Solid Volume Ratio Research Articles

Solid volume ratio in predicting pathological features of cT1 lung adenocarcinoma.

More effective methods are urgently needed for predicting the pathological grade and lymph node metastasis of cT1-stage lung adenocarcinoma. We analyzed the relationships between CT quantitative parameters (including three-dimensional parameters) and pathological grade and lymph node metastasis in cT1-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients of our center between January 2015 and December 2023. A total of 343 patients were included, of which there were 233 males and 110 females, aged 61.8 ± 9.4 (30-82) years. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predicting the pathological grade of lung adenocarcinoma using the consolidation tumor ratio (CTR) and the solid volume ratio (SVR) were 0.761 and 0.777, respectively. The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) for predicting lymph node metastasis were 0.804 and 0.873, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that the SVR is an independent predictor of highly malignant lung adenocarcinoma pathology, while the SVR and pathological grade are independent predictors of lymph node metastasis. The sensitivity of predicting the pathological grading of lung adenocarcinoma based on SVR>5% is 97.2%, with a negative predictive value of 96%. The sensitivity of predicting lymph node metastasis based on SVR>47.1% is 97.3%, and the negative predictive value is 99.5%. The SVR has greater diagnostic value than the CTR in the preoperative prediction of pathologic grade and lymph node metastasis in stage cT1-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients, and the SVR may replace the diameter and CTR as better criteria for guiding surgical implementation.

Enhancing identification of early-stage lung adenocarcinomas through solid component analysis of three-dimensional computed tomography images.

As the role of segmentectomy expands in managing early-stage lung adenocarcinoma, precise preoperative assessments of tumor invasiveness via computed tomography become crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of solid component analysis of three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography images and establish segmentectomy criteria for early-stage lung adenocarcinomas. This retrospective study included 101 cases with adenocarcinoma diagnoses, with patients undergoing segmentectomy for clinical stage 0 or IA between 2012 and 2017. The solid component volume (3D-volume) and solid component ratio (3D-ratio) of tumors were calculated using 3D computed tomography. Additionally, based on two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography, the solid component diameter (2D-diameter) and solid component ratio (2D-ratio) were calculated. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for each method, facilitating predictions of mortality and recurrence within 5years. The AUC of each measurement was compared with those of invasive component diameter (path-diameter) and invasive component ratio (path-ratio) obtained through pathology analysis. The predictive performance of 3D-volume did not differ significantly from that of path-diameter, whereas 2D-diameter exhibited less predictive accuracy (AUC: 3D-volume, 2D-diameter, and path-diameter: 0.772, 0.624, and 0.747, respectively; 3D-volume vs. path-diameter: p = 0.697; 2D-diameter vs. path-diameter: p = 0.048). Results were similar for the solid component ratio (AUC: 3D-ratio, 2D-ratio, path-ratio: 0.707, 0.534, and 0.698, respectively; 3D-ratio vs. path-ratio: p = 0.882; 2D-ratio vs. path-ratio: p = 0.038). Solid component analysis using 3D computed tomography offers advantages in prognostic prediction for early-stage lung adenocarcinomas.

