Solid Waste Disposal Services Research Articles

Unequal location, unequal access: the spatial analysis of solid waste disposal services in Northern Ghana

Urban centres in Ghana continue to expand to areas with difficult accessibility, severely impacting location decisions on solid waste disposal sites (SWDS). This study uses the location theory to examine the spatial distribution of SWDS in urban Ghana. Methodologically, it uses the nearness neighbour tool, which is a key component in GIS for spatial analysis. The results show that the distribution of SWDS was clustered, randomized, and skewed. The distribution was influenced by accessibility and the ability to pay for waste management services. For these reasons, high-density populated communities were serviced through the central container collection system, while high-class residential areas benefited through the door-to-door collection system. Access to regular waste collection was challenging for the majority in low-class residential neighbourhoods and peri-urban communities. It is argued that unequal access to waste management services raises important policy issues. The unserved communities are more likely to be exposed to the potential negative impact of poor solid waste management. It is further argued that if vulnerability and location are linked to deprivation, it is necessary to understand how and why this has happened.

Microbial assemblage for solid waste bioremediation and valorization with an essence of bioengineering.

Environmental solid waste bioremediation is a method of treating contaminated solid waste that involves changing ecological conditions to foster the growth of a broad spectrum of microorganisms and the destruction of the target contaminants. A wide range of microorganisms creates metabolites that may break down and change solid waste-based pollution to various value-added molecules. Diverse bioremediation technologies, their limitations, and the procedure involve recycling solid waste materials from the environment. The existing environmental solid waste disposal services are insufficient and must be upgraded with more lucrative recovery, recycling, and reuse technologies to decrease the enormous expenditures in treatment procedures. Bioremediation of solid waste eliminates the toxic components. It restores the site with the advent of potential microbial communities towards solid waste valorization utilizing agriculture solid waste, organic food waste, plastic solid waste, and multiple industrial solid wastes.Bioengineering on diverse ranges of microbial regimes has accelerated to provide extra momentum toward solid waste recycling and valorization. This approach increases the activity of bioremediating microbes in the commercial development of waste treatment techniques and increases the cost-effective valuable product generation. This framework facilitates collaboration between solid waste and utilities. It can aid in establishing a long-term management strategy for recycling development with the advent of a broad spectrum of potential microbial assemblages, increasing solid waste contamination tolerance efficiency and solid waste degradability. The current literature survey extensively summarises solid waste remediation valorization using a broad spectrum of microbial assemblages with special emphasis on bioengineering-based acceleration. This approach is to attain sustainable environmental management and value-added biomolecule generation.

Evaluation of solid waste disposal service management and its impact on the environment using the SR index in AL Karrada district and AL Shua’la district

Solid waste poses a great challenge to the countries of the world, due to its impact on human life, whether health, environmental or economic, and solid waste management is one of the most important of those challenges (generation, collection, transportation, treatment, and final disposal) and it requires sustainable environmental planning, and effort Mechanical and human (mechanics and workers), which are linked in a direct relationship with a group of variables, including demographic factors such as population size. This research deals with the evaluation of solid waste disposal service management and its impact on the environment. Districts were selected from the city of Baghdad from the Karkh side and the Rusafa side, which are (AL Karrada district and AL Shua’la district) trying to answer the research problem, which included the efficiency and adequacy of the waste disposal service and its impact on the environment in study area The research relied on field surveys, personal interviews with stakeholders, and data analysis to find out the reality of the study. The research found through the index of the total ranks that there is a clear disparity between AL Karrada district and AL Shua’la district area in the management of solid waste, and environmental pollution, Where Karrada district achieved a high level and achieved rank 5, while Al-Shula neighbourhood achieved a low level, achieving a rank of 4. The research concluded that the Shula area suffers from environmental pollution, while the Karrada district is less polluted. The reasons for this discrepancy are attributed to weak administrative experience, lack of financial allocations, poor planning and failure to keep pace with technical developments for sustainable solid waste management. The research found a relationship between population size and waste volume in the two study areas.

Valuing Solid Waste Disposal Services of Urban Local Bodies: A Public Perception Survey

Valuing Solid Waste Disposal Services of Urban Local Bodies: A Public Perception Survey

Modeling the health impact of water and sanitation service deficits on waterborne disease transmission

Cholera is a waterborne disease that continues to pose serious public health problems in many developing countries. Increasing water and sanitation coverage is a goal for local authorities in these countries, as it can eliminate one of the root causes of cholera transmission. The SIWDR (susceptible–infected–water–dumpsite–recovered) model is proposed here to evaluate the effects of the improved coverage of water and sanitation services in a community at risk of a cholera outbreak. This paper provides a mathematical study of the dynamics of the water and sanitation (WatSan) deficits and their public health impact in a community. The theoretical analysis of the SIWDR model gave a certain threshold value (known as the basic reproductive number and denoted mathcal{R}_{0}) to stop the transmission of cholera. It was found that the disease-free equilibrium was globally asymptotically stable whenever mathcal{R}_{0} leq 1. The unique endemic equilibrium was globally asymptotically stable whenever mathcal{R}_{0} >1. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the relative importance of model parameters to disease transmission and prevention. The numerical simulation results, using realistic parameter values in describing cholera transmission in Haiti, showed that improving the drinking water supply, wastewater and sewage treatment, and solid waste disposal services would be effective strategies for controlling the transmission pathways of this waterborne disease.

