Emissions Of Solid Particles Research Articles

Ecological tax on industrial air pollution and its impact on reducing emissions in the cement industry: a case study of Lafarge Holcim cement company in Algeria

This study aims to highlight the importance of ecological tax in reducing air pollution caused by the cement industry. The focus is on limiting the emissions resulting from cement dust and polluting gases surrounding the Lafarge Holcim cement plant and its neighboring areas. The study explores the Algerian laws and decrees regulating the ecological tax on industrial air pollution, specifically the limits on dust and gas emissions set by Executive Decree No. 138/06, which governs the emission of dust, solid and liquid particles, and gases into the atmosphere. Among the key findings, the effectiveness of the ecological tax in reducing the amount of gas and cement dust emissions into the air surrounding the factory was evident. This includes gases such as sulfur oxides (SOX), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). As a result, the company adopted an environmentally sustainable policy, investing in cleaner production technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse gases and cement dust emissions. This approach aligns with the ecological tax on industrial air pollution and demonstrates Lafarge Holcim's commitment to environmental sustainability.

Increasing the efficiency of coagulation in resonant gaps due to acoustic flow formation

Relevance. The urgent need to eliminate environmental pollution from industrial emissions of various solid particles. At the same time, maximum attention is paid to cleaning exhaust gases from particles of 2.5 microns in size or less. One of the most promising ways to increase the efficiency of existing gas purification equipment in capturing such particles is their coagulation by exposing the gas flow to high-intensity acoustic vibrations of ultrasonic frequency. However, at low concentrations, even at the maximum permissible sound pressure level, the coagulation efficiency of particles smaller than 2.5 microns is insufficient to increase the recovery rate of gas cleaning equipment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new ways to further improve the efficiency of ultrasonic coagulation of particles smaller than 2.5 μm. Aim. To determine the conditions for the formation of vortex flows in ultrasonic fields with the maximum ultrasonic influence in terms of sound pressure level. Conducting comparative studies of the coagulation of particles with a size of 2.5 microns with and without vortex flows. This will make it possible to determine the real values of increasing the efficiency of ultrasonic coagulation during turbulization of a gas-dispersed flow by acoustic flows in comparison with coagulation in a uniform ultrasonic field and without it. Objects. Coagulation of particles under the influence of homogeneous and inhomogeneous ultrasonic fields. Methods. Computer modeling of the formed ultrasonic field by the finite element method using harmonic acoustic analysis. The paper considers the experimental method for studying the process of combining particles under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations. To determine the characteristics of an aerosol during experimental studies, a TIPAS-1 meter based on the small-angle scattering method and the spectral transparency method was used. Results. The paper introduces the results of studies of coagulation of particles with a size of 2.5 microns or less in an ultrasonic field formed in resonant gaps by oscillating disk emitters. The authors proposed to increase the efficiency of coagulation in resonant gaps through the use of ultrasonic disk emitters capable of forming alternating zones of maximum and minimum amplitude oscillations in the resonant gaps. The creation of such zones ensured the formation of vortex-type acoustic flows capable of moving particles within the nodal regions of a standing wave and between them. The involvement of small particles in the formed flows made it possible to increase the probability of their collision. It was established that more effective ultrasonic coagulation provides an increase in the degree of inertial capture for particles of 2.5 microns in size by 6% – from 89 to 95%, for particles of 1.5 microns in size by 7% – from 85 to 92%, and for particles of 0.5 microns by 9% – from 76 to 85%.

Recent advances in electrostatic precipitation of particles from flue gases generated by domestic heating appliances. A brief outlook

Winter season is the time of increased emission of exhaust gases from household heating appliances containing particulate matter (PM) and other noxious contaminants. Many old buildings and single houses, particularly at rural and small town regions, still use stoves, fireplaces or ovens to flat heating. Besides qualified fuels like coal or biomass pellets, all kinds of wastes are also burned in many cases, producing not only mineral particles but also toxic volatile organic compounds or other carcinogenic species. To solve the problem of high level of emission of solid particles and organic-compound molecules different constructions of electrostatic precipitators, which can remove such particles, have been developed in last two decades, which were designed to operate downstream of small domestic boilers. Such electrostatic precipitator must comply with the ECODESIGN emission limits, which set the emission level at 20 mg/m3, for biomass. The mass collection efficiency should be higher than 95 % to obtain this emission level. This brief review presents different constructions of electrostatic precipitators designed to be used for the removal of fly ash particles from domestic heating appliances.

