Solid Waste Dumping Research Articles

A Projection Study of Gaseous Pollutants Formed, Potential Health Effects and Clinical Codification in Piyungan Landfill

The world is currently facing significant environmental challenges due to increasing urbanization and globalization. Human activities can produce greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2 and CH4. One of the contributors to GHG generation is the open dumping of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), particularly because much of the waste is organic. It undergoes anaerobic decomposition, leading to the formation of GHGs, particularly methane. However, CH4 has a high potential for energy generation, and if harnessed properly, it can be highly beneficial. This study aims to assess the total air pollutants emitted from the landfill gas (LFG), including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nonmethane organic compounds (NMOC) at the Regional Piyungan landfill in D.I. Yogyakarta province. The study also projected the year when the production of these gaseous pollutants would peak and when they are expected to be exhausted. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the potential health problems and clinical codification caused by these gaseous pollutants. To achieve these objectives, the LandGEM 3.03 version of the model developed by USEPA was used for the period 2023-2071. Clinical coding used the 2019 version of the ICD-10 reference. The estimated values for total LFG were 1.648E+04 (2024) and 1.584E+04 (2025) Mg/year, while CH4 was estimated at 4.403E+03 (2024) and 4.230E+03 (2025) Mg/year. CO2 was estimated to be 1,208E+04 (2024) and 1,161E+04 (2025) Mg/year, and NMOC was projected at 2,839E+01 (2024) and 2,727E+01 (2025) Mg/year. Some of the toxic effects that can occur cause respiratory, visual, and mental disorders with a variety of clinical codes.

Rainfall-Runoff Process of Pallikaranai Marshland Under the Influence of Perungudi Landfill Site using HEC–HMS

The Wetland River basins are one of the critical urban watershed areas due to complex urban activities. The rainfall-runoff process in urban catchment areas is influenced by solid waste dumping, leachate generation from dumping sites, aquatic weeds, sewage generated by municipalities and town panchayats, effluents generated by industries, sand mining along the river bed and encroachment due to urban activities. Considering these complexities, this study aims to predict the stream flow in a river basin concerning a given amount of rainfall using HEC - HMS software models. The sub-basin elements are used to convert rainfall to runoff. A meteorologic model is used to assign the boundary conditions for sub-basins, which include precipitation, short/long wave radiation, and potential evapotranspiration. A time series of flow data is used as input of a model to estimate the average basin rainfall. Calibrate the model and it's required for optimization to be carried out using observed discharge. As a result, considering the three sub-basins and two reach sites, the increase in drainage area is directly proportionate to excess volume, direct run-off volume, and discharge volume, and the reliability of the model is achieved using observed data and predicted data.

Isotopic tracing of leachate percolation from municipal solid waste dump sites to groundwater in diverse climatic zones of India.

Groundwater resources in tropical regions are largely dependent on recharge by rainwater infiltration through soil layers with variable time. However, the rainwater infiltration through soil is a serious concern in urban tropics where it interacts with landfills at the dumpsites, potentially contaminating adjoining groundwater. In this study, the stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen (δ18O and δ2H, respectively) in groundwater and leachates, adjoining municipal dumpsites in urban tropics (Bangalore, Kolkata and Durgapur located in diverse rainfall zonation of India), were analyzed to investigate their recharge sources and trace the possible mixing of leachate contaminants under three diverse climatology. The measured values of δ18O and δ2H suggested that the groundwater in these sites reflects higher recharge by rainwater. However, the d-excess values indicated secondary effects suggesting the groundwater has experienced significant modifications. The end member analysis using δ18O-d-excess relation pinpointed an additional leachate contribution from adjoining dumpsites. The critical fraction of leachate infiltration to groundwater quantified using two component mixing model ranged between (i) 1 and 33% in Bangalore, (ii) 5 and 13% in Kolkata and (iii) 18 and 76% in Durgapur, with its variability dependent on seasonality and aquifer connectivity. This information is crucial for groundwater management to secure water quality and to quantify potential hydrological contaminants particularly in drier seasons and drier regions, when and where the demand for groundwater is high, respectively.

