Solid Oxide Research Articles

Applying high efficiency internal reforming catalyst for direct low concentration coal mine methane solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are green and efficient power generation devices, which can efficiently utilize the abundant low concentration coal mine methane (LC-CMM), and play an important role in energy saving and emission reduction. However, there are still challenges need to be addressed, such as low conversion efficiency and deposit carbon. In this work, a Sr2Fe1.4Ni0.1Mo0.5O6-δ-Gd0.1Ce0.9O2-δ (SFNM-GDC) internal reforming catalyst is prepared, generating abundant oxygen vacancies with in situ precipitates Fe–Ni alloys in the reducing atmosphere, leading to improved methane reforming efficiency and carbon deposition resistance. The results show that the cell exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with the internal reforming catalyst, with the maximum power density (Pmax) of 1212 mW cm−2 and 980 mW cm−2 at 800 °C with H2 and LC-CMM, respectively, corresponding to polarization impedances of 0.16 Ω cm2 and 0.47 Ω cm2. More importantly, the single cell combining SFNM-GDC reformed layer can maintain stable performance for 100 h at 700 °C under the atmosphere of LC-CMM. These results highlight that the reformed layer enhances CH4 reforming, optimizes electrochemistry and increases resistance to carbon deposition.

Durability and kinetic effects of CO2-rich oxidizing streams on LSCF-based solid oxide fuel cells

In the SOS–CO2 cycle, a novel hybrid cycle for blue power production, the solid oxide fuel cell's (SOFC) cathode is supplied with a CO2-rich oxidizing stream (e.g., 21 % O2 79 % CO2 vol.). The durability of state-of-the-art anode-supported SOFCs (25 cm2, SolydEra) with LSCF-GDC/LSC (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ-Gd0.1Ce0.9O3+δ/La0.6Sr0.4CoO3+δ) cathodes was tested at atmospheric pressure for 1090 h with 7 % humidified H2 and reformate, at 700 °C and 0.85 V. The SOFC performance was investigated with periodic I/V curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The results highlighted a 24 % power density loss when air was replaced with the O2/CO2 mixture (672 mW/cm2 in air vs. 508 mW/cm2 in O2/CO2 with humidified H2). A stable power output was observed, and complete reversibility was found when the air supply was restored. A distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis of the EIS spectra allowed to extract an anodic rate equation for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and evaluate the frequency region affected by cathodic CO2. The kinetic effect of CO2 was also studied via EIS on symmetric button cells at varying O2 and CO2 amounts, and a power-law rate equation was derived. The results verify the feasibility of the SOS–CO2 cycle feed conditions at 700 °C and atmospheric pressure.

Optimal energy management based on real-time performance analysis for the solid oxide fuel cell-combined heat and power system

In order to realize the efficient and stable operation of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-combined heat and power (CHP) system in the typical applied scenario, three different energy management schemes are proposed in this study. First, a coupled calculation model of the solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine-combined heat and power (SOFC-GT-CHP) system with a rated power of 30 kW for the SOFC stack is constructed. The inlet temperature and inlet pressure of the SOFC stack are optimized. The recommended design for the proposed system is thence obtained. Second, three operation schemes of SOFC-GT-CHP are proposed. They consist of the operation scheme of single-stack, multi-stack and optimal operation scheme coupled with vanadium redox flow battery (VRB). Finally, four types of typical applied scenarios in North China are selected. The real-time performance of the SOFC-GT-CHP system when applying three different operation schemes is obtained and comparatively analyzed. The results are presented as follows. First, the SOFC-GT-CHP system achieves a rated power of 44.50 kW and a rated system efficiency of 47.20 % when the inlet temperature and pressure of the stack are preferably 505 °C and 709.1 kPa. Second, the application of the multi-stack SOFC-GT-CHP system has the advantage of high efficiency in the low-load operation domain. With a net output power at 20 kW, the time average efficiency of SOFC-GT-CHP is increased from 38.37 % to 46.96 %. Finally, the SOFC-GT-CHP system achieves the highest time average generation efficiency of 46.13 % in the hotel applied scenario when applying the optimal operation scheme coupled with VRB. This meets the practical operation requirement of the SOFC stack. The reduction of the net output power range of SOFC-GT-CHP is 67.87 %. It shows that the optimal operation scheme is efficient and stable. The study can provide a reference for the energy management of the SOFC-GT-CHP system in typical applied scenarios.