Conditional GAN for Generation of 3D SOFC Electrode Microstructure Dataset

Synthetic three-dimensional porous structures of solid oxide fuel cell anode are generated using the deep convolutional conditional generative adversarial neural network (DCCGAN). The developed network consists of a generator that produces an artificial structure dataset from random numbers, so-called latent variables, and a discriminator that judges whether the input structure dataset is real or fake. The generator and discriminator are alternately trained to improve their performance in an adversarial manner so that the generator can eventually create realistic structures indistinguishable from the real ones. The training process is performed using the real structure dataset of conventional Ni-YSZ anodes with different solid volume ratios, i.e., Ni: YSZ = 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. In this study, additional training is performed for the generator to control the volume fraction of the generated structures. First, the values of the volume fractions are input to the generator alongside the latent variables. Then, the volume fraction loss is calculated from the difference between the volume fractions of the generated structure and the input values. Finally, the volume fraction loss is used to train the generator in addition to the ordinal training process. The trained network is validated by comparing the generated structures with the real structures in terms of microstructural parameters such as volume fraction, surface area density, and triple-phase boundary density. This comparison is conducted not only for the structures used for the training but also those that are not used for the training, i.e., a solid volume ratio of Ni: YSZ = 40:60 and 60:40. It is found from the results that the volume fractions of the generated structures are in good agreement with the specified input values to the generator. Also, other microstructural parameters quantified from the artificial microstructures are similar to those of the real structures. In addition, since the developed network does not contain fully-connected layers, and is hence categorized as a fully-convoluted network, structures with arbitrary sizes can be generated using the same generator by changing the dimension of the latent variables. The generated structures are confirmed to be free from digital artifacts such as noise, disconnectivity, and periodicity in structures.

Effect of Liquid-Solid Volume Ratio and Surface Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Cu/Al Bimetallic Composite

Due to exceptional conductivity, lightweight nature, corrosion resistance, and various other advantages, Cu/Al bimetallic composites are extensively utilized in the fields of communication, new energy, electronics, and other industries. To solve the problem of poor metallurgical bonding of Cu/Al bimetallic composites caused by high-temperature oxidation of Cu, different coating thicknesses of Ni layer on Cu rods were used to fabricate the Cu/Al bimetallic composite by gravity casting. The effect of liquid–solid volume ratio and coating thickness on microstructure and properties of a Cu/Al bimetallic composite were investigated in this study. The results indicated that the transition zone width increased from 242.3 μm to 286.3 μm and shear strength increased from 17.8 MPa to 30.3 MPa with a liquid–solid volume ratio varying from 8.86 to 50. The thickness of the transition zone and shear strength increased with the coating thickness of the Ni layer varying from 1.5 μm to 3.8 μm, due to the Ni layer effectively preventing oxidation on the surface of the Cu rod and promoting the metallurgical bonding of the Cu/Al interface. The presence of a residual Ni layer in the casted material hinders the diffusion process of the Cu and Al atom. Therefore, the thickness of the transition zone and shear strength exhibited a decreasing trend as the coating thickness of the Ni layer increased from 3.8 μm to 5.9 μm. Shear fracture observation revealed that the initiation and propagation of shear cracks occurred within the transition zone of the Cu/Al bimetallic composite.

Radiomics with Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of Early Recurrence in Patients with Clinical Stage IA Lung Cancer.

We seek to explore the ability of computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics coupled with artificial intelligence (AI) to predict early recurrence (< 2years after surgery) in patients with clinical stage 0-IA non-small cell lung cancer (c-stage 0-IA NSCLC). Data of 642 patients were collected for early recurrence and assigned to the derivation and validation cohorts at a ratio of 2:1. Using the AI software Beta Version (Fujifilm Corporation, Japan), 39 AI imaging factors, including 17 factors from the AI ground-glass nodule analysis and 22 radiomic features from nodule characterization analysis, were extracted. Multivariate analysis showed that male sex (p = 0.016), solid part size (p < 0.001), CT value standard deviation (p = 0.038), solid part volume ratio (p = 0.016), and bronchus translucency (p = 0.007) were associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS). Receiver operating characteristics analysis showed that the area under the curve and optimal cutoff values relevant to recurrence were 0.707 and 1.49cm for solid part size, and 0.710 and 22.9% for solid part volume ratio, respectively. The 5-year RFS rates for patients in the validation set with solid part size ≤ 1.49cm and > 1.49cm were 92.2% and 70.4% (p < 0.001), whereas those for patients with solid part volume ratios ≤ 22.9% and > 22.9% were 97.8% and 71.7% (p < 0.001), respectively. CT-based radiomics coupled with AI contributes to the noninvasive prediction of early recurrence in patients with c-stage 0-IA NSCLC.

