Solid Self Research Articles

English

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), indomethacin, is disadvantaged by its poor water solubility and gastrointestinal adverse effects. The aim of this work therefore was to formulate this drug into solid self emulsifying drug delivery system (SSEDDS) as an attempt to improve its aqueous solubility and anti-inflammatory property using shea butter or its blend with Bos indicus lipid. Proximate analysis was carried out on shea butter. Indomethacin-loaded SSEDDS containing lipid (shea butter, Vitellaria paradoxa), surfactant (Tween 65) and cosurfactant (Span 85) or lipid blends (shea butter/Bos indicus fat), surfactant blends (Tween 65/Tween 80) and cosurfactant (Span 85) were formulated. The drug-loaded SSEDDS were evaluated for visual isotropicity, emulsification time, aqueous dilution, refrigeration test, loading efficiency, in vitro drug release and anti-inflammatory properties. Results showed that Shea butter contained 92.8% fat, 1.52% moisture, 2.05% protein, 9.78% carbohydrate and trace amounts of fiber and ash. Pre/post formulation isotropicity tests showed that all batches of indomethacin SSEDDS were stable. SSEDDS containing shea butter as the lipid component recorded significantly (p < 0.05) longer emulsification times than those containing lipid blends. The T85 of most of the batches was within 30 min. Shea butter-based SSEDDS demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) higher anti-inflammatory effect than unformulated indomethacin powder. In conclusion, Shea butter conferred stability to the formulations and contributed to acceptable in vitro and superior anti-inflammatory characteristics of indomethacin. Key words: Shea butter, Bos indicus fat, indomethacin, solid self emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), anti-inflammatory.

Formulation by design of felodipine loaded liquid and solid self nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems using Box–Behnken design

Objective: To design and develop liquid and solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS and S-SNEDDS) of felodipine (FLD) using Box–Behnken design (BBD).Methods: Solubility study was carried out in various vehicles. Ternary phase diagram was constructed to delineate the boundaries of the nanoemulsion domain. The content of formulation variables, X1 (Acconon E), X2 (Cremophor EL) and X3 (Lutrol E300) were optimized by assessment of 15 formulations (as per BBD) for mean globule sizes in Millipore water (Y1), 0.1 N HCl (Y2), phosphate buffer (pH 6.4) (Y3); emulsification time (Y4) and T85% (Y5). The responses (Y1–Y5) were evaluated statistically by analysis of variance and response surface plots to obtain optimum points. The optimized formulations were solidified by adsorption to solid carrier technique using Aerosil 200 (AER).Results and discussion: Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the spherical shape of globules with the size range concordant with the globule size analysis by dynamic light scattering technique (<60 nm). The surface morphology of S-SNEDDS (before release) by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy indicated that SNEDDS are adsorbed uniformly on the surface of AER. The dried residue of S-SNEDDS (after release) revealed the presence of nanometric pores vacated by the previously adsorbed SNEDDS onto AER. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction studies illustrated the change of FLD from crystalline to amorphous state.Conclusion: This study indicates that owing to nanosize, SNEDDS and S-SNEDDS of FLD have potential to enhance its absorption and may serve an efficient oral delivery.

Self‐inspection of blood establishments

Background and ObjectivesBlood Establishments (BE) within the European Union, are legally obliged to conduct self inspections, as defined in the Commission Directive 2005/62/EC[3]. These self inspections are considered to be an essential part of the Quality Management System, allowing the BE to continuously improve their processes. Furthermore different BE's have developed different self inspection schemes based on a wide range of regulations and standards. Implementing an efficient and effective self inspection scheme can be a challenge.Materials and MethodsClear references to self inspections within blood establishments are made in the national and international regulation, as well as in other commonly used international standards. Because the defined inspection criteria are different within these standards, the European Blood Inspection Project (EuBIS[9]) was initiated by the European Commission in collaboration with the European Blood Alliance, resulting in pan‐European standards and criteria for self inspections.ResultsBased on the EuBIS criteria, a self inspection scheme can be put in place as a tool to evaluate the adherence and the effectiveness of the Quality Management System (QMS) of a blood establishment. This self inspection scheme is incorporated in the QMS and focuses on continuous improvement, root cause analysis, process optimalisation and efficacy, finally resulting in the prevention of quality failures by introducing remedial actions where necessary.ConclusionAs an essential part of management review and QMS improvement, a solid self inspection scheme within blood establishments can detect areas for improvement within the organization.