Characterization of harmful gases and bioaerosols of pig farms: a review of the existing literature

From the ecological and economic point of view, intensive pig farming is drawing more and more attention due to the appearance of harmful substances, which significantly increases the risks of air, water and soil pollution. In addition, the optimal criteria for the content of harmful gases, dust and microorganisms in the environment of pig farms are currently not clearly defined. In order to better understand the interaction of harmful emissions and aerosols, the article reviews data from the literature on their main components, concentrations, and interactions. The results showed that the main pollutants in pig farming are harmful gases (ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxide (N2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which are released from manure. The presence of even small concentrations of harmful gases in farm air can cause respiratory and cardiovascular system disorders not only in animals, but also in humans. Along with harmful gases, it is important to control the emission of solid particles and dust from livestock premises, which can form aerosols. Microbial aerosols in pig houses contain bacteria, fungi, viruses, which mainly come from the animals themselves, manure or service personnel. The bioaerosol includes the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes bacterial divisions and their derivatives. In addition, the content of potentially dangerous bacteria in the bioaerosol can reach up to 40 %. A major concern causes the presence of a large number of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in the air of these farms (including MRSA). The existing strategies and methods to combat these problems are still imperfect and need to be refined. Currently, the interaction of harmful gases, dust, solid particles and microorganisms is not taken into account, which can increase the toxic effect of each other on the animal's body. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of these interactions in order to improve the strategy for improving the microclimate conditions by correcting the microbiota, finding and developing biological preparations that contain natural bacteria capable of neutralizing odors and disinfecting livestock premises.

До аналізу викидів від зносу автомобільних шин, як екологічної складової використання автомобільного транспорту

In the work, a study of the negative impact of vehicles on the environment, namely emissions from the wear of automobile tires, was carried out. As a result, tire dust is released into the environment, which settles on the roads, or gets into the air and is carried over considerable distances. The research of European and American scientists on the wear and tear of vehicle tires during their movement and the harmfulness of these emissions to human health is analyzed. The mechanism of tire tread wear has been studied, its types have been determined, and the factors affecting wear of the tire tread have been determined. Based on the analysis of scientific research, the influence of the established factors on the change in the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 solid particles in emissions from car tire wear was determined. It was found that an aggressive driving style contributes to a significant increase (by 78 times) in the concentration of solid particles in emissions during tire wear. An increase in the level of emissions is also influenced by an increase in the load on the tires and an increase in the speed of movement. It was determined that new car tires are characterized by an increase in the concentration of particulate emissions, which is explained by a certain period of their running-in. An increase in the concentration of solid particles was also established when using studded winter tires compared to non-studded and summer ones. Possible steps for deepening research on the problem of solid particle emissions from tire wear and their impact on the environment are proposed. Among them: clear compliance with the load index when choosing tires, compliance with speed regimes, ensuring compliance of tire materials with wear resistance standards, taking into account the specifics of the impact of materials and the limit sizes of their components on the wear of automobile tires when designing coatings for new automobile roads and modernization of existing ones.

Using heat exchanger for construction of electrostatic precipitator in a small heat source

The article deals with the solution to the increased level of environmental pollution by emissions of solid particles from small sources. The research aimed to build an efficient electrostatic precipitator directly in the combustion device, ensuring simple maintenance and low space requirements. During the measurements on the experimental equipment, the average production of particulate matter was measured with and without the use of an electrostatic precipitator. Three combustion modes were used during the measurements: minimum, optimal and maximum performance. The results of the measurements showed up to 52.3 % efficiency in removing particles from flue gases.

