Solid Waste Dumping Research Articles

Implementation of the Solid Waste Management of Barangays in a Highly Urbanized City

The present alarming environmental world crisis is the uncontrolled generation and illegal dumping of solid waste (SW) that poses great harm to public health and the environment (Ali & Sion, 2014). Poor waste management may cause air, water, and soil contamination. The Republic Act 9003 (RA 9003) or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (ESWMA) had been in place for several years. However, its implementation was a challenge for every LGU, including in a highly urbanized city. Hence, the paper examined the level of implementation of the provisions and enforcement of prohibited acts on ESWMA of barangays as assessed by community leaders as a whole and according to their geographical location and income. Also, it explores the challenges encountered by the barangays and the recommendations of the community leaders in the implementation of RA 9003 and the local ordinance enacted by the city.

Experimental study on the change in soil properties due to dumping of organic solid wastes

Urbanization and population growth leads to increase in solid waste generation. In order to maintain the environment clean, technique called open dumping is used widely to dump the waste material. Dumping waste in the soil has various effects which results in change in soil characteristics, generation of leachate and also affects the ground water quality. In this study, an attempt has been made to compare the properties of natural soil and waste dump soil. The collected sample has been tested for pH, chloride, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity and acidity. In this experimental study, the collected soil sample was placed in a glass container to make visual inspection. The change in soil properties were investigated by dumping organic solid waste such as food waste, vegetable waste etc., on the soil surface. Test results showed that, the physic chemical and engineering properties of the soil had been changed due to contamination and the variation was not relevant since the study period was very less. Hence to predict the change in the property of contaminated soil, long term studied has to be made in the future and it has to be checked for its suitability to agricultural activities.

Solid Waste-Derived Carbon Fibers-Trapped Nickel Oxide Composite Electrode for Energy Storage Application

Dumping of solid waste and draining of energy resources have become an escalating global issue by affecting the world’s ecology and economy through environmental pollution and fuel crisis. The prim...

Parallel Genetic Algorithms for Ground Water Pollution due to Dumping of Solid Wastes

Groundwater asset the executives is a difficult issue looked by practically all the nations. Numerical models of these issues frequently end up being not well characterized subject to a few factors and requirements. This examination is centred on the variety of physico-substance boundaries in water tests undergone with 2 unique destinations. The Dissolved Oxygen substance and Total Dissolved Solids substance of a large portion of the examples are past as far as possible. The chloride satisfied close to the dump-site is seen as extremely high contrasted with the non-dirtied site. Refined calculations are required so as to manage such issues. In the consideration has been paid to heuristic strategies like hereditary calculations and so on which can undoubtedly take care of such issues. Further, so as to handle the enormous number of included boundaries in these issues equal form of GAs is more successful than the fundamental gallium. In this magazine, an endeavour is finished to audit the use of equal variant of GA on groundwater contamination issues.

Evaluation of Eutrophication Levels in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Lake, Iraq (Biological and Chemical study)

The present study was conducted because of rapidly increasing pollution in Al-Najaf lake, which is one of the significant shallow lakes of Iraq, lake facing tremendous pressure due to encroachments, discharge of untreated domestic and industrial waste, drainage water from cultivated orchards, dumping of solid waste and illegal diversion of water, and currently it still suffering from these problems and neglect, the lake could be important tourist and recreational place in Governorate if we could preserve it and remove the pollution sources. Study aimed to evaluation the eutrophication status, and plotted by (GIS). Eutrophication is a serious problem in lakes, awareness about the eutrophic status could help in providing a better understanding of the problem. this study conducted to assess temporal and spatial eutrophication index in AL-najaf lake. The eutrophication level of the lake is determined with help of 0 – 100 scale based on (TSI) calculations and (Ta), (Chl-a), (TP), (TN), (Pb) heavy metal, (TSS), (TDS), (pH), (EC), (MPN) and (COD). Lake can be classified according to Carlson as eutrophic (TSI was higher than 80) with dominance of blue green algae, extensive macrophyte problems, while according trophic state index (TSI) classification (TSI), (TP) and (Chl-a), were classified the lake as extremely hyper eutrophic and algal scums