Insights into polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, sources, and exposure health risk in selected solid waste impacted soils

<p>The Coordinated management of solid waste dumps from different anthropogenic environments is important for pollution management of immediate and adjacent ecosystems. This study took three soil profile samples from three functional zones: the rural, the suburban, and the urban solid waste dumps. The samples were analyzed for the concentration, origin, and associated risks of thirty-nine Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Ʃ39PBDEs). Σ39PBDEs demonstrated high concentrations and ranged from 0.12 to 119 ng g−1 dw, in the order of rural > suburban > urban, and topsoil > subsoil > bottom soil. BDE-10, -11, -13, -15, -17, -99 and -119 showed relative abundance. Penta-BDE was moderately above standard and screening levels and demonstrated high and medium ecological risk in the rural and semi-urban zones. The non-carcinogenic and cancer risks highlight onsite exposure risks. PCA evaluation depicts an abundance of persistent and toxic flame retardant additives, and cluster analysis showed PBDEs were from a common source—cancer and hazard index exposure risk depicted rural > suburban > urban zone. The results suggested the continual use of banned flame retardant additives in commercial formulations. A comparison of PBDE implied that PBDEs in the suburban and urban zones could have undergone environmental processes, and the rural zone received fresh deposition. Migration and exposure to the detected -BDEs may increase the risk to humans in these zones. The results highlighted the need to establish a standard management protocol and monitor legacy pollutants in environmental and biological samples around solid waste dump sites and similar catchments.</p>

A detailed study of the physicochemical parameters of the solid waste dumping grounds adjoining densely populated areas: A case study in India

A detailed study of the physicochemical parameters of the solid waste dumping grounds adjoining densely populated areas: A case study in India

Contaminant transport from solid waste dumps: Implications for environmental degradation with a focus on capital territory regions

Open dumping of Municipal solid waste is the main method of solid waste management in Pakistan. To investigate the impacts of leachate transportation from these waste dumps on groundwater quality, two sites were selected (I-12 in Islamabad and Lohsar in Rawalpindi), water samples were collected from existing wells during summer, winter, and rainy seasons and were analyzed for physiochemical parameters using standard methods. Most groundwater samples showed contamination and values of various parameters exceeded the desired limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), especially during the rainy season, whereas the least contamination in groundwater samples was observed during the winter season. The results obtained were, pH: 5.75–7.87, Electrical Conductivity (EC): 103–3460 μS cm−1, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): 436–4425 mg L−1, Total Alkalinity (TA): 190–1330 mg L−1, Total Hardness (TH): 128–676 mg L−1, Chlorides (Cl⁻): 56.7–893.3 mg L−1, Nitrates (NO₃⁻): 7.8–19.9 mg L−1, Dissolved Oxygen (DO): 6.1–20.8 mg L−1, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): 1.0–44.0 mg L−1 and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): 56–272 mg L−1. The findings suggest that the magnitude of groundwater contamination from leachate transportation is intricately influenced by factors such as leachate composition, seasonal variations and distance from the dumpsite. The contamination level reduced along the distance from the dumps. Except Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn), the concentration of all other heavy metals including, Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) was found above standard appreciable limits. The t-test showed a significant difference in parameter concentrations for all seasons except for Cd and Zn. The calculation of water quality index through CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment) model revealed that all the groundwater samples around both the dump sites were of poor and marginal quality. In general, the groundwater quality of both study areas is not suitable for the drinking purpose. The study suggests regular testing and treating groundwater before use, use of engineered landfills, covering landfills with clay and vegetation and use of alternative strategies like composting and recycling for waste management.

Emerging investigator series: open dumping and burning: an overlooked source of terrestrial microplastics in underserved communities.

