of 0.51 kg/capita/day. Sustainable SWM is needed to ensure both the environmental and economic aspects. In order to exploit the resource value of the high food fractions in developing countries, sustainable waste management alternatives have been emerged and compared to the commonly used SWM scenario (landfills). The scenario included, collection and transportation of waste, material recovery facility (MRF), AD, and landfilling processes. WRATE software databases were used to obtain data for the life cycle inventory (LCI). The functional unit has been selected as the management of 1 ton of MSW for a study period of 20 years. The scenarios were evaluated via the CML 2001 impact assessment method covering 6 categories including climate change, eutrophication potential, acidification potential, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, human toxicity, and resource depletion. The findings revealed that the proposed strategy improved the life cycle environmental performance in all impact categories and resulted in significant economic savings.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Domestic Solid Waste Management in Rural District, Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam

The characteristics of waste composition and community behavior are important data for making an appropriate domestic solid waste management plan. However, these data are lacking or not studied in Bac Lieu, especially in rural areas. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the domestic waste composition and evaluate the factors related to the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) level of the community in domestic solid waste management in Phuoc Long district, Bac Lieu province, Vietnam. The results of domestic solid waste samples collected at households showed that the waste was composed of organic (73.8%), recyclables (15.7%), hazardous waste (0.7%), and others (9.9%). Plastic bags (42.7%) and papers (30.5%) were predominant in the recyclables. The interview of 150 households indicated that the majority of respondents had an average level of knowledge (46%), and attitude (49.3%). However, 46% of respondents had an inadequate level of practice. In addition, the study observed that respondents have a good level of knowledge and attitude that leads to good practice. The Chi-square test showed that the KAP level of the respondents is influenced by demographic factors including age, education, occupation and income (p<0.05). In which, education level and age were the significant influencing factors. The results indicated that education for improving the community’s knowledge and attitudes in domestic solid management should pay more attention on the population aged over 60 years and those with occupations belonging to agriculture and housework.

Factors associated with bacterial contamination of shallow well water sources. Case Study of Juja hostels Kiambu County

The use of water from polluted water sources poses numerous public health challenges in developing countries. The ultimate purpose of any solid and liquid waste management plan is to mitigate environmental pollution; these goals become unachievable in the absence of a participatory approach to integrated waste management. This study sought to determine the extent of underground pollution of groundwater sources in Juja Town. Sanitary inspection and water quality analysis are complementary and valuable tools for characterizing and protecting water safety. The quality of the shallow wells is of great importance because it is used for consumption in Juja hostels. A two-stage cluster sampling strategy was adopted to obtain a representative sample size. Data collection involved the administration of questionnaires and field observation checklists, and E. coli levels present in the water were determined by the number of positive tubes in the table of computation of most probable number (MPN). Results showed that the predominant types of waste disposal practices observed in Juja were septic tank systems (77%) for liquid waste and private collection (87.3%) for solid waste methods. Sixty-eight per cent of the water samples were found to be positive (they exceeded the WHO (2004) maximum permissible load of 0.01/100 ml for drinking water. Three sanitary risk factors had a statistically significant effect on the dependent variable: the distance of the septic tank from the well on the level of water contamination (0.016), the liquid waste management plan (0.039), and the fitness of the water well cover on the level of water contamination (0.024). Shallow well water sources are unsuitable for use in food processing and drinking due to the presence of E. coli bacteria. The consequences of consuming contaminated water can be expensive to treat. Water from wells in Juja is contaminated with E. coli levels ranging from <3 - >1000 MPN/g, indicating fecal contamination in the area's underground water sources.