Evaluation of soil contamination status around a municipal waste dumpsite using contamination indices, soil-quality guidelines, and multivariate statistical analysis

Indiscriminate dumping of municipal solid wastes in and around most cities in Nigeria coupled with improper waste management of the available dumpsites posed a major threat of pollution in the surrounding soils. This study assesses the concentration of heavy metals and contamination status of soils around a municipal waste dumpsite located at Arufe street, Omuooke-Ekiti, SW, Nigeria using contamination indices, soil-quality guidelines, and multivariate statistical analysis. Soil samples from different depths were taken from the center of the dumpsite and surroundings at different distances and directions. The concentration of the metals in soils taken at depth of 0–50 cm (topsoil) was significantly higher than in soils taken at depth of 50–100 cm(subsoil). The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the topsoil showed the following order Fe > Cr > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni while those of major cation followed the order Ca > K > Na > Mg. Exceptionally high concentration of the heavy metals compared with the background values were found at the center or close to the center of the dumpsite, which indicates an anthropogenic contribution. Compared with the adopted soil-quality guideline, only Cr and Pb showed concentrations well above the threshold value. The mean enrichment factor of all the heavy metals except Cr and Pb were Pb > Mn > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ni. The modified degree of contamination values was found to be mainly less than 1.5 except at the center of the dumpsite. The ecological risk index (ranged 4.37–505.55) implies low to considerable risk for the dumpsite. The significant positive correlations observed among heavy metals and the major cations indicate that these metals probably have similar sources and properties. The PCA reveals that the metals have a strong association and may have a similar source. The cluster analysis categorized the sampling points into three major groups of spatial similarities. The metals concentration combined with the contamination indices and soil-quality guidelines indicated that the soils in and around the dumpsite are polluted or being polluted because of the dumpsite.

Analysis of risk factors in sustainable supply chain management in an emerging economy of leather industry

In the present competitive business environment and era of globalized marketing, supply chain (SC) of the leather industry is facing a variety of risks. Hence, one of the fundamental concerns in the leather industry supply chain (LISC) is recognizing and prioritizing the various risk factors for attaining sustainability. The present study is an attempt to determine a comprehensive evaluation of SC risk factors considering the case of the leather industry. Based on the literature search and interviews with the domain experts’, forty-four risk factors in the context of LISC are identified. The identified risk factors are further segregated into five-dimensions to sustainability (social, environmental, economic, technical, and institutional). A Pareto analysis is performed to discover the most pertinent risk factors. Further, the best-worst method (BWM) is embraced for evaluating the importance of each pertinent risk factor for the decision-making purpose. The findings from the study reflect that ‘inefficient effluent treatment’, ‘change in consumer preference’, ‘improper dumping of solid waste’, ‘volatility of price and cost’ and ‘fiscal changes’ are the crucial risk factors that are required to be addressed for the successful execution of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) practices in an emerging economy context. It is expected that the results and findings will assist the leather industry managers in decision-making for better administration and alleviation of supply chain risks to achieve sustainability.

Spatial distribution and evaluation of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Al-Najaf sea depression reservoir, Iraq

The Al-Najaf sea is a natural groundwater depending depression reservoir. The increase in uncontrolled dumping of solid waste in nearby areas and the use of sewage and animal manure as agricultural enhancing agents raise the fear of threatening the natural life in this lake by increasing metal concentrations in sediments. Forty-eight samples of sediments were collected, and the concentrations of eight metals (Fe, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Pb, Cd, and Ni) were measured in each sample. Five pollution indices (contamination factor, degree of contamination, pollution load index, enrichment factor and geo - accumulation index) were calculated. Spatial distributions with the pollution indices were studied to detect the specific metals that may contaminate the sediments and their probable source from the pattern of their distribution. The study revealed that, for most metals, concentrations at the lake shore were higher than those in the interior of the lake. Moreover, all the pollution indices were higher than the critical value on shores and slightly less than the critical level inside the lake, which means that the use of spatial distribution of metals in combination with pollution indices are beneficial in the detection of metal polluted sediments and their possible sources from their transmission patterns.

