Solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes Research Articles

Effect of addition of main ion to carrier solution in potentiometric flow-injection measurements with solid state ion-selective electrodes

Flow-injection measurements were performed using chloride, fluoride, iodide and copper(II)-selective electrodes. A pronounced effect of addition of main ion to the carrier solution was observed for the fluoride- and iodide-selective electrode. Super-Nernstian slope observed for the fluoride- and copper(II)-selective electrode in the absence of the sensed ion in the carrier solution decreased to Nernstian values in the presence of the measured ion in the carrier solution. This phenomenon is explained by different response times at different concentrations of the sensed ion.

Response of solid-state ion-selective electrodes to quaternary ammonium ions

Recently it was reported in this journal [1] that bromide and thiocyanate ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) do not respond in Nernstian fashion to bromide and thiocyanate ions in the presence of quaternary ammonium ions. We wish to draw attention to previous work [2] in which we found that the above-mentioned ISEs, as well as many others (including commercial chloride, iodide, cyanide, silver-sulphide, cadmium, cupric, and lead electrodes), can be used as sensors in the potentiometric titration of a variety of anions with quaternary ammonium halides. In addition, these ISEs can also be used as sensors in the reverse titration of quaternary ammonium ions versus anions such as dodecylsulphate. While the largest endpoint breaks were obtained with the iodide-cyanide ISEs, the thiocyanate and bromide electrodes yielded smaller, although sharp, endpoint breaks. It is also noteworthy that the same solid-state ISEs, as well as some liquid-membrane electrodes, respond in the potentiometric titration of TI(I) with sodium tetraphenylborate [3]. The mechanism of these responses may be that stated by Khan and Reuben [1]. The users of ISEs should be aware that 'ion-selective' electrodes may not be as selective as expected and may, indeed, respond to unexpected ions.

A solid-state ion-selective electrode membrane preparation based on benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium dithiosulphatoargentate

A technique for preparing a solid-state ion-selective electrode membrane based on benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium dithiosulphatoargentate has been investigated and the performance of the Ag(S2O3)23–-sensitive electrode constructed from this membrane has been assessed. Microscopic examination of the material showed that when freshly prepared, it was amorphous and insensitive to Ag(S2O3)23– ions. Over a period of time, extensive crystal growth occurred and the membrane subsequently responded selectively to Ag(S2O3)23– ions between 10–5 and 10–2M activity.

Automated potentiometric titrations of sulphides and thiols in petroleum systems

An automated titration system, based on a Sinclair ZX Spectrum microcomputer, for titrating thiols and sulphide using an Orion 94-16A solid-state ion-selective electrode as an indicator electrode is described. Ethane-, propane-, pentane- and heptanethiols were used in assessments for developing the titration-calibration system. The titrants employed were silver nitrate and mercury(II) chloride, and a statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the two titrants. However, silver nitrate required the addition of 0.1 cm3 of 2 M ammonia solution to the otherwise optimum aqueous sodium hydroxide (9 cm3 of 1 M solution) plus ethanol (1 cm3) titration medium, and also shielding from light.The automated titration system was applied to the monitoring of sulphur compounds in refinery process streams with emphasis on the spent caustic soda solution in the sweetening process and on the washed LPG stream, and was found to be suitable for titrating the sulphide and thiol components at the relevant <1% and ca. 1 p.p.m. ranges, respectively.

Use of a multi-purpose solid-state ion-selective electrode body and an agl-based membrane hydrophobised by PTFE for the determination of I? and Hg2+

The design of a multi-purpose “all-solid-state” electrode body is described. The electrode body, which provides solid contact with the ion-selective membrane, can be used with either pressed pellet or metal disc membranes. The preparation and performance of a silver iodide-based pellet hydrophobised by PTFE are described. The pellet (Agl 25%, Ag2S 25% and PTFE 50%m/m) was mounted in the electrode body and examined as an ion-selective membrane for the determination of l– and Hg2+ ions.

Potentiometric determination of sulphite by use of mercury(I) chloride-mercury(II) sulphide electrodes in flow injection analysis and in air-gap electrodes

Flow injection analysis, using as the detector a solid-state ion-selective electrode with a mercury(II) sulphide-mercury(I) chloride membrane, can be used for determining sulphite or dissolved sulphur dioxide in water. At concentrations in the range 1.5–10 mg 1–1 of sulphite, the method has a Nernstian response of 60 mV per decade, but at lower concentrations (down to 0.1 mg 1–1) the e.m.f. is linearly related to the sulphite concentration. Although the flow injection method is less sensitive than direct use of the electrode, it avoids the problem of chloride interference and permits the determination of sulphur dioxide in the commonly used tetrachloromercurate absorbent. The only serious interference found was from sulphide, although a small effect was also obtained from thiosulphate. Measurements in the range 0.1–10 mg 1–1 of sulphite had relative standard deviations for single results of no more than 2%. The method requires only two reagents (dilute nitric acid solutions) and is simple to operate. Each analysis is complete in less than 5 min.Air-gap electrodes, using the same sensor, had sub-Nernstian responses of very poor reproducibility and were not considered to be a practical means of determining sulphite.