Temporal scale efficiency in DEA panel data estimations. An application to the solid waste disposal service in Spain

The aim of this manuscript is analyse the long-term scale efficiency of the solid waste disposal service, with the application of a new method for calculating time-invariant and time-variant scale inefficiency using DEA panel data estimates, an approach that allows us to analyse the evolution of scale inefficiency over a period of time. The proposed method is applied to the solid waste collection service for the period 2002–2014 to determine the influence exerted by municipal size and form of service management, over an extended period, on service efficiency. The results obtained indicate that joint management forms obtain greater long-term scale efficiency. In addition, it is established that municipalities with populations between 20,000 and 50,000 inhabitants would improve their long-term scale efficiency if the service were outsourced.

UNPLANNED URBANISATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Urbanization is an inevitable phenomenon for the country like Bangladesh. The push and pull factors help to migrate people from rural area to urban area. As a result haphazard and unplanned urbanization create environmental degradation. Survey data reveals that inadequate solid waste disposal services, lack of adequate public water supply, traffic congestion, water logging, air pollution, noise pollution, hill cutting are the main problems in the city area. Concentration of dust as well as SOx, NOx exceeded the allowable limit at the selected points. Groundwater level of Sylhet city has a considerable lowering over the last few decades. It has lowered from 3380 mm below ground in 1982 to 7880 mm below ground. Sylhet is located in highly seismic risk zone but most of the buildings and other structures in this area are constructed without considering earthquake risk. Environmental degradation index was calculated based on economic condition of the country.

Households’ Demand for Better Solid Waste Disposal Services: Case Study of Four Communities in the New Juaben Municipality, Ghana

This paper uncovers the demand of households in four communities (Srodae, Effiduase, Koforidua-ada, and Betom) in the New Juaben Municipality in Ghana for better solid waste disposal services. The study used the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and the respondents were selected by means of simple random sampling for interviewing. The Willingness to Pay (WTP) was elicited using single bounded Dichotomous Choice (DC) format and the data were analyzed using the probit model as one of the efficient and priori superior procedures used in analyzing binary response data. The median WTP was GHC 2.23 (US$ 1.13) per household per month and the mean WTP was GHC 3.67 (US$ 1.85) per household per month. The most significant and influencing factors that affect WTP in this study are the environmental safety concern of the respondent, level of satisfaction of current waste disposal services, education, household size, length of stay in the current residence, walking time to public dumpster, and sex of respondent.

Urban Households' Willingness to Pay for Improved Solid Waste Disposal Services in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana

Solid waste management within Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly area continues to be a major challenge for the municipal assembly and one of the key issues is its financial constraints. This study was undertaken to examine households' willingness to pay for improved solid waste management services. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select six hundred respondents for the study. Logistic regression model was used to establish the determinants of willingness to pay for solid waste management whilst the Tobit model was used to evaluate the factors influencing the amount of money the households are willing to pay for improved solid waste management. The logistic model shows that income, age, number of children, quantity of waste generated, and education have significant effects on the willingness to pay, while the amount of money the households are willing to pay was influenced by their income, quantity of waste generated, education, house ownership, and number of children. Thus, the assembly can increase waste collection fees between GHC 3 and GHC 5.00. This would lead to improvement in the waste management within the metropolis. However, the additional charge should take into consideration location and income levels.

Household Demand for Solid Waste Disposal Options in Malaysia

This paper estimates the economic values of household preference for enhanced solid waste disposal services in Malaysia. The contingent valuation (CV) method estimates an average additional monthly willingness-to-pay (WTP) in solid waste management charges of €0.77 to 0.80 for improved waste disposal services quality. The finding of a slightly higher WTP from the generic CV question than that of label-specific, further reveals a higher WTP for sanitary landfill, at €0.90, than incineration, at €0.63. This suggests that sanitary landfill is a more preferred alternative. The logistic regression estimation procedure reveals that household’s concern of where their rubbish is disposed, age, ownership of house, household income and format of CV question are significant factors in influencing WTP.

Unplanned urbanization: Assessment through calculation of environmental degradation index

Urbanization is an inevitable phenomena for the country like Bangladesh. The push and pull factors help to migrate people from rural area to urban area. As a result haphazard and unplanned urbanization create environmental degradation. Survey data reveals that inadequate solid waste disposal services, lack of adequate public water supply, traffic congestion, water logging, air pollution, noise pollution, hill cutting are the main problems in the city area. Concentration of dust as well as SOx, NOx exceeded the allowable limit at the selected points. Groundwater level of Sylhet city has a considerable lowering over the last few decades. It has lowered from 3380 mm below ground in 1982 to 7880 mm below ground. Sylhet is located in highly seismic risk zone but most of the buildings and other structures in this area are constructed without considering earthquake risk. Environmental degradation index was calculated based on economical condition of the country.