Feasibility of re-using soil-like material obtained from mining of old MSW dumps as an earth-fill and as compost

The present study examines the feasibility of using the soil-like material (SLM), less than 4.75mm size, recovered by the mining of old waste from four municipal solid waste dumps of India as an earth-fill for embankments, low-lying areas, deep pits and as compost for horticulture, agricultural applications. This material constitutes 60−70% of the total excavated waste.The contamination levels of SLM for re-use as earth-fills were analyzed on the basis of heavy metals, organic content, soluble salts, and release of dark-colored leachate. The reuse feasibility of SLM as compost was assessed on the basis of nutrients levels (total organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium), heavy metals, and physicochemical characteristics. All the obtained results were compared with the values reported in the literature, national and international regulatory guidelines as well as with the background soils.The presence of high levels of organic matter, heavy metals, and soluble salts indicate that the SLM requires treatment before off-site re-use or that specific design measures are must before placing it as earth-fill in embankments, low-lying areas, and deep pits. The study also reveals that the re-use of mined SLM as compost should be restricted to non-agricultural applications due to excess heavy metals after supplementing the total organic carbon.

Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices in Bahawalpur City, Pakistan

Solid waste management is a global issue persisting in most of the developing countries like Pakistan. Current study briefly appraises the management and practices of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Bahawalpur city. Data were collected from different sources by using an in-depth interview and questionnaire tool. The findings reveal that domestic organic waste accounts for about 35.32% followed by debris, dirt and construction material waste (30.89%). About 273.69 tons solid waste is generated on daily basis whereas only 218.95 tons per day is collected and disposed. The collection rate of MSW varies from 61% to 80% in the city. The service coverage area was about 70%. The total sanitary staff was also very limited (735) as compared to the increasing population and served only 75% population of the Bahawalpur. The equipment and machinery used for MSW collection and disposal operation were also limited and out of fashion which were needed to be replaced. There is no proper landfill for disposal of solid waste which is openly thrown at five dumping sites and burned. This situation further creates many environmental and health issues. Recycling is almost absent in the city and behavior of the inhabitants also adds to an ineffective solid waste management in the city. It is necessary to create awareness among the people about bad effects of improper dumping of solid waste and the need to tackle this problem.

EXPLORING NEWS EDITORS’ ADVOCACY ON SOOT AND WASTE DISPOSAL IN PORT HARCOURT NIGERIA

This study was undertaken to explore the practice of advocacy journalism among news editors in Port Harcourt on the menace of environmental challenges of soot and solid waste disposal in the Rivers State metropolis. News editors of 13 private radio stations in Port Harcourt formed the population for the study. The research instrument was an interview that was based on structured questions framed to extract primary data from the population.The qualitative method was adopted in analysing the data. Among other findings, the study unravelled that the practice of advocacy journalism among news editors on soot and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste is weak in Port Harcourt. More so, the study ascertained that none of the news editors adopted news commentary as an approach in the advocacy on soot and indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in Port Harcourt. Given the findings, it is recommended that news reports on soot and indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in Port Harcourt should be done regularly to strengthen the advocacy and contribute to change of attitudes of the masses toward the environment. It is also recommended, among others that news commentary should be adopted by news editors in Port Harcourt as part of the strategies to advance advocacy on soot menace and indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in that city, due to the educative, expository and detailed nature of the commentary.

Research and application of solid waste dumping calculation method in criminal cases of environmental pollution caused by illegal dumping of solid waste based on Arcgis

The determination of the amount of solid waste dumping is one of the important links in handling of criminal cases of environmental pollution of illegal dumping of solid waste, and one of the important basis for sentencing of the crime of environmental pollution. This article is based on ArcGIS technology, referring to the commonly used visualization method of earthwork calculation, taking a criminal case of environmental pollution of illegal dumping of solid waste as an example, an irregular triangulation network (TIN) is used to establish a digital elevation model (DEM) of solid waste piles, in order to discuss the application of ArcGIS in the establishment of solid waste heap model, and calculate the amount of solid waste dumping. The results show that using ArcGIS to build a solid waste heap model and calculate the solid waste dumping principle is simple, fast, and can achieve three-dimensional visualization, which is feasible.