Thermodynamic performance analysis of direct methanol solid oxide fuel cell hybrid power system for ship application

Methanol is a fuel that can be directly supplied to solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) without carbon deposition. This paper introduces the direct methanol SOFC-Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid power and SOFC-Gas turbine (GT) hybrid power systems. Thermodynamic performance analysis of the hybrid power systems and an investigation into the impact of various parameters were conducted. The results indicate that the electric efficiency of the SOFC-ICE system is 56.07 %, which is 3 percentage points higher than the SOFC-GT system but 3–4 percentage points lower than the SOFC-ICE system with pre-reforming. Increasing fuel utilization rate, operation temperature, and excess air ratio is beneficial to the performance of the SOFC, and raising current density helps improve the system's power density. Load-sharing strategy research demonstrates that in a scenario where the power ratio between SOFC and the ICE is 35:65, compared to a methanol engine, the efficiency of the SOFC-ICE hybrid power system increases by 4.3 %. Despite a 1.4-fold increase in weight and a 1.66-fold increase in cost, the fuel consumption rate and carbon emissions decrease by 8.8 %. Therefore, the strategy of combining a high-power engine with a low-power SOFC is currently a suitable load-sharing strategy for ship applications.

Enriching Nano-Heterointerfaces in Proton Conducting TiO2-SrTiO3@TiO2 Yolk-Shell Electrolyte for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.

A challenging task in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is seeking for an alternative electrolyte, enabling high ionic conduction at relatively low operating temperatures, i.e., 300-600°C. Proton-conducting candidates, in particular, hold a significant promise due to their low transport activation energy to deliver protons. Here, a unique hierarchical TiO2-SrTiO3@TiO2 structure is developed inside an intercalated TiO2-SrTiO3 core as "yolk" decorating densely packed flake TiO2 as shell, creating plentiful nano-heterointerfaces with a continuous TiO2 and SrTiO3 "in-house" interfaces, as well the interfaces between TiO2-SrTiO3 yolk and TiO2 shell. It exhibits a reduced activation energy, down to 0.225eV, and an unexpectedly high proton conductivity at low temperature, e.g., 0.084 S cm-1 at 550°C, confirmed by experimentally H/D isotope method and proton-filtrating membrane measurement. Raman mapping technique identifies the presence of hydrogenated HO─Sr bonds, providing further evidence for proton conduction. And its interfacial conduction is comparatively analyzed with a directly-mixing TiO2-SrTiO3 composite electrolyte. Consequently, a single fuel cell based on the TiO2-SrTiO3@TiO2 heterogeneous electrolyte delivers a good peak power density of 799.7mW cm-2 at 550°C. These findings highlight a dexterous nano-heterointerface design strategy of highly proton-conductive electrolytes at reduced operating temperatures for SOFC technology.

Utilization of Thermocatalysts in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Fed with Hydrogen-Rich Fuels: A Mini-Review

Utilization of Thermocatalysts in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Fed with Hydrogen-Rich Fuels: A Mini-Review

Structural and electrochemical evaluation of symmetrical and fuel flexible perovskite electrode for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell

Various disadvantages such as indolent oxidation/reduction and carbon-hydrogen (C–H) activation has hindered the commercialization of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operated with multi fuels at low temperatures (i.e. 400-700)°C. Extensive efforts have been made for the efficient performance of SOFCs by utilizing safe and cheap hydrocarbon fuels at low temperatures. In the current investigation, electrochemical performance of novel anode and cathode material SrMo0.5Fe0.5O3-δ (SMFO) is evaluated in the presence of multi-fuels such as hydrogen (gaseous), ethanol (liquid) and sub-bituminous coal (solid) at low temperature ∼ 700 °C. SMFO (synthesized through solid state reaction route) is thoroughly investigated via X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The average particle size measured is in the range from (60–90) nm. The electrical conductivity and power density is obtained between (190–389) S/cm and (994–1796) × 10−3 W/cm2 respectively among the various fuels. SMFO nanomaterial exhibits greater electrical conduction ∼390Scm−1 and power density ∼1687 × 10−3W/cm2 with ethanol to be utilized as fuel. The activation energies for SMFO are found to be (1.06, 0.65, 0.56) eV in the presence of hydrogen, ethanol and coal respectively. The active conduction and improved power densities make the fabricated nanomaterial well suited for SOFCs (at low temperature) both as cathode and anode with multi-fuel consumption.