Implementing data analysis based on the mixed clustering technique for sustainable participatory waste management in a low-budget area

PurposeThe research objectives are as follows: to understand the situation of solid waste management in the Makham Tia Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Surat Thani Province, Thailand; identify the patterns in household waste generation and 3Rs behavior (recycle, reuse and reduce waste); and formulate sustainable municipal solid waste management guidelines.Design/methodology/approachThis study aimed to propose the solution by using data analysis and a participatory research approach to set the guidelines for sustainable community waste management in a low-budget area. A survey of household behavior was done with questionnaires. Mixed clustering using the Gower coefficient was performed to assess the categorical socio-demographic variables along with the numeric variables related to the 3Rs behavior. The guidelines for waste management were generated based on the characteristics of the household groups.FindingsThe guidelines for waste management were generated based on the characteristics of the household groups. An appropriate practical plan for municipal solid waste management in Makham Tia Subdistrict was proposed in this work. The study showed that the guidelines were implemented and revised by members of the community, and this led to the development of sustainable community solid waste management for the future.Originality/valueThe goal of this study was to provide a solution for sustainable community waste management in a low-budget location by using data mining techniques and a participatory research approach. The study showed that the guidelines were implemented and revised by members of the community, and this led to the development of sustainable community solid waste management for the future.

SOLID WASTE AUDITING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN AND POLICY IN JHARGRAM MUNICIPALITY, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Waste (or waste) is useless or unusable materials or components that are discarded after principal use. Sometimes, it is a defective article and of no use. In the modern outlook, waste may be a valuable substance subject to an appropriate operation or action on the waste. In the context of waste management RRR (reduce, reuse and recycle) model may be followed appropriately.Pollution from waste is aesthetically unpleasing and results in large amounts of litter in our communities which can cause health problems. Plastic bags and discarded ropes and strings can be very dangerous to birds and other animals. This indicator addresses waste production and disposal, plastic waste, paper waste, food waste, and recycling. Solid waste can be divided into two categories: general waste and hazardous waste.Jhargram Municipality is one of the fastest developing Municipalities in West Bengalwith a population of 61,682 anda population density of 2882.33 /sq km in 2011 but at the present near about 92000. This Municipality has around 19775 houses, markets, apartments and offices, colleges, hospitals, and schools which generate 79 Metric Ton of solid waste per day. The study has been carried out to select solid waste disposal sites and to find out the suitable management strategies forthe solid waste system by using Geographical Information System techniques. Manually field observation and expert opinion have been taken for disposal site selection thematic layers are prepared using Remote Sensing and GIS technique. Finally, theGeographicalInformation System technique was applied in Arc GIS Software to identify the disposal sites. The leading problem is the open dumping of solid waste without recycling, which resulted in environmental pollution for thisjhargram Municipality. The auditor diagnoses the prevailing waste disposal policies and suggests the best way to combat the problems. It is therefore essential that any environmentally responsible institution and authority examine its waste processing practices. Keeping the objective of the audit the following study will be limited to the waste generated on the residence campus and surroundings.The study has been decided with some productive management strategies which may be helpful to the local people as well as municipal authority.

Multi-period Planning of Municipal Solid Waste Management: a Case Study in Qingdao

Multi-period Planning of Municipal Solid Waste Management: a Case Study in Qingdao

SOLID WASTE AUDITING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN AND POLICY IN JHARGRAM MUNICIPALITY, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

SOLID WASTE AUDITING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN AND POLICY IN JHARGRAM MUNICIPALITY, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

An Economic Analysis of Solid Waste Management in Sivagangai District

Solid waste management planning is a very critical and problematic concern of urban and semi-urban areas. The environmental problem and health hazards are the most prominent consequences of the improper of solid waste management. In Sivagangai district, door-to-door collection and segregation of the wastes are performed. The wastes are segregated either at source or at the compost yard manually. The collected wastes are transported by the tractor with a net cover. Finally, the collected wastes are disposed of in open dumpsites or in landfills. In the present study 38 Panchayats were selected from Sivagangai district which were among 2,000 selected Panchayats across the State. Environment guards in the name of Thooimai Kavalars were appointed for the implementation of the solid waste management programme in these districts. The analysis of the data on Thooimai Kavalars reveals that the appointment of Thooimai Kavalars is not proportional to the number of households in different village Panchayats. Therefore, to improve environmental cleanliness the appointment of Thooimai Kavalars should be in proportional to the number of households in the habitats. In addition, it has been observed that nearly 30% of the solid wastes generated were not cleared and stay on the street corners and temporary dump yards. To clear these wastes contribution by the generators in terms of willingness to pay is inevitable. In the study area, it has been estimated the required amount of contribution interns of willingness to pay to completely remove all the generated wastes is Rs. 300/- per annum. The yearly rate of willingness to pay this will certainly improve the employment chances not only in Sivagangai district but also nationally.