A Gelucire 44/14 and labrasol based solid self emulsifying drug delivery system: formulation and evaluation

A solid self emulsifying formulation (S-SEF) has been developed with an intention to improve the dissolution characteristics of poorly water soluble lercanidipine hydrochloride (LH). Suitable components for the formulation of liquid self emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) were selected after screening various vehicles via solubility studies. Formulations were designed with Gelucire® 44/14 as oil, labrasol as surfactant and transcutol-P as co surfactant. The prepared formulations were evaluated for self emulsifying efficiency and ternary phase diagram was used to designate optimum systems in the emulsifying domain. These systems were further investigated for robustness towards different pH conditions, globule size, thermodynamic stability, surface morphology, cloud point and in vitro drug release. The optimized LH loaded formulation possessed a mean globule size of 142.5 ± 5.37 nm and cloud point of 72 ± 2.66 °C. The liquid SEDDS was transformed into free flowing S-SEF by adsorbing on to an inert carrier, Neusilin US2®. The results revealed no difference in globule size and emulsification characteristics between liquid SEDDS and S-SEF. The solid state characterization studies indicated loss of crystallinity for the drug. Significant improvement in dissolution characteristics of LH for prepared S-SEF was observed compared with pure drug.

Formulation and evaluation of solid self micro emulsifying drug delivery system using aerosil 200 as solid carrier

Improvement of bio-availability of poorly water soluble drugs presents one of the furthermost challenge in drug formulations. One of the most admired and commercially viable formulation approach for this challenge is solid self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS). There are many techniques to convert liquid SMEDDS to solid, but an adsorption technique is simple and economic. Hence aim of present study was to develop S-SMEDDS of poorly water soluble drug Telmisartan (TEL) using Aerosil 200 as solid carrier. Liquid SMEDDS was prepared using Acrysol EL 135, Tween 80 and PEG 400 as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant and was converted to S-SMEDDS by adsorbing it on Aerosil 200. Prepared S-SMEDDS was evaluated for flow properties, drug content, reconstitution properties, DSC, SEM, in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo intestinal permeability study. Results showed that prepared S-SMEDDS have good flow property with 99.45 ± 0.02% drug content. Dilution study by visual observation showed that there was spontaneous micro emulsification and no sign of phase separation. Droplet size was found to be 0.34 µm with polydispersity index of 0.25. DSC thermogram showed that crystallization of TEL was inhibited. SEM photograph showed smooth surface of S-SMEDDS with less aggregation. Drug releases from S- SMEDDS were found to be significantly higher as compared with that of plain TEL. Ex-vivo intestinal permeability study revealed that diffusion of drug was significantly higher from S-SMEDDS than that of suspension of plain TEL. Study concluded that S-SMEDDS can effectively formulated by adsorption technique with enhanced dissolution rate and concomitantly bioavailability.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i12.12451 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(12): 414-419

Design and Development of Solid Self Emulsifying Osmotic Delivery System of Nifedipine

Design and Development of Solid Self Emulsifying Osmotic Delivery System of Nifedipine

The Crucible Differentiation Scale: Assessing Differentiation in Human Relationships

Whereas most existing differentiation measures are grounded in Bowen's writings about differentiation, the self-report instrument created in this study addresses differentiation according to the Four Points of Balance articulated by the Crucible Approach. The Crucible Differentiation Scale (CDS) is a 63-item, Likert-type, multidimensional measure of differentiation focused on adults and their important relationships. The psychometric properties of the CDS were tested through five studies with a total of 4,169 participants. The identified CDS subscales are Solid Self, Connectedness, Anxiety Regulation through Self-Soothing, Anxiety Regulation through Accommodation, Reactivity through Avoidance, Reactivity through Arguments, and Tolerating Discomfort for Growth. The CDS has potential use in evaluating differentiation theory, organizing treatment, and measuring therapy process and outcome.