Standard compression rate test method and its application for rockfill materials

To explore the standard compression rate test method’s suitability for rockfill and to solve the problem that rockfill is too large for the laboratory standard test, the similar grading method was used to scale down the rockfill. This was used to simulate five kinds of rockfill with different solid phase volume ratios of skeleton and gap-filling particles (7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, respectively). The density property, maximum compression rate and the strength property tests were carried out on the five fill materials using a self-designed test device. The test results showed that the loose packing density, initial compression density, compact density and California bearing ratio of rockfill increase and then decrease with a decrease of the solid phase volume ratio between skeleton and gap-filling particles. The compressibility and crushing rate of the filler stone decreased with the decrease of the solid phase volume ratio of the skeleton to the gap-filling particles. The maximum compression rate of the filler is determined by the laboratory compression test, and the compaction can be measured according to the compression rate, for a known paving area.

Performance enhancement of an evacuated tubes solar collector using Forchheimer’s saturated porous media with embedded nanofluid

The evacuated tube solar collector is a proper choice for converting solar energy into heat since it is efficient, practical, and cost-effective. In the current study, the role of nanofluid in porous medium was numerically investigated to improve the performance of a solar collector model and the potential to store energy. The governing equations for the suggested model were solved analytically in the fully developed region using the Forchheimer model. The investigation of the impact on temperature fluctuation in the solar collector was done by considering several factors such as medium porosity, pore diameter, nanoparticles with respect to the solid volume ratio, system pressure, and conduit radius. The governing equations for the entrance region were expressed in a non-dimensional form and solved using the finite difference method (FDM), with the resulting non-dimensional differential equation solved using MATLAB software. Various parameters, such as Prantel number (Pr) and fluid velocity, were examined, and the findings were shown in various diagrams. For the fully developed region, an analytical solution was obtained, and the findings were presented using the Mathematica® software. The results demonstrate that utilizing nanofluid and porous media improves the performance of the evacuated tube when compared to sole use of water. It was found that the temperature difference across the solar tube was enhanced by 10%–20%. In addition to that, the performance of the evacuated tube solar collector showed around 10% enhancement in the obtained temperature difference in cold months, when nanofluids were added. Also, the comparison between nanofluids using Forchheimer model shows that the best nanofluid was AL2O3. The best results had a significant effect on the solid volume fraction rate of nanoparticles in nanofluids obtained at low Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Where the higher the fraction, the higher the heat transfer, the higher the resulted temperature.

Scaling laws for nanoporous metals under uniaxial loading

Significant attention in the literature is directed toward the development of scaling relations that relate the properties of nanoporous metals to bulk materials in order to help in their design. Although nanoporous gold has been under extensive study to develop the proper scaling relations, the literature still lacks a specific model that predicts its properties based on a combination of surface parameters, ligament size, and relative density. This work is part of the ongoing trials to introduce such scaling relations. Therefore, utilizing literature-reported results, the authors are proposing scaling relations that account for the coupling effect of surface area to solid volume ratio, ligament size, and relative density to predict the elastic modulus, yield stress, and ultimate stress under uniaxial loading. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed model and existing scaling laws in the literature is presented.

Ligament size dependency of strain hardening and ductility in nanoporous gold

Nanoporous (NP) metals with ligament sizes up to a few tens of nm show exceptional mechanical properties such as high strength and stiffness per weight. While their elasticity and yield strength have been the subject of numerous studies, less is known about the plastic deformability of these materials under large compressive and tensile strains. In this study, the effect of ligament size is investigated using large-scale atomistic simulations to probe the elastic response, plastic response, and deformation mechanisms of nanoporous gold under uniaxial compression and tension to strains in excess of 60 percent. This paper explores the full range of the material response under uniaxial loading, focusing on the modifications to strain hardening under compression and ductility and delayed failure under tension. It was found that the elastic modulus experiences a compression-tension asymmetry that decreases with ligament size increase. Under compression, strain hardening is found to be ligament size dependent. This size dependency can be explained by the coupling effect of the change in surface area to solid volume ratio evolution and defects accumulation. Under tension, the material shows higher ductility with ligament size increase causing a delay in failure. This is attributed to differences in dislocation density. The results reported in this work will help in evaluating the effect of ligament size on the material response, and eventually enhance the design of novel nanoporous foams with tailored mechanical response.

