Solid-state Properties Research Articles

Excitation of wakefields in carbon nanotubes: a hydrodynamic model approach

The interactions of charged particles with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may excite electromagnetic modes in the electron gas produced in the cylindrical graphene shell constituting the nanotube wall. This wake effect has recently been proposed as a potential novel method of short-wavelength high-gradient particle acceleration. In this work, the excitation of these wakefields is studied by means of the linearized hydrodynamic model. In this model, the electronic excitations on the nanotube surface are described treating the electron gas as a 2D plasma with additional contributions to the fluid momentum equation from specific solid-state properties of the gas. General expressions are derived for the excited longitudinal and transverse wakefields. Numerical results are obtained for a charged particle moving within a CNT, paraxially to its axis, showing how the wakefield is affected by parameters such as the particle velocity and its radial position, the nanotube radius, and a friction factor, which can be used as a phenomenological parameter to describe effects from the ionic lattice. Assuming a particle driver propagating on axis at a given velocity, optimal parameters were obtained to maximize the longitudinal wakefield amplitude.

Spherulites of supramolecular polymers formed from undercooled melts, and their adhesive properties

Abstract The solid-state properties of crystalline supramolecular polymers have generally remained unexplored. Herein, we investigated the isothermal crystallization of a supramolecular polymer and showed that, depending on the temperature, it formed distinct structures at a higher hierarchical level. Interestingly, the resulting crystalline forms showed distinct adhesive properties and mechanical-failure modes (adhesive or cohesive).

A Review on the Transition and Inner Transition Metallic Soaps

Abstract: A review of the metallic soaps, preparation, mechanism, and their physicochemical properties in solid state as well as in solution. The properties of metallic soaps, including their state, stability, reactivity, volatility, and solubility in common solvents, are key factors that determine their potential applications and uses. The suitability of metallic soaps for specific purposes depends on their ability to meet the necessary physical requirements for a given application, such as their ability to remain stable under certain conditions or their solubility in specific solvents. By understanding these physical characteristics, researchers and industry professionals can determine the most effective ways to utilize metallic soaps in a variety of applications, from cosmetics to pharmaceuticals to industrial processes. This review highlights the diverse range of circumstances in which metallic soaps can be formed. These situations may involve composite objects made up of various materials containing fatty acids such as leather, and wood, in the presence of metals, metal alloys, or pigments. The formation of these metal soaps can occur in a variety of situations, which are explored in this collection.

Structural characterization, electronic and photophysical properties of phosphane-based copper(I) complexes and their application to cyan LEDs

Two dinuclear Cu(I) complexes, [Cu2(dppe)(dppbz)2I2](1) and [Cu2(dppb)(dppbz)2I2] (2) (dppe = 1, 2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, dppbz = 1,2-bis (diphe nylphosphino)benzene), have been prepared and characterized by IR, TG, XRD, elemental analysis and X-ray crystal structure analysis. Structural analysis indicates that diphosphane ligands connect two Cu atoms to form the S-shape configurations in complexes 1 and 2. DFT calculations demonstrate that the HOMO → LUMO energy gap and Mülliken atomic charges for 1 and 2 are affected by increasing the alkyl chain length of diphosphane ligands, but the composition of HOMOs and LUMOs are hardly changed at the different alkyl chain length of diphosphane ligands. The solid-state luminescent properties of complexes 1 and 2 are observed at 77 K and 298 K, showing that the maximum emission lifetime and quantum yields respectively approach to 6 μs and 26 % at 298 K. Moreover, dinuclear Cu(I) complexes are used to fabricate the cyan light-emitting diodes with the maximum EQE of ca. 20 %.