Open dumping and burning of solid waste are widely practiced in underserved communities lacking access to solid waste management facilities; however, the generation of microplastics from these sites has been overlooked. We report elevated concentrations of microplastics (MPs) in soil of three solid waste open dump and burn sites: a single-family site in Tuttle, Oklahoma, USA, and two community-wide sites in Crow Agency and Lodge Grass, Montana, USA. We extracted, quantified, and characterized MPs from two soil depths (0-9 cm and 9-18 cm). The average of abundance of particles found at community-wide sites three sites (18, 460 particles kg-1 soil) equals or exceeds reported concentrations from currently understood sources of MPs including biosolids application and other agricultural practices. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) identified polyethylene as the dominant polymer across all sites (46.2-84.8%). We also detected rayon (≤11.5%), polystyrene (up to 11.5%), polyethylene terephthalate (≤5.1), polyvinyl chloride (≤4.4%), polyester (≤3.1), and acrylic (≤2.2%). Burned MPs accounted for 76.3 to 96.9% of the MPs found in both community wide dumping sites. These results indicate that solid waste dumping and burning activities are a major source of thermally oxidized MPs for the surrounding terrestrial environment with potential to negatively affect underserved communities.

Exploring genetic landscape of low-density polyethylene degradation for sustainable troubleshooting of plastic pollution at landfills

Plastic pollution increases globally due to the high volume of its production and inadequate mismanagement, leading to dumps in landfills affecting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Landfills, as sink for plastics, leach various toxic chemicals and microplastics into the environment. We scrutinized the genetic expression for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) degradation via microorganisms to investigate cell viability and metabolic activities for biodegradation and genetic profiling. Samples were collected from the Pirana waste landfill at Ahmedabad, Gujarat, which is one of the largest and oldest municipal solid waste (MSW) dump sites in Asia. Results analyzed that isolated bacterial culture PN(A)1 (Bacillus cereus) is metabolically active on LDPE as carbon source during starvation conditions when incubated for up to 60 days, which was confirmed via 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction test, reported cell viability and LDPE degradation. Abrasions, surface erosions, and cavity formations were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas the breakdown of high molecular polymers converted to low molecules, i.e., depolymerization, was also observed via Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy over 90 days, along with changes in functional groups of carboxylic acids and aldehyde as well as the formation of polysulfide, aliphatic compounds, aromatic ethers, alcohols, and ether linkages. Further, transcriptomic analysis was performed via DESeq2 analysis to understand key gene expression patterns and pathways involved in LDPE degradation. During the initial phase of LDPE degradation, genes related to biological processes, like membrane transportation, ABC transporters, carbon and lipid metabolism, fatty acid degradation/oxidation, and TCA cycle, are likely to indicate pathways for stress response and molecular functions, like oxidoreductase, catalytic, lyase, transferase, and hydrolase activities were expressed. Interlinking between metabolic pathways indicates biodegradation process that mineralizes LDPE during subsequent incubation days. These pathways can be targeted for increasing the efficiency of LDPE degradation using microbes in future studies. Thus, considering microbial-mediated biodegradation as practical, eco-friendly, and low-cost alternatives, healthy biomes can degrade polymers in natural environments explored by understanding the genetic and enzymatic expression, connecting their role in the process to the likely metabolic pathways involved, thereby increasing the rate of their biodegradation.

Determination of the sanitary protection zone of municipal waste landfill based on evaluation of the environmental hazards: Case study of the Zhytomyr territorial community, Ukraine