Landfill site selection using a novel FUCOM-CODAS model: A case study in Libya

The random dumping of municipal solid waste and its scattering on the roads, the seashore, and in random spools which are not under the control of the authorities in terms of choosing its site or management is one of the most adverse forms of environmental pollution, especially, in developing countries. It impedes the application of the concepts of integrated waste management in a proper way since the site selection process is a very complicated procedure governed by multiple requirements and criteria. This study aimed at choosing the appropriate site for the municipal solid waste dumping for the City of Misurata. The city suffers from the presence of major environmental, social and economic problems caused by the current landfill, and the selection process that was carried out based on a set of internationally accepted standards and local conditions. The seven criteria used in this study include the most important environmental, economic, and social aspects that are in-line with the study area. The criteria ensures the selection of the best site from the five sites that are currently available through review and arbitration by a group of experts. By using the full consistency method (FUCOM), the criteria were arranged according to the weights estimated by the experts. The result of this procedure was that the surface water is the most essential criterion compared to the rest of the other criteria. This can be explained by knowing the nature of the study area that has recently suffered from scarcity and pollution in water resources, especially the surface and near the surface water in general. The people of the region depend on this source of water for their daily uses of irrigation, and watering of livestock. Subsequently, the proposed weighting method was integrated with the COmbined Distance-based ASsessment method (CODAS) to classify the five proposed landfill sites. It was found that site No. 2 is the best-proposed site for its features that contribute to environmental protection and public health. The site can also reduce negative impacts on its main elements, especially air and water, as well as the lowest costs for transportation and ease of access.

Geophysical Investigation of the Impact of Solid Waste Dump on Subsurface Soil and Groundwater in Eneka, Rivers State Nigeria

The geophysical electrical method was used to investigate how the refuse dump in Eneka (Rivers State, Nigeria) affects the subsurface soil and groundwater within its environs. The research was carried out applying Wenner and Schlumberger array configurations of electrical resistivity techniques to image the subsurface resistivity within the area using ABEM SAS 300 Terrameter. A total of ten locations were investigated and the measured data across the profiles were processed using RES2DINV and ArcGIS 10.4 computer iterative software. The resulting inverse resistivity model isolated three resistivity zones (anomalously low, intermediate and high resistivity). The anomalously low resistivity zone was interpreted as contaminant leachate plumes and landfill gases from the dump area was observed to have travelled to depths of 14 m below the surface and over 30 m distance eastwards from the dump site, showing the tendency of farm land and crops pollution. However, the aquifer layer in the area estimated at the depth of 40 m may not have been contaminated. The spatial trend of almost all the resistivity values measured at equidistance reveals low value for lines 3 and 4 (which are farther away from the dump site) at the beginning and high value at the end and vice versa for lines 1 and 2. At the rate at which the leachate has infiltrated the subsurface the aquifer within the area is likely to be contaminated in the future if adequate measures are not taken. Keywords: Dump site; Electrical resistivity; Eneka; Groundwater; Leachate plume. DOI 10.35180/gse-2020-0037

Native plants for the remediation of abandoned sulphide mines in Cyprus: A preliminary assessment