Crystal structure and luminescent mechanochromism of a quinoline-appended acylhydrazone ligand and its Zn(II) complex

In the work, a quinoline-appended acylhydrazone H2L was designed and prepared via a Schiff base condensation reaction of quinoline-2-formaldehyde and salicylhydrazide. Further, a new zinc(II) complex, [Zn(HL)2]·H2O was synthesized by the reacting of the ligand H2L and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O in dichloromethane/ethanol solution. The ligand and its Zn(II) complex were elucidated via UV–Vis, FT-IR, DFT calculation, Hirshfeld surfaces, MEP & IRI analyses, and X-ray single-crystal diffractions. The results of Hershfield surface analysis showed that there are obvious hydrogen bond interactions and CH···π mutual effect in the Zn(II) complex. In addition, solid-state photoluminescence properties indicated that H2L and its Zn(II) complex represent uncommon luminescent mechanochromism tuned via intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Development of a new inhaled swellable microsphere system for the dual delivery of naringenin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and doxofylline for the treatment of asthma

This study developed a new dual delivery system of naringenin (NRG), a polyphenol, and doxofylline (DOX), a xanthine derivative, as an inhaled microsphere system. In this system, NRG has been first loaded into glyceryl tristearate-based solid lipid nanoparticles (NRG SLN), which were further loaded with DOX into swellable chitosan-tripolyphosphate-based microspheres (NRG SLN DOX sMS). The system was characterised based on particle size, PDI, zeta potential, surface morphology (SEM, AFM, and TEM), solid-state and chemical properties (XRD, IR, and NMR), aerodynamic parameters, drug loading, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release study. The optimised NRG SLN DOX sMS exhibited particle size, zeta potential, and PDI of 2.1 µm, 31.2 mV, and 0.310, respectively; a drug entrapment efficiency > 79%; a drug loading efficiency > 13%; cumulative drug releases of about 78% for DOX and 72% for NRG after 6 and 12 hours, respectively; good swelling and desirable aerodynamic properties. In addition, in vivo studies conducted in mice, a murine model of asthma showed significant reductions in serum bicarbonate and eosinophil counts and improvement in respiratory flow rate, tidal volume, and bronchial wall lining compared with the asthmatic control group. Overall, this novel inhalable dual-delivery system may represent a good alternative for the effective treatment of asthma.

Hydrogen storage properties of AB2 type Ti–Zr–Cr–Mn–Fe based alloys

This investigation explores the solid-state hydrogen storage properties of two series of hydrogen storage alloys: (Ti0.85Zr0.15)xMn0.8CrFe0.2 (x = 1.00∼1.10) and (Ti0.85Zr0.15)1.02MnyCr1.8-yFe0.2 (y = 1.00∼0.40) alloys. These alloys exhibit a single C14-Laves phase structure and demonstrate promising capabilities for solid-state hydrogen storage. The (Ti0.85Zr0.15)xMn0.8CrFe0.2 (x = 1.00∼1.10) alloys display an increased hydrogen absorption capacity and a reduced plateau pressure at higher super-stoichiometric ratios of x. When x = 1.10, the alloy achieves a maximum capacity of 1.86 wt%. The hydrogen storage capacity of the (Ti0.85Zr0.15)1.02MnyCr1.8-yFe0.2 (y = 1.00∼0.40) alloys diminishes as the value of y decreases. Furthermore, the hydrogen absorption plateau pressure and hysteresis factor of the alloys increase with an escalating Mn/Cr ratio. The analysis of cyclic stability reveals that the primary factor contributing to poor cycling stability of the (Ti0.85Zr0.15)1.02Mn0.4Cr1.4Fe0.2 alloy is the compositional decomposition, rather than pulverization or alterations in the phase structure.In summary, this investigation enhances our understanding of the solid-state hydrogen storage properties of these alloys. It establishes a foundation for further research and development in this pivotal field of hydrogen storage.