Numerical investigation of binary particle mixing in gas-solid fluidized bed with a bubble-based drag EMMS model

Heterogeneous flow structure of bubbling deeply affects gas–solid momentum transfer in a binary gas–solid fluidized bed. This work presented a binary particle bubble-based Energy Minimum Multi-scale (EMMS) model, and an assumption that bubble-emulation drag force acting on solid 1 and solid 2 depending on each solid volume ratio in the emulation phase was applied to simplify the force balance of the binary particle-phase. The bubble-based EMMS drag was incorporated in the Eulerian multi-fluid model to predict the mixing behaviors of two binary particle systems. The simulation results agree well with the experimental observations in terms of binary solid mixing, bed expansion, and bubble diameter. Compared with the prediction results by the Gidaspow drag model, the jetsam solid fraction and bubble size predicted by the present drag model is in more agreement with the measured results, which indicate the EMMS drag model is an alternative choice for modeling binary gas–solid bubbling system.

Effect of liquid-solid volume ratios on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of high chromium cast iron and low carbon steel bimetal

Bimetal casting made of high chromium cast iron (HCCI) and low carbon steel (LCS) was produced by liquid–solid casting technology. The influence of different liquid-solid volume ratios on microstructure and microhardness of the interface was studied. The interface microstructure and the elemental distribution from one side to the other side of the bimetal were analyzed using Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Wear behavior of the successfully produced bimetal was also investigated in order to emphasize the difference in the mechanical properties between the two bonded alloys. The results showed that a good metallurgical bonding area free of holes could be obtained with increasing the liquid to solid volume ratio to 10:1 and 12:1. By increasing this ratio, diffusion of the elements was accelerated resulting in expanded carbide-free zone and improved bonding of the bimetal. Accordingly, the microhardness decreased at the HCCI side and increased at the LCS part due to the elemental diffusion from the former to the later through the interface. Sliding wear test on both sides of the bimetal showed that the coefficient of friction was ∼0.79 for HCCI and 0.69 in case of LCS. The transition from the high wear resistant HCCI part to LCS was significantly observed on the worn surface of the interfacial area of the test sample. The wear mechanism involved in the two sides was delimitation and the size of the produced laminates was smaller in case of LCS than in HCCI.

Elasticity with a flow rule for geomaterials

The modern theory of elasticity and the first law of thermodynamics are cornerstones of engineering science that share the concept of reversibility. For four decades, researchers have noted that extrapolating the more commonly accepted empirical models of geomaterial stiffness violates the first law. We propose to resolve this inconsistency by introducing a flow rule into the standard description of reversible deformation.We identify specific volume (total-volume to solid-volume ratio) as an internal state variable and divide volume change into particle compression and rearrangement components. We model the effect of particle compression on observable deformation as a scaling of mesoscopically based compression and the effect of particle rearrangement as purely macroscopic flow with no mesoscopic counterpart. We partition stress space into contraction and swelling sub-domains, derive a normality postulate for the rearrangement effect and predict degradation of shear stiffness with increasing shear strain. We identify the pressure at which particle compression surpasses particle rearrangement as pressure increases and propose the necessary and sufficient condition for free flow.Through this pressure-dependent synthesis of bottom-up and top-down contributions to observable higher-scale deformation, we offer a prototype for developing consistent continuum models of reversible deformation in the field of soft condensed matter.