Mining in Cyprus resulted in a significant number of abandoned sulphide mines without any rehabilitation measures. The present study aims to describe and compare the environmental parameters in three such mines with respect to water chemistry, waste dumps geochemistry, slope-topography and plant growth. The mines under study are that of Kokkinopezoula, North and South Mathiatis located at the northeast of the Troodos massif. A synopsis of the previous studies conducted for the above-mentioned mines is presented, which includes water and soil samples analyses. Although, in these areas environmental degradation is reported, there are some plants which grow naturally. Therefore, a preliminary attempt to report these plants is conducted, while remediation options presented in the literature including technosols, revegetation, phytoremediation and phytostabilization are proposed. Potential use of native plants such as Phragmites australis, Tamarix smyrnensis, Poaceae, Pinus brutia and Schoenus nigricans Poaceace could be applied for phytoremediation of the sulphide mines in Cyprus. These plants seem to have great strength at low pH values and high metal content in contaminated soils and water. The three mines under study are also compared with three other old mines located in the broader area of Cyprus; that of Xeros, Limni and Skouriotissa, which operated under similar climatic conditions. By improving abandoned mines environment with technosols, the action of native plants will be enhanced and thus work towards a successful phytoremediation treatment, resulting in the minimization of future pollutants generated by the solid waste dumps.

Integrating Local Community Perception and Expert’s Knowledge in Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) for Landfill Siting in Musanze Secondary City

Illegal dumping and landfilling of solid waste is a thoughtful concern nowadays. Solid wastes are disposed in open dumping sites and there is a lack of effective selection of potential and suitable site (s) for landfill, due to the ignorance of all criteria to be integrated in process of decision making. The purpose of this research is to find the most suitable site(s) for the construction of modern landfills using spatial multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) and addressing the existing gap in involving the local community in the process of siting. Seven criteria of siting were selected combining national and international guidelines for landfill siting criteria. Selected criteria thresholding and ranking decision were grounded on local community preferences. Suitable criteria proximity distances were assessed with a questionnaire survey and further weighted using Expert’s knowledge depending upon their relative importance. Final spatial overlay analysis results showed that the majority of the total area (98.31%) is classified as unsuitable, with 0.05% of the total area being less suitable, 1.21% moderately suitable and only 0.43% of the total area is most suitable. Only 2 sites were found to be qualified as the most suitable and have the capacity of serving at least 10 years. This study is a model for filling the gap of community consultation during the process of landfill siting. It is also a very supportive tool for decision-makers to reduce “Not in my backyard” (NIMBY) phenomenon of waste disposal as well as environmental problems associated with illegal dumping.
 Keywords: Landfill Siting, Expert’s knowledge, Local community preferences, Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation.

Site Suitability Analysis for Solid Waste Disposal of Bolpur Municipality, Birbhum District of West Bengal (India): Remote Sensing and AHP Approach

The aim of present study is to find out suitable sites for solid waste disposal (SWD) in the tropical moist sub-humid region of Bolpur municipality, Birbhum district, West Bengal, India using Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques. Saaty’s AHP technique was used to delineate the suitable sites for SWD using thematic layers such as land use/land cover, geology, slopes and soils. The ranks were assigned for each individual sub-criterion of thematic layers and weights assigned to each thematic layer for selection of suitable sites for SWD using Arc-GIS environment. Possible landfill sites were categorized into five classes as highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable and unsuitable. About 16.43% (1.97 km2) and 28 % (3.42 km2) area in the region show as highly suitable and suitable sites for SWD, respectively. On the other hand, 39.13 % (4.69 km2), 9.49 % (1.14 km2) and 6.38% (0.77km2) area show moderately suitable, less suitable and unsuitable for solid waste dumping.

Assessment of Leachate contaminated Groundwater Quality near Mandur Solid Waste Dumping Site, Bangalore

Groundwater samples along with leachate were collected randomly around the municipal solid waste dumping at Mandur village, Bangalore. All the collected samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameters like pH, hardness, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate using Standard APHA methods during April 2018 (pre-monsoon period). It is apparent from the results that 25.93, 33.34, 14.82 and 81.48 % of groundwater samples respectively recorded higher electrical conductivity (EC ≥ 1000 μS/cm), total dissolved solids ( TDS ≥ 500 mg/L), total hardness (TH ≥ 600 mg/L) and nitrate (NO3 ≥ 45 mg/L), attributed to an interaction between the leachate and the groundwater samples near the core zone. Remaining parameters were well below their respective drinking water quality standard limit.s The Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and percent sodium values illustrated the suitability of groundwater samples for agricultural practices. Though cluster analysis specified some sort of interaction to exist between leachate and few groundwater samples, analytical outcome of groundwater quality were against such interaction. Average concentration for various parameters in ground water samples were not much affected with leachate interaction. The unsuitability of groundwater for drinking purpose, removal of excess concentration and artificial recharge of groundwater by rainwater harvesting methods could reduce the groundwater pollution level.