Solid superacid catalysts promote high-performance carbon dots with narrow-band fluorescence emission for luminescence solar concentrators

Facile and efficient method for constructing carbon dots (CDs) with narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) is a major challenge in the field, and researches on regulating the FWHM of CDs are also rare and scarce. In this work, we delved into the synthesis of CDs with narrow fluorescence emission FWHM (NFEF-CDs) in the m-phenylenediamine (m-PD)/ethanol system, utilizing solid superacid resin as catalyst with solvothermal method. The resulting NFEF-CDs exhibit a photoluminescent (PL) emission peak at 521 nm with a narrow FWHM of 41 nm, an absolute PL quantum yield (QY) of 80%, and display excitation-independent PL behavior. Through comprehensive characterization, we identified the protonation of edge amino on NFEF-CDs as the key factor in achieving the narrow FWHM. Subsequently, we validated the broad applicability of solid superacid resins as catalysts for synthesizing CDs with narrow FWHM in the m-PD/ethanol system. Finally, we utilized a self-leveling method to prepare NFEF-CDs film on the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate and investigated the solid-state fluorescence properties of NFEF-CDs as well as their performance as luminescence solar concentrator (LSC) for photovoltaic conversion. The results revealed that the as-prepared LSC exhibit an internal quantum efficiency (ηint) of 42.39% and an optical efficiency (ηopt) of 0.68%. These findings demonstrate the promising prospects of NFEF-CDs in the field of LSCs and provide a theoretical basis for their application in photovoltaic conversion.

DFT investigation of the solid-state properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of antidiabetic drugs: Acetohexamide and Tolazamide

The Density Functional Theory (DFT) was used to study the electronic, optical, and vibrational properties of acetohexamide and tolazamide crystals. Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed for a better understanding of crystalline packing. The band structure of acetohexamide presented an indirect band gap of 2.49 eV, while tolazamide presented a direct band gap of 3.25 eV. We observed strong optical absorption for both drugs in the ultraviolet region and a dielectric constant of 1.83 for acetohexamide and 1.77 for tolazamide. The IR and Raman spectra were interpreted, and their main peaks were attributed to the vibration modes of the functional groups.

Excitation dependent emissive multi stimuli responsive ESIPT organic luminogen for monitoring sea food freshness.

Excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) organic luminophores with excitation wavelength-dependent color tunability have drawn significant attention due to their exceptional photoluminescent properties in solution and solid state. A novel salicylaldehyde-based Schiff's base molecule, (E)-N'-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide (BHN) exhibited stimuli (excitation wavelength and pH) induced changes in fluorescence properties which was utilised for applications like trace level water sensing in organic solvents (THF, acetone and DMF), detection and quantification of biogenic amines and anticounterfeiting. In the solution state, BHN rendered a ratiometric detection and quantification of ammonia, diethylamine and trimethylamine, which is further supported by DFT studies. The photoluminescent response of BHN towards various biogenic amines was later utilised to monitor shrimp freshness. The investigation carried out highlights the potential versatility of ESIPT hydrazones, which renders multi stimuli responsive behaviour that can be utilised for water sensing, anticounterfeiting and the detection and quantification of biogenic amines.

Aging and Temperature Effects on the Performance of Sustainable One-Part Geopolymers Developed for Well-Cementing Applications

Summary This study elucidates the effects of aging and temperature over the performance of one-part “just add water” (JAW) granite-based geopolymers for application in well cementing and well abandonment. Additionally, the investigation delves into the fluid-state and early-age solid-state properties of these geopolymers, with a particular emphasis on their performance after aging. The aging process extended up to 56 days for assessing mechanical properties and up to 28 days for evaluating hydraulic sealability through dedicated tests. The obtained results unveil a nonlinear correlation between the designated temperature and pumping duration. Notably, the issue of fluid loss emerged as a significant concern for these geopolymers. The early-age strength development of the mix design containing zinc demonstrates adherence to industry norms by achieving minimal strength requirements within 24 hours of curing. Zinc plays a pivotal role as a strength enhancer during the initial curing stages of geopolymers, both under ambient conditions and at elevated temperatures (70℃). However, upon extended curing at elevated temperatures, zinc’s impact slightly diminishes compared with the unmodified mix design. After around 30 days of curing, a consecutive reaction occurs in both the unmodified and zinc-modified mix designs. Aging leads to a decline in the material’s hydraulic sealability that was initially established during the early stages of curing.

Crystal Modifications of a Cyclic Guanosine Phosphorothioate Analogue, a Drug Candidate for Retinal Neurodegenerations.