Study on the effect of different aldehyde modifiers on the fume suppression effect, mechanism and road performance of SBS modified asphalt

In order to curb asphalt fume emissions during the heating process of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) asphalt, three aldehyde modifiers [vanillin (X), citral (N) and amyl cinnamaldehyde (J)] were blended into SBS-modified asphalt to prepare aldehyde-modified asphalt in this paper. By collecting solid particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in asphalt fumes to conduct relevant experiments, we have analyzed the fume suppression effect and suppression mechanism of aldehyde modified asphalt, and finally examined the road performance of aldehyde modifiers with the best fume suppression effect. It was found that the average VOCs concentration of aldehyde modified asphalt was reduced by about 78 % after 30 min. Aldehyde modifiers significantly reduce the compositional type and content of VOCs in SBS asphalt and reduce the risk of carcinogenicity by curbing the emission of substances such as benzene and phenol. J asphalt reduced solid particle emissions from SBS asphalt fume by 31.4 % and outperformed both X and N asphalt in inhibiting the escape of solid particulate matter and carcinogens from asphalt fume. Polymer networks and the cross-linking of chemical molecules are the main reasons for inhibiting the escape of asphalt fume molecules. In addition, the J modifier enhanced the high-temperature stabilization and water-stability properties of asphalt mixtures, but slightly reduced the low-temperature cracking resistance. The results showed that the three aldehyde modifiers were effective in inhibiting the volatilization of fumes from SBS modified asphalt. Among them, with the best effect of curbing fume emissions and a better road performance, J-modified asphalt is promising for the application in asphalt fume prevention and emissions reduction, and provides a new solution to reduce construction pollution and physical harm caused by asphalt fume in the construction process.

A new method to assess vehicle airborne non-exhaust particles: Principle, application and emission evaluation

A method that could assess the whole vehicle non-exhaust particle (NEP) emission from the whole vehicle level was proposed by combining sealed housing with the chassis dynamometer. The intake and exhaust systems were connected to the out of the chamber to avoid possible effects on NEP emissions. The most distinguishing feature of the proposed method is the whole vehicle assessment of the NEP. Based on the proposed method, three vehicles were tested under various conditions. The results proved that the total NEP from the US06 cycle could be four orders of magnitude higher than that of the WLTC cycle due to the higher thermal load. The transient NEP concentration is highly associated with the friction pairs' temperature, and there are two critical temperatures respectively for volatile particles and solid particles. Mechanical friction-dominated test (WLTC) tends to produce larger particles, while thermal process-dominated tests (US06) tend to emit smaller particles. Solid particles occupy <10% of the total particles, and solid particle is dominated with the size at 10– 23 nm. The higher the brake temperature, the higher the solid particle emissions (both concentration and portion). NEP emission decreases when vehicle miles travelled increase. Total NEP number emission factors could be two orders of magnitude higher than the current PN limit for exhaust particles (6*1011#/km). The solid particle emission factor could also be ten times higher than the current PN limit. O and Fe element distribution matches well with the SEM image, which means the proposed method could successfully sample the brake particles. The carbon element weight is dominated by the organic carbon, which might mean that it's the mechanical abrasion dominate the carbon mass. The top 5 dominant element during ICP/MS analysis is Si, Na, Mg, Zn, and Al.

Reducing particulate emissions by using advanced engine oil nanoadditives based on molybdenum disulfide and carbon nanotubes

Nanoadditives can be used to enhance lubricating properties of engine oils. Although many additives have been developed, molybdenum disulfide and carbon nanotubes have attracted significant attention. In this study, we demonstrate that hybrid nanostructures based on these unique materials (MoS2/CNTs) positively affect engine oil lubricating properties. Hybrid nanostructures were produced via wet chemical synthesis in impinging jet reactor. This method is characterized by easy scalability and possible continuous operation, which are crucial in material commercialization. The application of 0.5 wt% suspension exhibited the best results, reducing the friction coefficient at the engine operating temperature by up to 26%. Nanoadditives protected the lubricated parts, causing their wear to be considerably lower than the base oil. The effect of nanoadditives on the quality of exhaust gases was also investigated, which has not yet been researched. The application of the oil with MoS2/CNT reduced the emissions of solid particles in the gasoline engine exhaust gas. The total volume of particles in the exhaust gas was reduced by 91% and 49% under idling and load-running conditions. This research showed that MoS2/CNTs can be successfully used as nanoadditives in engine oils for improving tribological properties, enhancing anti-wear performance, and reducing particle emissions in exhaust gas.