Today, Ukraine is far from European standards, and the country's waste management system remains confronted with environmental and technogenic problems, with 7 % of the territory occupied by landfills. Most settlements in Ukraine do not have solid waste management programs or sanitation schemes. Landfills, and especially municipal solid waste dumps, are significant contributors to air, water, and soil pollution. The objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of landfills, to translate them from a descriptive and abstract plane to a mathematical plane, and to identify the sanitary protection zones currently utilized for landfills. The subject of this study is the municipal waste landfill of the Zhytomyr territorial community (Ukraine), a typical Ukrainian landfill operated with minimal environmental protection measures.The authors used an original approach to assess the environmental hazard of a municipal waste landfill, taking into consideration the values of absolute indicators of water pollution for specific physicochemical characteristics; maximum permissible concentrations of the studied indicators; distance from the landfill boundary; the amount of excess of the absolute indicator of pollution compared to the MPC; and the intensity of odor in the landfill. The calculated pollution indicators served as the basis for an integrated assessment of the environmental hazards posed by the municipal waste landfill.The study revealed that the Ot indicator (evaluation of the environmental hazards of municipal waste landfills) depends exponentially on the landfill boundary. Based on the value of Ot, environmental zoning was carried out: according to the calculations and taking into account the monitoring of the environmental condition in the landfill's impact zone, the authors recommended the parameters of environmental zoning on the basis of the Ot value.The purpose of this study is to clarify the sanitary protection zones that are currently used for landfills and solid household waste disposals.The research materials can also be used to create databases on landfills, enabling the development of a plan to manage them as sources of heightened environmental risk.

Evaluating groundwater contamination: An examination of a municipal solid waste dump yard in southern India's Manchester City

Groundwater is a critical resource that is utilized for a variety of reasons, but over-extraction can lead to a number of environmental and socioeconomic issues such as diminished water supply, land subsidence, and pollution. To manage groundwater resources in a sustainable manner, proper monitoring, regulation, and conservation strategies are required. Groundwater contamination in India is growing as a result of population increase and industrialisation, which can have serious health and environmental consequences. To avoid groundwater pollution, it is critical to monitor and control possible sources of contamination, as well as to promote sustainable farming practices and the use of less hazardous pesticides and fertilizers. To get a better knowledge of groundwater pollution, the current study attempted to analyse the quality of groundwater in the neighbourhood of the Vellalore dump yard (located in Coimbatore, India), encompassing an area of 161.87 hectares. To examine the quality of groundwater in the contaminated region, several physical and chemical properties such as pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and water quality index were measured. The majority of the water samples from the region are classed as low quality and unsafe for drinking. The plume appears to be migrating northerly and northwest from the landfill location, most likely due to the natural slope of the dump site towards the northwestern direction. The bulk of the gathered samples have low water quality, making the water unfit for even basic residential use. These findings highlight the need of local governments taking proactive efforts to protect the groundwater in this area, pushing for a comprehensive approach to prevent additional pollution. The report emphasizes the critical need for local governments to take prompt action to prevent additional groundwater pollution by establishing a comprehensive strategy.

An Evaluation of the Impact of Illegal Dumping of Solid Waste on Public Health in Nigeria: A Case Study of Lagos State.

The illegal dumping of solid waste is a prevalent issue in Nigeria, affecting all states. Lagos State, in particular, faces waste disposal problems that stem from urbanization, negative public perception towards waste management, insufficient waste disposal education, poor waste disposal practices, and the disposal of waste at illegal and unauthorized sites. This situation is further exacerbated by inadequate municipal solid waste (MSW) collection rates, making it challenging to combat illegal dumping effectively. To align with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 of Sustainable Cities, which seeks to minimize negative environmental effects associated with managing MSW by 2030, this study aims to assess the environmental and health impact of illegal dumping of solid waste in Lagos State. The objectives of this study include assessing people's attitudes towards illegal dumping, evaluating the extent of environmental degradation resulting from illegal solid waste dumping in Lagos, and assessing the health risks associated with exposure to illegally dumped solid waste in Lagos State, as well as determining if illegal dumping contributes to the diseases prevalent in Lagos State. This study will use a quantitative approach to collect data from study participants on demographics, educational background, waste management, and environmental and health issues using computer-assisted self-administered questionnaires (Google Forms). This study will also use observations and photographs of illegally dumped waste in communities and major illegal dumpsites in the study area to provide valuable information to complement the questionnaire responses. By combining both approaches, the study will be able to capture both numerical data and people's behaviors and attitudes associated with illegal dumping. This study will use a mixed sampling method consisting of cluster sampling and convenience sampling, focusing on communities impacted by illegal dumping in Lagos State. The sample size for this study will be 100. The questionnaire for this study will be administered via a Google Forms link that will be shared through various online platforms, enabling participants to access and complete the questionnaire from any location with internet access. To ensure representative participation, as part of the informed consent form on the initial page of the online questionnaire, a screening question that requires participants to indicate if they live or work in the study areas or have been exposed to the impact of illegal dumping will be included. Only those who meet these criteria will be able to proceed with the study. The primary data obtained will be carefully analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. The study's results will highlight the importance of the linkage between illegal dumping, environmental degradation, and diseases prevalent in Lagos State, which could inform policymakers and relevant departments in developing effective strategies to improve public health.