In contribution to the pharmaceutical development of cyclic guanosine monophosphorothioate analogue cGMPSA as a potential active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for the treatment of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs), its neutral form (cGMPSA-H) and salts of sodium (-Na), calcium (-Ca), ammonium (-NH4 ), triethylammonium (-TEA), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (-Tris), benethamine (-Bnet), and benzathine (-BZ) were prepared. Their solid-state properties were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, hot-stage microscopy, and dynamic vapor sorption, and their solubilities were measured in deionized H2 O as well as aqueous HCl and NaOH buffers. A total of 21 crystal modifications of cGMPSA were found and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction. Despite their crystalline character, no API forms featured any observable melting points during thermal analyses and instead underwent exothermic decomposition at ≥163 °C. Both the vapor sorption behavior and solubility were found to differ significantly across the API forms. cGMPSA-BZ featured the lowest aqueous solubility and hygroscopicity, with 50 μg/mL and 5 % mass gain at maximum relative humidity. The synthesis and crystallization of some crystal modifications were upscaled to >10 g. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was performed which resulted in the first crystal structure determination and absolute configuration of a cyclic guanosine monophosphorothioate, confirming the RP - conformation at the phosphorus atom.

Impact of drug load and polymer molecular weight on the 3D microstructure of printed tablets

This study investigates the influence of drug load and polymer molecular weight on the structure of tablets three-dimensionally (3D) printed from the binary mixture of prednisolone and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Three different HPMC grades, (AFFINISOLTM HPMC HME 15LV, 90 Da (HPMC 15LV); 100LV, 180 Da (HPMC 100LV); 4M, 500 Da (HPMC 4M)), which are suitable for hot-melt extrusion (HME), were used in this study. HME was used to fabricate feedstock material, i.e., filaments, at the lowest possible extrusion temperature. Filaments of the three HPMC grades were prepared to contain 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 % (w/w) prednisolone. The thermal degradation of the filaments was studied with thermogravimetric analysis, while solid-state properties of the drug-loaded filaments were assessed with the use of X-ray powder diffraction. Prednisolone in the freshly extruded filaments was determined to be amorphous for drug loads up to 10%. It remained physically stable for at least 6 months of storage, except for the filament containing 10% drug with HPMC 15LV, where recrystallization of prednisolone was detected.Fused deposition modeling was utilized to print honeycomb-shaped tablets from the HME filaments of HPMC 15LV and 100LV. The structural characteristics of the tablets were evaluated using X-ray microcomputed tomography, specifically porosity and size of structural elements were investigated. The tablets printed from HPMC 15LV possessed in general lower total porosity and pores of smaller size than tablets printed from the HPMC 100LV. The studied drug loads were shown to have minor effect on the total porosity of the tablets, though the lower the drug load was, the higher the variance of porosity along the height of the tablet was observed. It was found that tablets printed with HPMC 15LV showed higher structural similarity with the virtually designed model than tablets printed from HPMC 100LV. These findings highlight the relevance of the drug load and polymer molecular weight on the microstructure and structural properties of 3D printed tablets.