Recent Trends in Oral Drug Delivery: A Review

There are many ways to deliver drugs into the body, viz oral (through swallowing), sub mucosal (through buccal and sublingual mucosa), parenteral (through injection), transdermal (through skin), pulmonary (through inhalation) etc. Among these deliveries oral delivery (by swallowing) is widely accepted. In oral drug delivery, many scientific challenges and breakthrough technologies are required to generate novel dosage forms raising drug delivery to higher level. Some are self emulsifying systems, solid self nanoemulsion, polymeric micelles, spray freezing, pH controlled systems, time delayed system, osmotic pumps, prodrugs etc. This paper reviews recent patents, technologies and products with their importance, manufacturing and novel approaches implemented till date to overcome the challenges in oral drug delivery systems.

Pluronic and Tetronic Copolymers with Polyglycolyzed Oils as Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems

The potential of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers Pluronic F127 (PF127) and Tetronic 304 (T304), 904 (T904) and 1307 (T1307) as components of solid self-(micro)emulsifying dosage forms, S(M)EDDS, was evaluated. The dependence of the self-associative properties of Tetronics on pH explained the low ability of the micelles to solubilize griseofulvin at acid pH (sevenfold increase) compared to at alkaline pH (12-fold). Blends of polyglycolyzed glycerides (Labrasol, Labrafac CC, and Labrafil M 1944CS) with each copolymer at two different weight ratios (80:20 and 60:40) were prepared, diluted in water, and characterized in terms of globule size, appearance and griseofulvin solubility. The blends with Labrasol led to microemulsions that are able to increase drug solubility up to 30-fold. SMEDD hard gelatine capsules filled with griseofulvin and Labrasol or Labrasol/copolymer 80:20 showed a remarkable increase in drug solubility and dissolution rate, particularly when T904, T1307 or PF127 was present in the blend. This effect was more remarkable when the volume of the dissolution medium was 200 ml (compared to 900 ml), which can be related to a higher stability of the microemulsion when there is a greater concentration of the copolymer and glyceride in the medium.

Reading the Family Dance: Family Systems Therapy and Literary Study (review)