Метод расчета гидравлического уклона при движении двухфазной смеси в наклонных трубопроводах

The paper investigates two-phase mixture flows in sloping pipes employing two computational methods in the transitional region of pipe slope angle. We used methods of computing two-mixture flows in horizontal and vertical pipes as the basis for our equations. When flowing downwards through a sloping pipe, the solid phase volume ratio distribution changes most significantly: an axisymmetric flow through a vertical pipe transforms into a flow featuring a markedly non-uniform distribution of the solid phase along the vertical plane in the sloping pipe. When flowing upwards, the solid phase volume ratio profile is inversely transformed. Comparison of the experimental and computational data showed that the datasets are in a sufficiently good agreement. The computational method developed is semi-empirical and may be recommended for calculating hydraulic gradient in sloping pipes.

Effect of MWCNT–Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluid on the thermal performance of ribbed channel with apart sections of heating and cooling

A two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulation is performed to simulate the laminar forced convection of a nanofluid in a ribbed channel with apart heating (cooling) sources using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The multi-walled carbon nanotubes–iron oxide nanoparticles/water hybrid nanofluid (MWCNT–Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluid) is used in this simulation. The velocity field, temperature distribution and heat transfer rate are numerically analyzed with the streamlines and isotherm patterns employing of a house code. In addition, the effect of Reynolds number (Re = 25, 50, 75 and 100), nanoparticle solid volume fraction (ϕ = 0, 0.001, 0.003) and ratio of the blocks height (A = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) are measured. The results are validated against the results reported in the literature, and a good agreement is reported. The obtained results show a maximum value of 16.49% increase in the average heat transfer coefficient for all the considered cases relative to the base fluid. Moreover, the local Nusselt number proves that the use of blocks on the channel walls can increase the amount of heat transfer. Finally, the average Nusselt number shows a linear dependence on the increasing ratio of blocks height for constant solid volume fraction. The results of this study apply to the industrial equipment heating and cooling applications.

Volume Adjustable Topology Optimization with Multiple Displacement Constraints

AbstractMost topology optimization methods seek optimal topologies that satisfy a minimum compliance with a pre-specified volume constraint in the design domain. However, practical designs often include various functional constraints and the optimal solid volume ratios are unknown a priori, which implies a gap between topology optimization methods and practical designs in industries. This paper studies the performance-based topology optimization (PTO) problem that searches for the optimal topology with minimum compliance to satisfy the pre-specified functional constraints without a pre-specified volume constraint. A novel element-based evolutionary switching method (ESM), which can automatically adjust solid volume ratio and material distribution, is developed and implemented using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. The effects of displacement constraints on the optimal topologies are investigated, and the differences between PTO problems and the topology optimization problem which has a volume constraint are discussed. Numerical examples demonstrate that the optimal topologies are mainly determined by the load pattern and locally changed with respect to the location of the active displacement constraints. In addition, the displacement constraints to a large extent control the solid volume ratio of optimal topologies according to the allowable displacements in PTO problems. Finally, the proposed ESM could provide conservative solutions to the topology optimization with multiple displacement constraints problems.

Shrinkage and strength development of alkali-activated fly ash-slag binary cements

This paper evaluates the effect of fly ash and slag proportions and the type of activating solution on shrinkage and strength development of alkali-activated binary fly ash-slag mixtures (mortar and paste), cured at room temperature. Three different volumetric ratios of slag/fly ash were considered: 10%, 15%, and 20%. Two activators with different pH and modulus, n=(SiO2/Na2O)mol were utilized. The liquid to solid volume ratio of all binders was maintained at 0.75. The results showed that while the addition of slag significantly shortens the time of setting (up to 178min), and increases the compressive strength (up to 93%) and bulk modulus (up to 43%), it also results in higher autogenous shrinkage, but smaller mass loss during drying. Measured drying shrinkage of mixtures with various slag contents was similar, likely due to counteracting effects of binder stiffness and degree of saturation. Fly ash-slag binders activated at higher pH exhibited larger chemical shrinkage, but lower autogenous (up to 21%) and drying shrinkage (up to 47%) magnitude.