Synthesis and characterization of supramolecular assembly probenecid cocrystal

To improve the bioavailability and provide a lead compound for developing formulations of the highly water-insoluble prodrug probenecid (PRO), enhancing its solubility is a crucial challenge that needs to be addressed. Herein, we report the synthesis and solid-state characterization of a new pharmaceutical cocrystal, PRO-BPE, synthesized using trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE) to improve the solubility of PRO. The PRO-BPE cocrystals were characterized using various analytical techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was performed to determine the crystal structure of PRO-BPE. PRO-BPE crystallized in the triclinic crystal system P-1 space group and its asymmetric unit consists of half a BPE molecule and one PRO molecule. The N1 atoms located at both ends of the BPE molecule form stable hydrogen bonds with two PRO carboxyl hydrogens through N1···H4—O4 (1.777 Å, 166.78°) interactions, whereas the O3 atoms of the carboxylic groups form C1—H1···O3 (2.479 Å, 132.10°) hydrogen bonds with two pyridyl hydrogens, resulting in a stable seven-membered ring structure. Furthermore, these fragments are further assembled via C—H···O intermolecular interactions to form a two-dimensional layered structure. Interestingly, the two pyridyl rings of each BPE molecule engage in π···π interactions with the benzene rings of two other non-coplanar PRO molecules. Finally, a three-dimensional framework structure is formed through intramolecular non-covalent interactions. Comprehensive characterization analyses provided further information regarding PRO-BPE cocrystal formation. Based on the equilibrium solubility results, the water solubility of the PRO-BPE cocrystal was superior to that of pure PRO, with an increase of 2.43 times. In summary, this study provides the first evidence that cocrystals could enhance the solubility of PRO and offers valuable insights into the solid-state properties of PRO-BPE cocrystals.

Phase Transitions in Boron Carbide.

The idealized rhombohedral unit cell of boron carbide is formed by a 12-atom icosahedron and a 3-atom linear chain. Phase transitions are second order and caused by the exchange of B and C sites or by vacancies in the structure. Nevertheless, the impact of such minimal structural changes on the properties can be significant. As the X-ray scattering cross sections of B and C isotopes are very similar, the capability of X-ray fine structure investigation is substantially restricted. Phonon spectroscopy helps close this gap as the frequency and strength of phonons sensitively depend on the bonding force and mass of the vibrating atoms concerned. Phase transitions known to date have been identified due to significant changes of properties: (1) The phase transition near the chemical composition B8C by clear change of the electronic structure; (2) the endothermic temperature-dependent phase transition at 712 K according to the change of specific heat; (3) the high-pressure phase transition at 33.2 GPa by the drastic change of optical appearance from opacity to transparency. These phase transitions affect IR- and Raman-active phonons and other solid-state properties. The phase transitions at B~8C and 712 K mean that a well-defined distorted structure is converted into another one. In the high-pressure phase transition, an apparently well-defined distorted structure changes into a highly ordered one. In all these cases, the distribution of polar C atoms in the icosahedra plays a crucial role.

Macromolecular Design and Engineering of New Amphiphilic N-Vinylpyrrolidone Terpolymers for Biomedical Applications.

New amphiphilic VP-(di)methacrylate terpolymers of different monomer compositions and topologies have been synthesized by radical polymerization in toluene without any growth regulator of polymer chains. Their structures and properties in solid state and water solution were studied by double-detector size-exclusion chromatography; IR-, 1H, and 13C NMR-spectroscopy; DLS, TEM, TG, and DSC methods. The composition of the VP-AlkMA-TEGDM monomer mixture has been established to regulate the topology of the resulting macromolecules. The studied terpolymers presented on TEM images as individual low-contrast particles and their conglomerates of various sizes with highly ordered regions; in general, they are amorphous structures. None of the terpolymers demonstrated cytotoxic effects for noncancerous Vero and tumor HeLa cells. Hydrophobic D-α-tocopherol (TP) was encapsulated in terpolymer nanoparticles (NPs), and its antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS (radical monocation 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) or DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods. The reaction efficiency depends on the TP-NP type. The IC50 values for the decolorization reaction of ABTS•+ and DPPH inhibition in the presence of initial and encapsulated TP were obtained.

Four orotate-based lanthanide coordination polymers with rhomboid [Ln4(μ3-OH)2]-based 1D chainlike structure exhibiting luminescence and large magnetocaloric effect

Four isostructural lanthanide coordination polymers with orotic acid (H3OA) as building ligand, {[Ln(HOA)(μ3-OH)(H2O)2]·H2O}n (Ln = Eu (1); Gd (2); Tb (3); Dy (4)), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrate that complexes 1–4 have an one-dimensional (1D) chainlike structure consisting of rhomboid [Ln4(μ3-OH)2] unit and HOA2- linker. Magnetic studies indicate that 2 displays a large magnetocaloric effect with magnetic entropy value of 37.11 J kg−1 K−1 at 2.0 K for ΔH = 7.0 T. This is a considerable value among the reported molecular magnetic coolants, and has a great application potential in the field of ultra-low temperature refrigeration. In addition, the solid-state photophysical properties of 1 and 3 exhibit obvious characteristic Eu(III) and Tb(III) photoluminescence emission in the visible region, suggesting that Eu- and Tb-based luminescence were sensitized effectively by the energy transfer from the ligand to the metal centers.