Recommendations for emission testing and control of exhaust particles from a late technology mono-fuel CNG vehicle

The current study characterizes sub-23nm volatile and non-volatile particle emissions from a late technology (Euro 6d-temp) port-fuel injection vehicle, operating with compressed natural gas (CNG) as the primary fuel and E10 gasoline, as a reserve fuel. In part of the testing, gasoline was replaced with alkylate fuel or was doped with an octane booster (MMT), to understand fuel impacts better. Alkylate use resulted to the lowest total particle number (TPN) emission levels, below that of the Euro 6 limit. Increased sensitivity to primary sampling temperature was observed for CNG due to the high H/C ratio that causes water condensation in the exhaust. A minimum sampling temperature of 70oC is recommended to avoid water particles in CNG operation. The study also assessed the potential of a particle filter (PF) in controlling total and solid CNG exhaust particles. Results indicate effective PF filtration of non-volatile and volatile particles, especially in the sub-23 nm size range. Gasoline and CNG tests with PF suggest TPN10 emissions in the order of 5 × 1011 p/km, below the Euro 6 and Euro 7 regulation limit. Adopting PF as part of the aftertreatment layout would be required for control of solid and total particle emissions from CNG vehicles.

Aspiration of loading iron ore pellets into railway wagons using a ceramic filter.

Loading of iron ore pellets into railway wagons at mining and processing enterprises is accompanied by the formation of a significant amount of suspended iron-containing highly abrasive particles. The shortcomings of existing aspiration systems currently used to reduce the negative impact on the environment are considered. It is demonstrated that existing wet cleaning devices, as a rule, do not meet the requirements of sanitary standards for emissions into the atmosphere. Tubular cloth filter of dry-cleaning devices is subject to intense abrasive wear of the iron ore dust captured, which leads to a violation of sanitary standards for emissions of solid particles into the atmosphere. The results of pilot plant tests of a ceramic filter installed in the existing aspiration system for loading iron ore concentrate into railway wagons are described. The aerodynamic resistance of the ceramic filter is determined, as well as its technical and economic indicators. It was found that when replacing the tubular cloth filter with a ceramic pulse filter, a decrease in the residual dust concentration from 72 to 4 mg/m3 was achieved. The efficiency of cleaning the aspiration flow in a ceramic filter is 17.8 times higher than this indicator in the existing tubular filter. The replacement of cloth filter elements with ceramic ones in the body of the existing filtration system of the aspiration system for loading iron ore pellets into railway cars will reduce the gross emissions of iron-containing dust into the atmosphere from 47 to 1.9 tons/year. When replacing cloth filter elements with ceramic ones, the total fee for the negative impact on the environment within and above the MPE will decrease from 130 thousand roubles/year up to 85 thousand roubles/year. In addition, the return of dust material to production will save at least 0.5 million roubles/year.

Characterization of in-cylinder spatiotemporal flame and solid particle emissions for ethanol-gasoline blended in gasoline direct injection engines

Stricter regulations for internal combustion engines have necessitated the inclusion of eco-friendly fuels with conventional ones to reduce gas and solid emissions. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, however, have been found to produce more particle number and mass emissions than port fuel injection engines. To address this, bioethanol fuel has been selected as an additive eco-friendly fuel for gasoline, with the aim of reducing particle emissions. In this study, we quantitatively characterize in-cylinder spatiotemporal flame to feature combustion performance and particle emissions for ethanol fuel in the GDI combustion chamber. We examined three engine combustion modes differed in equivalence ratio and injection strategy to produce various combustion results to quantify combustion performance and particle emission characteristics. Using an eight-channel non-intrusive flame luminosity sensor in one cylinder, we measured the flame front and its propagation direction. At the tailpipe, we measured particulate emissions using an engine exhaust particle sizer and a micro soot sensor coupled with a catalytic stripper that removed semi-volatile compounds. Our study found that increasing ethanol fuel content for different combustion modes resulted in distinct combustion and flame development. The particle size distribution also showed different patterns at each combustion mode, depending on the ethanol content. Lean combustion modes yielded high diffusion flame intensity compared to stoichiometric combustion mode, which resulted in a larger amount of particle formation. The physical properties of ethanol fuel were found to predominantly determine the fuel-air mixture quality, combustion process, and flame development at each combustion mode. An increase in ethanol fuel content at lean-homogeneous mode resulted in higher diffusion flame intensity and larger particle emissions. Our comparative study of flame and solid particles for ethanol fuel content improves the understanding of in-cylinder combustion processes and their correlations.