Life Cycle Assessment of Shared Municipal Solid Waste Management Facilities in a Metropolitan Region

In Brazil, there are densely populated metropolitan regions, motivated by a great migratory flux in the 1970s. One of the consequences is the increased per capita municipal solid waste generation, which has been constantly associated with deficient waste management. That is the case of 19 municipalities from Goiás State that inappropriately disposed of 73% of the produced household waste. According to Law No. 12,305/2010, these municipalities must implement a waste management facility with MSW recovery and landfill diversions to minimize environmental impacts. Furthermore, a specific life cycle assessment tool was used to conduct an environmental assessment of different alternatives for a shared waste management system among the metropolitan municipalities. The results have shown that the current scenario has the largest environmental impacts in seven of 12 assessed impact categories, among them the global warming potential. In this scenario, final waste disposal has the greatest environmental impact, particularly due to unlicensed landfills. Conversely, anaerobic digestion with greater landfill diversions generates the lowest emissions in eight of 12 impact categories. This demonstrates the importance of anaerobic digestion and the compliance of the diversion targets established by the Brazilian National Plan for Solid Waste Management.

Effective Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Waste to Biodegradable Products for a Cleaner Earth

Earth is constantly subjected to dramatic changes due to uncontrolled human activities and this has led to climatic variations associated with global warming resulting in unparalleled greenhouse gas emissions. One of the major causes is solid waste accumulation by human activities ranging from agricultural to industrial activities. The relation between solid waste and climatic change had forced scientists to propose a solid waste management plan to reuse, recycle and create energy from solid waste preventing its accumulation and subsequent pollution. When we consider human activities which are environmentally hazardous; plastic waste accumulation, agricultural wastes disposal and fossil fuel burning holds prominent positions. Plastic wastes. The accumulation of plastic wastes and agricultural wastes pose serious problems of disposal. Plastic wastes are often incinerated or left to be dumped in landfills. Similarly, agricultural wastes are also burnt, releasing a lot of toxic gases into the atmosphere. A common solution to curb both the problems is to streamline the production of bioplastic using agricultural waste (mostly lignocellulose) as a substrate. The third major environmental threat is the increased motor vehicle emission leading to air pollution associated with health threat. The extent of risk ranges from carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects. Carbon dioxide emission by the increasing use of fossil fuels by ever increasing world population not only depletes the resource but also will result in anthropogenic climate change. Therefore, utilization of lignocellulosic waste material as raw material for monomers for bioplastic as well as for bioethanol production can be considered as a productive approach to address all the three problems mentioned above. In addition utilization of fermentation residue after bio products extraction can be used as a soil enriching agent. The intention is converting lignocellulosic waste to zero waste.

Development of an Appropriate Uncertainty Model with an Application to Solid Waste Management Planning.

The purpose of this study is to achieve a novel and efficient method for treating the interval coefficient linear programming (ICLP) problems. The problem is used for modeling an uncertain environment that represents most real-life problems. Moreover, the optimal solution of the model represents a decision under uncertainty that has a risk of selecting the correct optimal solution that satisfies the optimality and the feasibility conditions. Therefore, a proposed algorithm is suggested for treating the ICLP problems depending on novel measures such as the optimality ratio, feasibility ratio, and the normalized risk factor. Depending upon these measures and the concept of possible scenarios, a novel and effective analysis of the problem is done. Unlike other algorithms, the proposed algorithm involves an important role for the decision-maker (DM) in defining a satisfied optimal solution by using a utility function and other required parameters. Numerical examples are used for comparing and illustrating the robustness of the proposed algorithm. Finally, applying the algorithm to treat a Solid Waste Management Planning is introduced.

GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE IN KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH

For growing cities, solid waste management is a serious concern, focusing on household waste because it accounts for a significant portion of municipal solid waste. An accurate estimation of the quantity and characteristics of solid waste mixtures from diverse income levels is required for effective city-wide solid waste management planning. The purpose of this study is to assess the production and characteristics of domestic solid waste produced by different socio-economic groups in three wards (no. 17, 23 and 24) of Khulna city. Moreover, various factors that influence the pace of waste production have been critically investigated. The finding suggests that, household waste generation rate ranges from 0.421 to 5.81 kg/day, average of 1.917 kg/day and 0.476 kg/capita/day. The waste composition analysis depicts that kitchen garbage is the most prevalent component. The waste generation rate has a positive relationship with income level and household size. Nonetheless, the findings and proposed essential steps of this study would be beneficial in assisting policymakers in refining plans for controlling the municipal waste effectively.

Challenges in Governance and Implementation of the Philippines’ Solid Waste Management Programs: Focus on Plastics

Despite the law, solid waste management (SWM) is still a challenge in the Philippines. Plastics form an increasingly significant portion of solid wastes and is a source of surface water pollution. Hence, surface water governance (such as river governance) should address plastics pollution. This paper discusses governance mechanisms to minimize solid wastes, especially plastics in surface water. Using secondary data sources, the paper discusses the trends in plastic pollution, its nature and causes; the laws on plastic pollution in the Philippines and other countries, and the challenges in the current institutional mechanisms and implementation of these laws. It describes a model of SWM at a watershed level, that can potentially sustain the SWM activities. This adaptive collaborative governance model has four components: establishing partnerships, planning strategic actions, developing the SWM plan, and implementing an investment plan. The model was tested in the Sta Cruz, Laguna River Basin, and is operational even as the academe project is completed. Lessons learned for its sustainability include the following: 1) There must be capacity building, 2) SWM should be crafted in a participatory manner, especially involving the grassroots communities, 3) Define incentives to make the collaboration active, and 4) Committed leadership in the river council was an important sustainability factor.

Benchmarking Canadian solid waste management system integrating fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) with efficacy methods.

Solid waste management is a recent challenge for both developed and developing countries because of urbanization and population growth. This research aims to identify and compare the economic efficiency of Canadian waste management systems integrating the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) with the efficacy method. Six economic indicators-diversion gross domestic product (DGDP) ratio, gross domestic product (GDP) of all industries, GDP of Sector 562, diversion rate, waste management output indicator, and diversion size indicator-are considered in this study. Initially, the FAHP method was used to calculate the indicator weights, and the efficacy method then ranked the DGDP ratio as the most influential factor for the GDP-related indicators. The DGDP ratio and diversion rate were determined to be most critical in the assessment of the economic efficiency of a solid waste management system in Canada. The result also revealed that the economic performance of the waste management systems of Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and Ontario are better compared to those of other provinces. The outcome of this study will aid the government and provincial organizations in establishing an effective solid waste management plan to improve their overall performance.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution driven by the COVID-19 pandemic along the shoreline of Lake Tana, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution has become one of the most pending environmental challenges resulting from the pandemic. While various studies investigated PPE pollution in the marine environment, freshwater bodies have been largely overlooked. In the present study, PPE monitoring was carried out in the vicinity of Lake Tana, the largest lake in Ethiopia. PPE density, types, and chemical composition (FTIR spectroscopy) were reported. A total of 221 PPEs were identified with a density ranging from 1.22 × 10−5 PPE m−2 (control site S1) to 2.88× 10−4 PPE m−2 with a mean density of 1.54 × 10−4 ± 2.58 × 10−5 PPE m−2. Mismanaged PPE waste was found in all the sampling sites, mostly consisting of surgical face masks (93.7%). Statistical analyzes revealed significantly higher PPE densities in sites where several recreational, touristic, and commercial activities take place, thus, revealing the main sources of PPE pollution. Furthermore, polypropylene and polyester fabrics were identified as the main components of surgical and reusable cloth masks, respectively. Given the hazard that PPEs represent to aquatic biota (e.g., entanglement, ingestion) and their ability to release microplastics (MPs), it is necessary to implement sufficient solid waste management plans and infrastructure where lake activities take place. Additionally, local authorities must promote and ensure sustainable tourism in order to maintain the ecosystems in Lake Tana. Prospective research priorities regarding the colonization and degradation of PPE, as well as the release of toxic chemicals, were identified and discussed.