Assessment of the Effect of Solid Waste Dump Site on Surrounding Soil and River Water Quality in Tepi Town, Southwest Ethiopia.

An increase in urban population and the rising demand for food and other essentials perpetuate a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each household. In Ethiopia, this waste is eventually thrown into open dump sites. It can cause severe impact on soil and surface water quality. As a result, it becomes the probable source of human health risk through food chain. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the effect of a solid waste dump site on surrounding soil and river water quality in Tepi town, Southwest Ethiopia. Three surface water, one leachate, and four soil samples were collected and analyzed. Six heavy metals for surface water and leachate samples and four heavy metals for soil samples were measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. In addition, physiochemical parameters were analyzed using standard methods. The data were analyzed statistically using Origin pro version 8.0 computer software packages. The pH of soil was slightly basic ranging from 8 ± 0.1 to 8.7 ± 0.21. Electrical conductivity was lower at 60 meters (1800 ± 0.5 μs/cm) and higher in the other sample sites (3490 ± 0.66–4920 ± 1.04 μs/cm). The concentration of heavy metals in soil samples revealed cadmium (0.53 ± 0.01–2.26 ± 0.02 mg/kg), zinc (623.93 ± 0.29–859.41 ± 0.02 mg/kg), lead (3.26 ± 0.25–57.560.26 mg/kg), and copper (204.06 ± 0.06–337.11 ± 0.01 mg/kg). Lead, cadmium, manganese, nickel, copper, and zinc were found in the leachate water; nickel and manganese were found in the nearby river water; BOD5 and COD for both leachate and stream water samples were found to be higher than standard guideline values. The finding suggested that solid waste open dump site adversely affects soil and water quality in the study area and becomes a probable source of risk for human health via the food chain.

Leachate Characterization from Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site and Its Adverse Impacts on Surface Water Quality Downstream - Uyo Village Road, Akwa Ibom State - Nigeria

The present investigation discusses the characteristic of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and it adverse impacts on downstream water quality. Landfill leachate was collected from a hole dug 10 m away from the waste dump site and the appearance of the leachate sample looks black. Three downstream water samples were collected at 10 meters intervals each from each other and less than 100 meters from the boundary of the dumpsite. All the samples were examined for temperature, pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, nitrate, ammonia, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cl, total phosphate, sulfate, EC, DO and turbidity. The aim was to compare physicochemical and heavy metal properties of leachate and downstream water quality with internationally accepted protocols. The Laboratory analysis exhibited prevalence of high value of pH (8.5130.09), temperature(29.00.0), turbidity (14.00.41NTU), DO (0.1670.05 mg/l), COD (68.00.33 mg/l), BOD5 (324.03.00 mg/l), EC (446315.53s/cm), Total phosphate (62.3580.01 mg/l), Pb (0.310.00 mg/l), Cd (0.060.00 mg/l), Ni (0.3550.01 mg/l), and Cu (8.670.04 mg/l) in the leachate sample, which have exceeded their permissible limits. For downstream water samples, pH (7.760.07 to 7.5070.09), temperature (29.00.00) for the three sampling points, DO (3.6670.15 to 3.2330.12 mg/l), total phosphate (8.2250.00 to 7.9350.02 mg/l), Pb (0.4650.01 to 0.0910.00 mg/l), Cd (0.040.00 to 0.0230.00 mg/l), Ni and Cu (0.0430.06 mg/l) and (1.0620.00 mg/l) respectively, also exceeded their respective permissible limit recommended by Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality, World Health Organization in drinking water quality. From this study, there is evidence that there is an increase in risk to surface water that is reported near Uyo village road municipal solid waste dumping site. Therefore, the concerned authority should take appropriate intervention measures to protect surface water. Also, knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect downstream water quality in the area.