Limited impact of diesel particle filters on road traffic emissions of ultrafine particles

Diesel engines are a major contributor to emissions of both Black Carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles. Analysis of data from the only roadside monitoring site in Europe with a continuous dataset for size-segregated particle number count (Marylebone Road, London) from 2010 to 2021 reveals that the growing number of vehicles fitted with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and Diesel Particle Filter (DPF) has been very effective in controlling the emissions of solid particles and hence BC, but that there has been little change in the liquid mode (<30 nm) particles, and that concentrations of ultrafine particles (<100 nm) still well exceed the threshold for “high” concentrations (>104 cm−3 /24-hour mean) defined by WHO. BC declined by 81% between 2014 and 2021, but the ultrafine particle (<100 nm) count declined by only 26%. Consequently, in locations worldwide with heavy diesel traffic, concentrations of ultrafine particles are likely to remain “high” for the foreseeable future unless more effective abatement technologies are implemented.

Use of fuel injection equipment with increased injection pressure for reducing environmental footprint

BACKGROUND: Environmental pollution causes a number of irreversible consequences, including those associated with climate warming, acid precipitation, deterioration of climatic conditions and others. The problem of reducing harmful emissions of diesel engines containing in exhaust gases is currently relevant, as the implementation of the EURO 4/5/6 standards is becoming increasingly difficult for both new automotive equipment and those already in operation.&#x0D; AIMS: Reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and reduction of environmental footprint by increasing the fuel injection pressure in a diesel cylinder.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 6Ch15/18 (7D6-150) diesel engines, having nominal power of 110 kW at 1500 min-1, specific effective fuel consumption of 224 g/(kWh) and oil burn of 0.32% of the fuel consumption intended for diesel generator units, were tested. During steady-state tests, diesel exhaust gases were collected to analyze their composition and determine the dispersion of solid particles (SP) with an increase in fuel injection pressure by tightening the nozzle springs.&#x0D; RESULTS: It was revealed that with an increase in the tightening of the nozzle springs and an increase in the injection pressure (PI), emissions of solid particles with exhaust gases decrease, and the fuel efficiency of diesel increases. As a result of the tests carried out, it was found that with an increase in the springs tightening of the injectors from (PI increased from 160 to 185 kPa), emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) decreased by 15%, emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) decreased by 15%, emissions of hydrocarbons (CxHy) decreased by 54% and emissions of solid particles (SP) decreased by 33%. Improved mixing and better preparation of fuel for combustion explain the change in CO emissions with the PI increase. The emissions of CxHy indicate a significant improvement in the completeness of fuel combustion in the cycle. Emissions of solid particles containing in exhaust gases are reduced due to the intensification of mixing of air and fuel vapor, contributing to a more complete burn-off of soot in a cylinder. The CxHy emissions are reduced and meet the EURO-3 and EURO-4 standards. The environmental footprint was as follows: NEF = 51.34 Сt/year at PI = 160 kPa and NEF = 43.66 Сt/year at PI = 185 kPa, which indicates a decrease in the environmental footprint by 1.17 times or by 15%.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of using fuel injection equipment with increased fuel injection pressure into a cylinder to reduce harmful emissions from diesel exhaust gases down to the required standards.

Results of application of porous permeable SHS catalytic blocks in multistage converters, &#x0D; diesel exhaust gases