Variability of selectivity coefficients of solid-state ion-selective electrodes

The generalized model for the selectivity mechanism of solid-state ion-selective electrodes has been experimentally verified. The experimental parameters investigated were the concentration of interfering ion, temperature and stirring. Among the systems studied were electrodes sensitive to chloride (bromide, iodide), bromide (chloride, iodide), iodide (chloride, bromide), silver (copper, lead), copper (silver, lead) and lead (silver, copper), the species given in brackets being considered as the interferents. The model has been confirmed except for cases where the concentration of ions formed at the electrode surface by metathesis is too small to be the factor that dictates the electrode potential.

Determination of the surface composition of lead electrode membranes by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

The interfaces between an ion selective electrode (ISE) membrane and the internal reference solution and external analyte solution are important in the overall response of solid-state ion-selective electrodes. Since the surface composition of a solid may differ from the bulk composition, we have used electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) in order to characterize the surfaces of lead ion selective electrode membranes. Both untreated and solution-exposed membranes have been studied. From the latter, evidence for the hydration of the outermost monolayers of the membrane has been obtained. This implies that ion exchange processes are viable and may be an important factor in the overall response of solid-state membrane electrodes. Finally, the effectiveness of the use of EDTA and HClO/sub 4/ as cleaning agents for the membrane has been correlated with changes in the membrane surface composition.

Model for treatment of selectivity coefficients for solid-state ion-selective electrodes

Model for treatment of selectivity coefficients for solid-state ion-selective electrodes

Polycrystalline ion-selective electrode based on Ag2[HgI4]-Ag2S

The preparation and analytical behaviour of polycrystalline solid-state ionselective electrodes based on Ag2[HgI4] and Ag2[HgI4]-Ag2S membranes was studied. The membranes consist of solid-state pellets made by compressing prepared precipitates. The performance characteristics of the electrodes are described in terms of potential-activity graphs, stabilities, precision, response times, effect of pH and redox potential. The electrode responses towards Ag+, Hg+, Hg2+, I– and CN– ions are evaluated. It was found that the Ag2[HgI4]-Ag2S type is superior to the Ag2[HgI4] type with respect to mechanical properties and lifetime and is more suitable for practical application.

Potentiometric titration of thallium(I) with sodium tetraphenylborate, using ion-selective electrodes

Thallium(I) has been determined by potentiometric titration with sodium tetraphenylborate. The titrations were monitored with a double-junction reference electrode and various liquid-membrane and solid-state ion-selective electrodes. The largest end-point breaks were obtained with the liquid-membrane fluoroborate and nitrate electrodes. The cyanide electrode yielded the largest break of the solid-state electrodes tested. Although the magnitude of the end-point break for the cyanide electrode is considerably less than for the above-mentioned liquid-membrane electrodes, routine use of this electrode is preferred because no conditioning is required for the solid-state electrodes. Precision was satisfactory for all electrodes investigated. Thallium(I) can be titrated with tetraphenylborate at any pH from 1.3 to at least 10.2. Other cations that can be precipitated with tetraphenylborate interfere.

New Solid State Ion-Selective Electrode Body

Abstract A new design for a solid state ion-selective electrode body is described. Various pressed pellet membranes can be used as the sensing element. Changing function is rapid and convenient with this design. Response curves for membranes composed of Ag2S, PbS-Ag2S and AgI-Ag2S are given and compared with commercial designs.

Solid-state ion-selective electrodes for the potentiometric determination of phosphate

A number of solid-state ion-selective electrodes for the potentiometric determination of phosphate have been made and their properties investigated. The most successful of these electrodes, which had a membrane comprising silver sulphide, lead sulphide and lead hydrogen phosphate, had a theoretical Nernstian response to orthophosphate ion at concentrations down to 5 μg/ml total phosphate at pH 8.3. The electrode had a slow response and its standard potential changed with time. Anions such as sulphate, bicarbonate and nitrate did not interfere; chloride had a transient effect, but even at its worst the interference was less serious than with other phosphate electrodes. The electrode was used as an indicator in the potentiometric precipitation titration of phosphate and lanthanum.