Environmental Impact Analysis of Methane Gas from Landfill using LCA in Klotok landfill, Kediri, East Java

The effective management of municipal solid waste is a persistent challenge within emerging nations. The observed phenomenon can be attributed to a multitude of reasons, encompassing swift economic growth, urban population development, garbage output, the substantial costs associated with waste treatment, and the design and functionality of containment systems. Methane, being the second most significant greenhouse gas following carbon dioxide, is prominently emitted into the environment by municipal solid waste dumps. This study use the IPCC model to assess the methane emissions generated by landfills. Additionally, Simapro 9.5 software is utilised in conjunction with the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint approach to evaluate the corresponding environmental consequences. The Klotok landfill was found to generate the maximum quantity of methane, specifically 3.518 Mg CO2 eq, as determined by the composition analysis of paper waste. Additionally, the largest environmental impact was observed in the category of human toxicity carcinogenicity, as indicated by the life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis with a value of 3733.057.

Implications of solid waste dumps on the microplastic abundance in groundwater in Kollam, India

Water pollution caused by microplastics has garnered increasing attention in recent years due to its potential ecological and human health risks. However, there are very limited studies and a general lack of consensus regarding the presence and negative impacts of microplastics in groundwater. Due to their small size, microplastics can easily be transported at surface as well as subsurface levels, potentially reaching the groundwater table and contaminating the groundwater system This contamination is expected to occur more rapidly in landfill areas and other locations where plastic waste is dumped. In this study, we examined well water samples collected from areas near various dumping sites to assess the abundance and characteristics of microplastics. An average of 12 items/L of microplastics were found in groundwater wells near eight dumping sites in Kollam Corporation. The predominant shape of microplastics in the groundwater samples was fibres, followed by flakes, with black being the predominant colour. The areal extent of solid waste dumping was observed to have an influence on the abundance of microplastics. Additionally, the pH of groundwater near heavy dumping sites was found to be in the acidic range, indicating the intrusion of leachate from dumps into groundwater. The study revealed that the leachate from solid waste dumps is the primary source of microplastics in groundwater. Furthermore, a risk assessment of the microplastic pollution was carried out using an index namely Microplastic Pollution Index and the areas of high risks were identified. The locations having heavy solid waste dumping and those near coastal areas were observed to be at high risk, thereby indicating that both the leachate from dumps and sea water intrusion can cause higher microplastic pollution risk in the groundwater system. The findings of this study are expected to support managers in formulating and implementing effective solid waste management plans to mitigate microplastic pollution in the groundwater system.