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND URBAN AGRICULTURE

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND URBAN AGRICULTURE

Global urbanization and impact on health

Nearly half the world's population now lives in urban settlements. Cities offer the lure of better employment, education, health care, and culture; and they contribute disproportionately to national economies. However, rapid and often unplanned urban growth is often associated with poverty, environmental degradation and population demands that outstrip service capacity. These conditions place human health at risk. Reliable urban health statistics are largely unavailable throughout the world. Disaggregated intra-urban health data, i.e., for different areas within a city, are even more rare. Data that are available indicate a range of urban health hazards and associated health risks: substandard housing, crowding, air pollution, insufficient or contaminated drinking water, inadequate sanitation and solid waste disposal services, vector-borne diseases, industrial waste, increased motor vehicle traffic, stress associated with poverty and unemployment, among others. Local and national governments and multilateral organizations are all grappling with the challenges of urbanization. Urban health risks and concerns involve many different sectors, including health, environment, housing, energy, transportation, urban planning, and others. Two main policy implications are highlighted: the need for systematic and useful urban health statistics on a disaggregated, i.e., intra-urban, basis, and the need for more effective partnering across sectors. The humanitarian and economic imperative to create livable and sustainable cities must drive us to seek and successfully overcome challenges and capitalize on opportunities. Good urban planning and governance, exchange of best practice models and the determination and leadership of stakeholders across disciplines, sectors, communities and countries will be critical elements of success.

An Economic Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Household Solid Waste Disposal: An Evaluation of Kitami City, Hokkaido using the Double-Bounded Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Method

In order to reduce municipal waste generation at the source, it is important for the recycling rate and in-home disposal rate to rise. With regards to recycling, with the implementation of new systems in recent years, a generally supportive social consensus has formed. On the other hand, with regards to raising the in-home disposal rate, because of many factors that vary from region to region, it is difficult to achieve uniform progress in this area across the nation. Moreover, apart from regional differences there is also a certain amount of user opposition to be expected against efforts to transfer some of the burden of waste management costs to the individual user. In order for policy in this area to make progress, along with continuous development of waste management technology, it is important to make users aware of the costs involved and encourage them not just to consider waste management as a no-cost municipal service.Using the Double-Bounded DCCVM (Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Method), we have attempted to elucidate the value in monetary terms at which the users, or the demand side, estimate household solid waste disposal services to be worth-services which have been treated up until now as non-marketable. We have also attempted to elucidate factors that influence users' assessment of the benefit value of the services and to what degree these factors influence their willingness to pay for them.According to the results of this evaluation, the following points became clear. First, since waste management service is considered in economic terminology, as a superior goods of high necessity, the amount respondents were willing to pay tended to increase with income level. Secondly, there was a tendency for respondents who actively practiced waste reduction and who recognized waste disposal problems as serious to be more willing to pay for such services than those who did not. Also, respondents living in single dwelling unit homes displayed a lower willingness to pay than those living in multiple dwelling unit complexes such as apartments. Third, the factor of possible extended future benefit from the services (long term residence in Kitami City), proved to have a significant influence on the amount respondents were willing to pay for waste disposal services. Fourth, when the average amount that respondents indicated in the survey, they were willing to pay for waste disposal services was compared to the actual expenditure per household of Kitami City on household solid waste disposal, the former was found to be higher by an estimated absolute value of equivalent surplus of ¥12, 167 per household per year.

Factors Important in Local Governments' Privatization Decisions

In this article, the author builds a model of local governments' decisions to contract out residential solid waste disposal services and empirically tests this model by using a new dependent variable—proportion of expenditures on a service that goes to expenses other than payroll. The important factors affecting the contracting-out decision are scale economies, nonproperty taxes, difference in private- and public-sector unionization rates, and income and bond rating, in that order. Political and ideological factors appear to be less determinative than economic considerations.

Designing an optimal resource recovery facility

With the ever expanding consuming societies all over the world, communities are producing increasing amounts of solid waste. A proper disposal of the waste has always been considered a matter of public interest and a basic service to the residents. Since this service requires a vast amount of economic resources and land sites, which are becoming scarce, many communities, particularly in the United States. are facing a difficult problem of how to continue to provide a cost-effective solid waste disposal service to their residents.A search for suitable land for siting a landfill is both difficult and costly. Further, the sensitivity in recent years to the quality of environment has measurably heightened the cost of developing and operating a landfill site. Consequently, more and more communities have been studying alternative disposal programs to alleviate the problem. One such system, which has recently come into focus, is the resource recovery alternative. The combustion of solid waste in specially designed incinerators and simultaneous recovery of the heat energy are the underlying principles this system is built on.This paper suggests a model for optimizing the size and configuration of resource recovery facility to suit the present and anticipated disposal needs of a community. The model discussed requires a minimal computational effort.