Grain boundary effects with solid-state ion-selective electrodes

AgI, Ag 3SBr and Ag 3SI are good materials for making ion-selective electrodes. When ions are adsorbed at the grain boundaries, a process which occurs during the preparation of these materials, then the electrode behaviour becomes non-nernstian. Nernstian behaviour is restored by a chemical treatment aimed at neutralizing the adsorbed ions.

Inexpensive solid-state ion-selective electrodes for student use

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInexpensive solid-state ion-selective electrodes for student useGordon H. Fricke and Martha J. Kuntz Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 8, 517Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1977Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 August 1977Published inissue 1 August 1977https://doi.org/10.1021/ed054p517RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views165Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

ChemInform Abstract: KINETIC STUDIES WITH SOLID‐STATE ION‐SELECTIVE ELECTRODES. THE USE OF AN IODIDE‐SELECTIVE ELECTRODE IN THE STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF A PEROXODISULFATE‐IODIDE REACTION

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 8, Issue 21 Physical Inorganic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: KINETIC STUDIES WITH SOLID-STATE ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES. THE USE OF AN IODIDE-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE IN THE STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF A PEROXODISULFATE-IODIDE REACTION P. O. KOSONEN, P. O. KOSONENSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. MANNONEN, J. A. MANNONENSearch for more papers by this authorM. J. HOTOKKA, M. J. HOTOKKASearch for more papers by this author P. O. KOSONEN, P. O. KOSONENSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. MANNONEN, J. A. MANNONENSearch for more papers by this authorM. J. HOTOKKA, M. J. HOTOKKASearch for more papers by this author First published: May 24, 1977 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197721034AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume8, Issue21May 24, 1977 RelatedInformation

Microelectronic approaches to solid state ion selective electrodes*

The application of microcircuit production techniques to the construction of ion-sensitive devices is discussed. A qualitative model for the operation of the Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) is presented. Alternative devices to the ISFET, also based on microelectronic methods, are proposed.

Interpretation of selectivity coefficients of solid-state ion-selective electrodes by means of the diffusion-layer model

On the basis of a diffusion-layer model the selectivity coefficients of solid-state electrodes have been interpreted. In the Nernst equation the concentration of the principal ion may be expressed in terms of the diffusion coefficients D B, D C and the equilibrium constant K of the reaction AB + C ⇌ AC + B where AB represents the membrane material and C the interfering ion, in the form of an equation: [B] 0= KD B KD B + D C [B] + KD C KD B + D C [C] where the concentration with subscript “0” denotes the surface concentration directly influencing the electrode potential, and [B] and [C] are bulk concentrations of the species indicated. The differences between various literature data can be explained on the basis of this model.

Solid-state ion-selective electrodes as end-point detectors in compleximetric titrations : Part III. Selection of some experimental conditions for back-titrations in alkaline medium

The applicability of the copper(II) solid-state electrode in alkaline medium for compleximetric back-titrations of the alkaline-earth metals with EDTA and EGTA has been studied. Copper(II) is used as the back-titrant. Special attention is given to the use of ammonia and cyclohexylamine as the buffer substance.

Studies of solid-state ion-selective electrodes prepared from semiconducting organic radical-ion salts

The primary redox reactions for solid-state ion-selective electrodes prepared from electronically semiconducting salts of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (tcnq) can be identified by considering the redox properties of their constituent ions or molecules. Three different processes involving the couples, M n+/M 0, 2tcnq o/(tcnq -) 2 and (tcnq -) 2/2tcnq 2- are possible depending on salt composition. Ionic product values determined by potentiometric and atomic absorption methods are in excellent agreement for several such salts; K s( K 2tcnq 2)=5.8±1.2·10 -11(pot.), 1.7±1·10 -11 (a.a.s.); K s(Cdtcnq 2) = 3.0±0.5·10 -9 (pot.), 2.9±0.3·10 -9(a.a.s.); K s(Pbtcnq 2) = 1.3±0.3·10 -10 (pot.), 0.96±0.2·10 -10(a.a.s.); and indicate that the lower activity limit for electrode response is controlled by the solubility of the sensor material itself. Comparisons of predicted and observed standard electrode potentials provide quantitative support for an ion-exchange mechanism of interference. The behaviour of electrodes prepared from Cu 2tcnq 2 (copper(I)) and Cutcnq 2 (copper(II)) is explained on the basis of an interference mechanism and considerations of solid-state equilibria.