BACKGROUND: According to the statements of leading experts in the diesel industry, in order to introduce standards for the levels of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, it is necessary to use particulate filters and catalytic converters, which will increase the efficiency of exhaust gas conversion and improve the environmental performance of diesel engines.&#x0D; AIMS: Educing harmful emissions into the atmosphere, improving the quality and reducing the cost of cleaning exhaust gases during the implementation of the life cycles of transport energy facilities by using porous SHS blocks in catalytic converters and particulate filters.&#x0D; METHODS: Stand tests of prototypes of neutralizers of the AltSTU design with one, two and three stages of purification were carried out. The first stage is a particulate filter made of porous permeable SHS material, the second stage is an oxidizing SHS block, the third stage is a catalytic reducing SHS block. To obtain catalytic blocks by the SHS method, the following charge composition was used: iron scale 18X2H4MA -47.5%; chromium oxide PH-1 according to TU 882-76 17.7%; nickel powder PNK-OT-1 according to GOST 9722-79 4.9%; aluminum powder according to TU 485-22-87 grade ASD-1 15%, copper 11%; aluminum oxide 3.8%; iridium 0.01%. The charge of the recovery unit consisted of 14.5% copper. The resulting blocks had a permeable structure and high strength. The average pore size was 180 microns. Neutralizers were installed butt-to-butt with a turbocharger.&#x0D; RESULTS: It was revealed that NOx emissions according to the load characteristic of the KamAZ-740 diesel engine at 2600 min-1 decrease at average effective pressures Pe equal to 0.03; 0.55; 0.77 MPa from 3.82...11.62...9.49 g/m3, respectively, to 3.23...6.52...4.61 g/m3 or approximately 13...44...53%. Reduction of emissions of solid particles at the same loads was 75; 45; 63%, of hydrocarbons 72; 53; 54%. The minimum specific fuel consumption was observed in the range of 1600...2000 min-1 according to the external speed characteristic. When using a neutralizer with two catalytic units installed in series, emissions from hydrocarbon exhaust decreased from 3.12...1.21 to 0.90...0.29 g/m3, or by 71...76%. The degree of CO conversion was 78...73%; NOx 4...52%, and the total purification coefficient was a coaxial installation of additional blocks made of SHS-catalytic materials has led to an improvement in the quality of cleaning up to =0,698. Over 360 hours of operation, the efficiency of PM conversion decreased from 55 to 45%, CO from 58 to 46%, NOx from 65 to 44%, which indicated the beginning of deactivation of catalysts.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The use of multi-stage neutralizers with SHS-catalytic units can reduce emissions of hydrocarbons by 1.95 times, carbon monoxide by 3.6 times, nitrogen oxides by 2 times, solid particles by 3 times, ensuring compliance with Russian standards.

Analysis of Flow Field Characteristics of Aquaculture Cabin of Aquaculture Ship

To investigate the influence of the number of inlet pipes on the characteristics of flow field and the discharge of solid particles such as bait residue and fish feces, STAR-CCM + was used to analyze the flow of field distribution in a ship-based aquaculture cabin under the conditions of two and four inlet pipes, thus optimizing the inlet pipes of the ship-based aquaculture cabin. Furthermore, a three-phase flow model (solid–liquid–gas) was established to determine the movement characteristics of similar solid particles of residual bait and fish manure in the cabin, while the emission performance of solid particles was analyzed. Finally, the formation of solid particles in the center of the aquaculture cabin was simulated. The simulation results show that the effect of flow field is better with two inlet pipes, and the discharge volume of the bottom outlet has little impact on the emission of solid particles. Findings from this study can serve as a reference and basis for the design and optimization of the aquaculture cabin of an aquaculture vessel.

Influence of the motor transport emissions on the atmospheric air quality in the city of Almaty and ways of the problem’ solution

Almaty is the largest city in the Republic of Kazakhstan, population is almost 2,0 million persons. The atmospheric air pollution is the most important environmental problem in this city. The main sources of the atmospheric air pollution are: emissions of the motor transport, emissions of the heating power plants (HPP), which use the solid fuel, emissions of the other industrial enterprises as well as emissions of the heating devices used in the private sector. According to the design data, motor transport makes the main input into the formation of total amount of the emissions. At the same time, some experts and public representatives periodically doubt the priority significance of the motor transport emissions for formation of level of the atmospheric air pollution at the residential areas. Analysis of possible interconnection between the changes in the transport flow on Almaty roads and level of the atmospheric air pollution at the residential areas in the area of influence is conducted based on the data provided by the posts of the automatic continuous observations, which belong to LLP “ECOSERVICE-C”. Winter period of the year 2022 was selected for evaluation of level of the pollutants’ content in the atmospheric air. During this period heating power plants HPP-1 and HPP-2, as well as heating devices of the private sector were operated day-and-night under maximum load. It was found out that level of content of fine-dispersed particles РМ10 and РМ2,5, as well as NO2 and СО increases in the atmospheric air, when the intensity of the motor transport movement grows. The results of monitoring during the period of January 5th – 9th, 2022, when the transport movement was limited due to introduction of the curfew regime, is the sound argument, which gives the evidence on the motor transport role in the atmospheric air pollution. According to the expert evaluations, during this period only about 20-30 % of the available motor transport were operated. At the same time, heating power plants HPP-1, HPP-2 and HPP-3, boiler houses, heating devices of the private sector worked at full capacity. During this period, based on the data provided by the air monitoring stations, which belong to LLP “ECOSERVICE-C”, the abrupt reduction of all pollutants, measured in the air, was observed. The environmental assessment of effectiveness of the measures directed on reduction of the pollutants’ emissions in Almaty, was conducted. Withdrawal of the diesel motor transport from the city allows reduction of the emissions. Practically complete elimination of emissions of solid particles РМ10 and РМ2,5 is the main effect of the diesel motor cars’ prohibition. Use of the electric motor transport and compressed natural gas (CNG) will give the significant influence on the emissions’ reduction. Such measures are the most perspective as regards the motor transport. Limitation by days of access for the motor transport with even and odd numbers will give the largest qualitative effect in reduction of the pollutants emitted by the motor transport (by 55,5 %). Prohibition to manufacture the passenger cars with ecological class up to Euro 4 and their replacement by ecological classes Euro 5-6 will result in the emissions’ reduction by 40,9 %.