Nitrogen Atom Induced Contrast Effect on the Mechanofluorochromic Characteristics of Anthracene-Based Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Fluorescent Molecules.

The mechanofluorochromic (MFC) characteristics of anthracene-based acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) fluorescent molecules are explored through a comprehensive investigation of their photophysical behaviors. Six 9,10-diheteroarylanthracene derivatives with varying acceptor groups (pyridin-4-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazinyl and quinoxalinyl) are synthesized and systematically characterized. The photophysical properties in both solution and solid-state are examined, revealing subtle yet significant influences of the spatial arrangement and number of nitrogen atoms within the acceptor group on fluorescence emission. Single-crystal structures of these compounds provide insights into their steric configurations and intermolecular packing modes, offering valuable insights into the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the observed MFC properties. This study illuminates the intricate interplay between MFC properties and the refined molecular structure, thus presenting promising avenues for the design and advancement of novel MFC materials.

Crystal structures and solid-state luminescent properties of Eu(III), Gd(III) and Tb(III) complexes with hexafluoroacetylacetone and 4′-substituted terpyridine ligands

Six mononuclear lanthanide complexes [Ln(hfac)3(ptpy)] (Ln(III) = Eu (1), Gd (2), Tb (3)) and [Ln(hfac)3(ftpy)] (Ln(III) = Eu (4), Gd (5), Tb (6)), synthesized with 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfac) as a first ligand and 4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (ptpy) or 4′-furan-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (ftpy) as a second ligand, were characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and powder X-ray diffraction. Thermogravimetric analyses indicate that these ternary lanthanide complexes possess very good thermal stability. Solid-state samples of 1-Eu and 4-Eu exhibit characteristic red luminescence at CIE: 0.6721, 0.3276 and CIE: 0.6859, 0.3139, with absolute quantum yields of 59.95% and 83.14% and luminescence lifetimes of 0.819 and 0.727 ms, respectively. Solid-state samples of 3-Tb and 6-Tb display characteristic green luminescence at CIE: 0.2736, 0.7167 and CIE: 0.2674, 0.7219, with absolute quantum yields of 2.58% and 0.52% and luminescence lifetimes of 0.040 and 0.033 ms, respectively. The results suggest that terpyridine is a good sensitizer for Eu(III), while hfac is a good sensitizer for Tb(III). In solid-state, the synergistic sensitization effect of hfac and terpyridine is significant for Eu(III), but less for Tb(III). And the electron-donating substituent at the 4′-position make terpyridine more suitable for the sensitization of Eu(III), but unfavorable for Tb(III).

Controllable Colloidal Synthesis of MAPbI3 Perovskite Nanocrystals for Dual-Mode Optoelectronic Applications.

This study demonstrates an acetate ligand (AcO-)-assisted strategy for the controllable and tunable synthesis of colloidal methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) for efficient photovoltaic and photodetector devices. The size of colloidal MAPbI3 PNCs can be tuned from 9 to 20 nm by changing the AcO-/MA ratio in the reaction precursor. In situ observations and detailed characterization results show that the incorporation of the AcO- ligand alters the formation of PbI6 octahedral cages, which controls PNC growth. A well-optimized AcO-/MA ratio affords MAPbI3 PNCs with a low defect density, a long carrier lifetime, and unique solid-state isotropic properties, which can be used to fabricate solution-processed dual-mode photovoltaic and photodetector devices with a conversion efficiency of 13.34% and a detectivity of 2 × 1011 Jones, respectively. This study provides an avenue to further the precisely controllable synthesis of hybrid PNCs for multifunctional optoelectronic applications.