Reviewed by: Reading the Family Dance. Family Systems Therapy and Literary Study Jeffrey Adams Knapp, John V. and Kenneth Womack , eds. 2003. Reading the Family Dance. Family Systems Therapy and Literary Study. Newark: University of Delaware Press. $55.00. 333 pp. This collection of thirteen essays, a follow-up to a group of articles on this topic first published in a special issue of Style (1998), is a response to the need for continuing research that, as the editors write, "demonstrates the breadth of Family Systems Therapy's theoretical possibilities" (14). Indeed, this well-conceived and well-edited volume offers its reader a broad spectrum of writings that apply various aspects of Family Systems Therapy (FST) to the analysis of literary texts. Furthermore, the anthology serves well as an introduction to this emerging psychological approach to literature. For those less familiar with FST, the introduction by John Knapp provides a brief but informative overview of its fundamental ideas and historical development. Although pervasive and highly influential among clinical psychotherapists since the 1960s, FST has only recently begun to make inroads among literary critics, answering the call from the scholarly community for a psychology of literature that addresses the inter-psychic rather than [End Page 196] the intra-psychic dimensions of literary characters in the context of their fictional worlds. As such, FST offers the possibility of a social psychology of literature as an alternative to the individual-oriented psychoanalytic approaches that have previously prevailed. As Knapp remarks in his introduction, FST is not suggested as a "totalistic pan-theory," but it does offer another view of the human condition, "one that many critics continue to find productive and revelatory" (14). In his contribution to the collection, Gary Storhoff contends that applying FST to literary texts "increases our understanding of an author, expands our understanding of the possibilities of character constructs, and adds another dimension to the view that literature expresses fundamental ideas about how we live" (71). Such statements suggest that FST critics believe they are offering an authentic alternative to the more abstract and reality-distant interpretations based in classical Freudian and neo-Freudian theory. Among the foundational concepts of FST is the idea that the family system constitutes a "matrix of identity," meaning that to comprehend an individual, whether empirical or fictional, one must place that individual in the context of interrelatedness that determines personal identity. As prominent FST theorist Virginia Satir argues, Freudian psychoanalysis presents sex as the most basic human drive, but in the view of FST theory "the sex drive is continually subordinated to and used for the purpose of enhancing self-esteem and defending against threats of self-esteem" (16). Similarly, in his essay Jerome Bump explains the concept of "family dance" as a redefinition of Freud's "family romance," which Bump traces to the Freudian notion that oedipal jealousy arises from dynamics of parent-child idealization in early childhood. The "dance," according to Bump, more aptly describes the dynamics of family systems than the "romance," which derives from dreams or fantasies about an ideal family that never existed in reality. In other publications, Knapp (who has also recently completed a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology) has challenged the idea that basic Freudian concepts like drive reduction and primary process, which are no longer thought valid in contemporary cognitive psychology, can remain useful in literary criticism. One of the most important tasks of the family system is to lend support for the individual's integration into a solid family unit. At the same time, the family unit should support the process of differentiation that leads to the individual's healthy autonomy. In functional families, the individual can develop a "solid self," and be able to reconcile and integrate inner self and external behavior. In dysfunctional families, fear and anxiety force the creation of a "pseudo-self" in which inner and outer are not congruent. Further foundational ideas of FST include the family hierarchy—the subdivisions of power and relational dynamics within the family setting; family niches—a concept that accounts for extreme personality differences among siblings [End Page 197] along Darwinian lines; homeostasis in the family life cycle—a model derived from cybernetic theory...

Independent Suspension, Self Steered Axle, and 4WS for Busses

The dynamic behavior of commercial vehicles fitted with differentr types of suspension mechanisms and steering devices is investigated in this paper. Six vehicle models have been constructed: 2WS-SA is a standard two wheel steering bus with solid axles; 2WS-DW is a 2WSA vehicle with independent double wishbone suspension in front and rear axles; SSA-SA is a 2WS system with solid axles, the rear one being mounted on a self steered mechanism; SSA-DW is a vehicle with independent double wishbone suspension in the front axle, and a solid self steered rear axle; 4WS-SA has four wheel steering with solid axles; and 4WS-DW is a 4WS vehicle with independent double wishbone suspension in front and rear axles. The dynamic response of these models has been assessed in terms of lateral acceleration, yaw velocity, tire forces, tire force reserves, and slip angles. The expected advantages of a 4WS system (higher acceleration rates and lower slip angles) will be corroborated but, at the same time, it will be shown that they are obtained at the cost of lower force reserves. Self steered mechanisms produce smaller body slip angles, but it will be shown that they give rise to larger yaw velocity overshootings. The particular independent suspension analyzed does not show significant improvements with respect to the solid axle counterpart.

Sartre and existential psychoanalysis.

Abstract This article explores the contributions which a shift from Freudian to Sartrean metatheory might make to contemporary psychoanalysis. Beginning with a brief history of Sartre's deeply ambivalent relationship to traditional psychoanalysis, the article moves forward to reinterpret ego psychology and object relations theory from a Sartrean perspective and to point out ways in which a Sartrean reinterpretation could lead to more effective practice. A case is made for the importance of distinguishing between “neurotic anxiety” based on the “return of the repressed” and “existential anxiety” based on angst over one's freedom and inability to be a solid self at moments of deep level change in therapy. The importance of reciprocity in the client‐therapist relationship is emphasized.