Heat transfer performance of water and Nanoencapsulated n-nonadecane based Nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger

The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics for the flow of water, which is base fluid, and nanoencapsulated n-nonadecane based nanofluids in a double pipe heat exchanger were investigated. The results showed that no improvement in overall heat transfer coefficient was observed for the nanofluids containing 0.42% and 0.84% solid volume ratios with reference to the base fluid, while an improvement of about 10% was obtained for the nanofluids containing 1.68% solid volume ratio. It was found that the friction factors for the nanofluids exhibited a slight increase reference to the base fluid. A performance analysis based on constant pumping power was also performed.

A triaxial tensile deformation-induced nanoporous structure of aluminium: estimation of surface area, solid volume, and dimensionless aspect ratio.

Nanoporous aluminium has great importance for large scale production of automobile and aerospace spare parts due to its lightweight and non-corrosive nature. It is also suitable for various packaging applications of edible things, electronic components, and medicines. We have used triaxial tensile deformation methodology to create a nanoporous structure of aluminium using molecular dynamics simulation. The surface area and solid volume have been calculated to characterize the 3-D nanoporous structure of aluminium. We have quantitatively characterized the growth and coalescences of the nanoporous structure via estimation of the number of nanopores, nanopore diameters, and dimensionless aspect-ratios (surface area to volume ratio). A high aspect ratio indicates a large number of tiny nanopores in the 3-D nanoporous structure of aluminium. We have found that crystalline aluminium (under ambient condition) significantly depicts a smaller aspect ratio as compared to amorphous aluminium during triaxial tensile deformation. We believe that the results of this study will provide new understanding to the researchers for the design and characterization of nanoporous metals.

Study on coated–liquid–liquid trimetal composite casting hammer

In order to solve the problems of the fracture of the hammer head and the poor wear resistant of hammer handle in working conditions, the coated liquid–liquid trimetallic composite casting hammer was proposed. The core handler needed to be coated by high impact toughness and high wear resistant liquid high carbon high chromium steel to improve wear resistant of hammer handle. Then liquid high chromium cast iron was poured when the surface of liquid high carbon high chromium steel formed into certain thickness solid. The experimental results show that the wear resistant of the high carbon high chromium is as 3·2 times as low alloy steel. The perfect metallurgical bonding interface under the liquid–solid volume ratio of 8∶1 can be achieved by liquid–solid casting at 1565°C after the preheating 300°C.

Fluid mechanical consequences of pendular activity, segmentation and pyloric outflow in the proximal duodenum of the rat and the guinea pig.

We conducted numerical experiments to study the influence of non-propagating longitudinal and circular contractions, i.e. pendular activity and segmentation, respectively, on flow and mixing in the proximal duodenum. A lattice-Boltzmann numerical method was developed to simulate the fluid mechanical consequences for each of 22 randomly selected sequences of high-definition video of real longitudinal and radial contractile activity in the isolated proximal duodenum of the rat and guinea pig. During pendular activity in the rat duodenum, the flow was characterized by regions of high shear rate. Mixing was so governed by shearing deformation of the fluid that increased the interface between adjacent domains and accelerated their inter-diffusion (for diffusion coefficients approx. less than 10(-8) m&sup2; s(-1)). When pendular activity was associated with a slow gastric outflow characteristic of post-prandial period, the dispersion was also improved, especially near the walls. Mixing was not promoted by isolated segmentative contractions in the guinea pig duodenum and not notably influenced by pylorus outflow. We concluded that pendular activity generates mixing of viscous fluids 'in situ' and accelerates the diffusive mass transfer, whereas segmentation may be more important in mixing particulate suspensions with high solid volume ratios.