Techno-eco-environmental analysis of a waste-to-energy based polygeneration through hybrid renewable energy system

Dumping of solid waste and its open burning have not just polluted the earth but also have made a loss of potential energy contained in it. The proposed study aims to conceptualize the design and analysis of a Waste-to-Energy based polygeneration renewable energy system with no outage in order to increase social hygiene at the lowest economy, environment-friendly, and energy efficient. The optimization of system is done with the help of HOMER@ Pro software. The result shows that the optimal solution can supply 59,330 kWh/year of electricity, 17,842 kWh/year of heat with 19.89 °C increase in temperature (used for Space heating), 57.51 kg/day cooking gas, 269.31 kg/day transport fuel (biogas), and 1395 kg/day compost with cost of energy Rs. 5.49/kWh and net present cost of Rs. 38.87 lakh. The emission analysis shows that the system generates only 5469 kg/year of CO2 emission and avoids 40,772 kg/year of CO2 emission, earns yearly carbon credit of 40.7 units. The sensitivity analysis shows that the increase in the capacity shortage decreases reliability and the economic factors except for O&M cost and increases the renewable energy factor and the absence of continuous energy supply. Moreover, the proposed model approaches sustainable development goal 6 & 7.

Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Raw Cow's Milk in a Central Andean Area and Risks for the Peruvian Populations.

Milk and its derivatives are basic foods in Peru, especially for children. The Junín region, in the central Andes, is one of the leading dairy basins. However, the safety of milk is affected by mining-metallurgical activities, wastewater dumping, organic residues, and inappropriate use of organophosphate fertilizers in agriculture whose contaminants reach the food chain, putting human health at risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in milk produced on a representative farm in central Peru, which uses phosphorous agrochemicals and is adjacent to a small mineral concentrator and a municipal solid waste dump, and to evaluate the potential risk for the Peruvian population of 2-85 years considering three levels of daily intake by age, which constitutes the innovative contribution of the study. These three elements were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry following standardized procedures. The mean contents of Pb (0.062 mg/kg), Cd (0.014 mg/kg), and As (0.030 mg/kg) in milk exceeded the maximum limits allowed by international standards. At all ages, the target quotient hazard followed a descending order of As > Pb > Cd, being > 1 in the case of As. The hazard index was >1 for children under 7, 9, and 11 years of age in the scenarios of low, medium, and high milk intake. The information is valid for formulating policies to prevent adverse health effects and develop standards and awareness programs, monitoring, and control of heavy metals in milk in Peru.

Illegal Solid-Waste Dumping in a Low-Income Neighbourhood in South Africa: Prevalence and Perceptions.

Illegal solid-waste dumping (ISWD) is prevalent globally with adverse social and environmental impacts, particularly in poor communities. Understanding the extent, practices and perceptions of ISWD is needed to inform interventions. Using GIS techniques and household surveys, this study examined the prevalence of dumpsites, and perceptions of ISWD in a low-income neighbourhood of Komani, South Africa. A total of 120 dumpsites were encountered in green spaces, empty residential plots and street edges, suggesting illegal dumping of solid waste is widespread. More than half of the respondents (58%) disposed of household waste in undesignated sites or burnt it, attributing this to the non-collection of waste. Potential interventions suggested were largely technical, including regular collection of waste, and the provision of bins and plastic bags. The paper suggests approaches to addressing sustainable solid-waste management should consider the views of local communities, who are principal stakeholders in the solid-waste production and management mix.

Air Quality Monitoring and Analysis for Sustainable Development of Solid Waste Dump Yards Using Smart Drones and Geospatial Technology

Air pollution has become a global health issue, affecting millions of people annually. It is essential to obtain accurate and up-to-date information on air quality levels to reduce the impact of air pollution on human health. Traditional air quality monitoring methods are limited by spatial coverage and the time required for sample collection and analysis. However, the Internet of Things (IoT), drone technology, and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology have enabled the development of real-time air quality monitoring systems that provide accurate and up-to-date information on air quality levels across large areas. The study found that gas concentration varied significantly at different heights, with the highest concentration at 3 m from the ground and the lowest at 9 m. The concentration of gases also varied by month, with the highest concentration of CO recorded in March at 45 ppm at 3 m, and the highest concentration of NH4 recorded in September at 66.7 ppm at 3 m. Kodungaiyur dump yard needs environmental monitoring due to the high levels of environmental pollution and health risks caused by unsegregated waste. In conclusion, developing real-time air quality monitoring systems using GIS technology is necessary to obtain accurate and up-to-date information on air quality levels. It is essential to monitor the Kodungaiyur dump yard and other, similar sites regularly to prevent the health risks associated with environmental pollution.