Theoretical shell formation model for single droplet of heavy fuel oil

Combustion of heavy fuel oil (HFO) involves the complete combustion of volatile components and the emission of pollutants and solid particles. In most cases, solid particles are seen in the form of the cenosphere. Cenosphere is a hollow particle with a thin, brittle porous shell composed of solids leftover from the HFO. Controlling and reducing these polluting particles requires knowing their nature. Therefore, in this article, an innovative numerical model of how the cenosphere is formed has been developed, in which it is possible to accurately measure the mass, diameter, and thickness of the cenosphere, as well as the effect of changes in fuel concentration and temperature on each of the parameters. In this model, it was assumed that due to heat, the fuel turns into two parts, lighter or volatile and heavier. The lighter component evaporates and the heavy component remains as a solid and causes the formation of the cenosphere. The equations used in this approach include the following: the energy conservation and the evaporation equation for the liquid droplet, the kinetic reaction equations to replace the fuel thermal decomposition and calculate the mass of the coke, and the expansion and compression pressure balance equations for obtaining cenosphere diameter. The expansion pressure caused by the fluid flow through the porous shell, and the compression pressure due to the intermolecular force of the Carbon layers, is dissolved. In modeling fuel properties varying with temperature, an ordinary local HFO has been calculated by assuming a transient single-component droplet and using the distillation curve. The results of the model are in acceptable agreement with the experimental data available in the literature. The difference between the experimental and calculated results of the model for a wide range of results was less than 10%.

Thermal Engineering Tests of Heating Boiler Houses when Working on Peat Fuel

Modern development of society and the economy is generally accompanied by abandonment of non-renewable fuels in the system of existing attitudes toward environmental issues and resource conservation. The paper presents the results of complex operational tests of КВм-2.0 water boilers with automatic stoker and КВр-0.4K at heat supply facilities of the Arkhangelsk region under the typical operating conditions on coal, fuel mixtures, and also peat briquettes and sod peat. Experimental work was carried out using modern methods and advanced technical means. Within the framework of the research on the conversion of boilers to peat fuel, balance experiments were carried out; technical, economic and environmental performance indicators were obtained; the selection and analysis of focal residues were carried out, fine solid and soot particles polluted into the environment were studied in detail. The paper presents graphs of changes in gross efficiency, heat loss with exhaust gas, heat loss with incomplete combustion, and concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen oxides during the cycle between loading peat briquettes into the КВр-0.4K boiler, as well as graphs of changes in the heat balance components and gross efficiency all boiler units under investigation. The conversion of heat generating plants to peat fuel combustion makes it possible to achieve a significant reduction in emissions of solid and soot particles without upgrading ash-collecting plants. Complex experimental studies conducted of existing hot water boilers with a nominal heating capacity of 0.4 and 2.0 MW have shown the possibility, as well as the energy-environmental efficiency of burning briquetted and sod peat in the combustion chambers of these heat generating plants.

THE USE OF ULTRA-SMALL EXCESS AIR IN THE HYBEX FLUIDIZED BED BOILER INSTALLED AT ARKHANGELSK PULP AND PAPER MILL JSC

The purpose of this work is to calculate the emissions of a boiler unit using ultra-small excess air when burning biofuels. This will ensure better combustion of fuel in the boiler unit and significantly reduce emissions of solid particles, nitrogen oxides and sulfur.