Planning of Waste Management using Zero Waste Approach at SMAN 14 Bandung, Indonesia

SMAN 14 is one of the educational institutions that still adhere to waste management with a liner system, namely waste generated and disposed of in the final disposal site. In addition, SMAN 14 Bandung is a school with the title of an independent Adiwiyata School with environmental insight, but this school has not paid attention to managing its waste. This study aims to plan waste management with zero-waste approach so that the amount of waste sent to landfills is zero. Calculation of zero waste index (ZWI) was performed for a school scale wherein the results of ZWI were used for evaluation and as a basis for the future planning of solid waste management. Sampling measurements were carried out using the load count analysis method. The waste generated is 37,544 kg/day. With a composition of 13.12% organic, 60.42% plastic, 20.957% paper, 0.36 % metal, and a mixture of 5.14% with a zero-waste index of 0.80, the substitution of material savings of 30.09 kg, the substitution of energy 953.94 MJ, greenhouse effect reduction 26.89 Kg/CO2e, and water-saving -232.02 L. Furthermore, through this planning, the estimation of cost reduction was as much as Rp. 23,315 a day.

Achieving sustainable development goals from the perspective of solid waste management plans

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 ad is one of the challenges and among the cross-cutting issues that countries around the world strive to achieve, despite it is not mandatory, to take control of the various negative environmental, economic, social, and urban impacts that threatened cities, in addition to benefits that are realized from achieving it. The research aims to promote the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals from the perspective of solid waste management (SWM) plans and programs, through analyzing and finding the interrelationship between SWM plans and programs and the related specific targets for each goal, in addition to using experts’ questionnaires to conclude the varying degrees of impact of SWM plans and programs at the level of 17 SDGs, which have been classified into groups, according to the most and the least affected by the SWM plans and programs. Where the goals of “sustainable cities and communities” and “good health and well-being” came in the lead of the goals; however, the goals of “quality education” and “peace, justice, and institutions” came in the tail of the goals that are affected by SWM plans and programs, according to the experts’ opinion.

A decision framework for estimating the cost of marine plastic pollution interventions.

Marine plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. Although there has been a surge in global investment for implementing interventions to mitigate plastic pollution, there has been little attention given to the cost of these interventions. We developed a decision support framework to identify the economic, social, and ecological costs and benefits of plastic pollution interventions for different sectors and stakeholders. We calculated net cost as a function of six cost and benefit categories with the following equation: cost of implementing an intervention (direct, indirect, and nonmonetary costs) minus recovered costs and benefits (monetary and nonmonetary) produced by the interventions. We applied our framework to two quantitative case studies (a solid waste management plan and a trash interceptor) and four comparative case studies, evaluating the costs of beach cleanups and waste‐to‐energy plants in various contexts, to identify factors that influence the costs of plastic pollution interventions. The socioeconomic context of implementation, the spatial scale of implementation, and the time scale of evaluation all influence costs and the distribution of costs across stakeholders. Our framework provides an approach to estimate and compare the costs of a range of interventions across sociopolitical and economic contexts.