Screening and Isolation of Polypropylene Degrading Fungi from Waste Dumping Site, Kolhapur, India

Polypropylene (PP) and other plastic wastes are found to accumulate in the environment, creating significant ecological issues. They are determined to be considered non-biodegradable, It has been established that once it enters the environment, it stays there permanently. The present investigation aims to biodegrade PP without physical treatment and exposing it to UV light and sunlight exposed to potential fungi isolated from the soil of solid waste dumping site based on 18SrRNA analysis and the isolated strains were identified as 98.54% similar to Cladosporium sp. The fungal strain was submitted with Gene Bank accession number ON024632 and registered as a Cladosporium halotolerans strain SUK PRAKASH. The degradation was performed for 8 months of incubation in the aqueous medium. The biodegradation of polypropylene FTIR spectroscopy was performed to further examine the sheets, and the results indicated that perhaps the bonds between the sheets were weakening and breaking. The biodegraded samples of without treated PP sheets, UV-exposed PP sheets, and sunlight-exposed PP sheets exhibit weight loss of 4.2%, 6.1%, and 8.6% respectively.

Review on Waste-to-Energy Approaches toward a Circular Economy in Developed and Developing Countries

International interest in using waste-to-energy (WtE) technology toward a circular economy (CE) is developing, spurred by environmental challenges such as inefficient solid waste dumping, pollution, and resource depletion. Incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, landfill, and anaerobic digestion are standard WtE technologies. Although these methods have been used for many decades, all countries try to implement the best plans based on their technologies and capacities. Therefore, an up-to-date comprehensive study is needed to evaluate the existing barriers to draw a logical roadmap for WtE to CE. Therefore, this review addresses the recent policies adopted by developed and developing countries for WtE technologies. Based on the findings, most countries seek the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable pathways in WtE to CE; meanwhile, international collaboration and governmental support are needed to overcome the existing barriers and find a sustainable and economically viable plan for both developed and developing countries in the future.

Rapid identification of hazardous heavy metal-containing waste by combining EDXRF with machine learning: Taking zinc smelting waste as an example

To address the time-consuming identification and poor timeliness of environmental pollution tracing problems of traditional chemical detection methods for hazardous solid waste, a rapid identification and characterization methodology for hazardous waste containing heavy metals is established by using the EDXRF spectroscopy principle combined with an optical intelligent optimization algorithm. Two years of long-time serial optical spectrum information are collected from nine typical types of hazardous waste containing heavy metals produced in the zinc smelting process using EDXRFs, online analytical instruments installed on different process lines. Then, different machine learning models are applied to identify the key spectral factors that are first screened after noise reduction and standardization to pretreat all spectrum information data to distinguish different characteristics of each type of hazardous waste. Finally, the random forest model is selected and optimized to improve its identification accuracy. The results show that the spectral line signals corresponding to heavy metal elements such as Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Ag in zinc smelting materials can be used as important factors to distinguish different types of zinc smelting solid waste. Because different smelting processes lead to different heavy metal contents in different types of zinc smelting hazardous waste, the optimized random forest model can be implemented to accurately identify and characterize nine typical types of hazardous waste containing heavy metals, and an accuracy rate of 100% is achieved. This method provides an efficient tool for the environmental management of hazardous waste and the rapid tracing of environmental risks in the future. Especially in tracking soil or surface water pollution caused by the illegal dumping of solid waste, the rapid identification and characterization of solid waste are of great significance for the quality supervision of regional ecological environments.