Predicting the Remaining Useful Life of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems Using Adaptive Trend Models of Health Indicators

Degradation is an inevitable companion in the operation of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems since it directly deteriorates the reliability of the system’s operation and the system’s durability. Both are seen as barriers that limit the extensive commercial use of SOFC systems. Therefore, diagnosis and prognosis are valuable tools that can contribute to raising the reliability of the system operation, efficient health management, increased durability and implementation of predictive maintenance techniques. Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction has been extensively studied in many areas like batteries and proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM) systems, and a range of different approaches has been proposed. On the other hand, results available in the domain of SOFC systems are still relatively limited. Moreover, methods relying on detailed process models and models of degradation turned out to have limited applicability for in-field applications. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an effective, data-driven approach to predicting RUL where the trend of the health index is modeled by an adaptive linear model, which is updated at all times during the system operation. This allows for a closed-form solution of the probability distribution of the RUL, which is the main novelty of this paper. Such a solution requires no computational load and is as such very convenient for the application in ordinary low-cost control systems. The performance of the approach is demonstrated first on the simulated case studies and then on the data obtained from a long-term experiment on a laboratory SOFC system. From the tests conducted so far, it turns out that the quality of the RUL prediction is usually rather low at the beginning of the system operation, but then gradually improves while the system is approaching the end-of-life (EOL), making it a viable tool for prognosis.

Electrometallurgical Extraction of Silicon Using Solid Oxide Membrane—Molten Salt Electrolysis

Electrometallurgical Extraction of Silicon Using Solid Oxide Membrane—Molten Salt Electrolysis

Machine learning-based optimization and 4E analysis of renewable-based polygeneration system by integration of GT-SRC-ORC-SOFC-PEME-MED-RO using multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm and neural networks

This study introduces a new solar-methane-driven setup that recovers waste heat from flue gases to produce electricity, hydrogen, oxygen, fresh water (FW), and domestic hot water (DHW) while reducing the environmental impact of gas turbines. This integration includes the Brayton cycle and solid oxide fuel cell as motive cycles, the steam and organic Rankine cycle, a parabolic trough solar collector (PTC), a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, multi-effect distillation, and reverse osmosis. Using Engineering Equation Solver software, analyses in energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironment (4E) are conducted to identify critical system evaluation parameters in thermodynamics, economics, and the environment. Additionally, the proposed system is optimized using an artificial neural network and the multi-objective grey wolf optimizer algorithm, utilizing decision variables identified through sensitivity analysis to enhance system performance. The results of six-objective optimization show energy and exergy efficiencies at 49.48 % and 47.21 %, with a net power production of 133 MW and a total cost rate of $7903/h. Among all the components, the combustion chamber and PTC have the maximum exergy destruction, with values of 58.87 MW and 17.29 MW, respectively. Also, hydrogen, FW, and DHW production rates are 201.6 kg/h, 43.88 kg/s, and 40.98 kg/s, respectively. Moreover, the costs of hydrogen, FW, and DHW are $953.64/h, $57.35/h, and $82.48/h, respectively. Finally, Bloemfontein, Las Vegas, and Tunis are the most favorable regions economically, with a low levelized cost of electricity of $0.05931, $0.06006, and $0.05932 per kWh, along with payback periods of 0.6144, 0.5524, and 1.069 years, respectively.

Redox Stability and Electrical Properties of a Series of Novel Quadruple Dopant BIMEVOX: Bi2V1−4x(CuNiNbTi)xO5.5−δ

Bi2VO5.5‐based materials are well‐known oxide ion conductors owing to their exceptionally high ionic conductivity. However, their poor phase and redox stabilities under a reducing atmosphere hinder their practical application as electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells. Here, a series of novel quadruple metal‐doped bismuth vanadium system materials Bi2V1−4x(CuNiNbTi)xO5.5−δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) are prepared through a traditional solid state reaction method, aiming to enhance the phase and redox stability under reducing atmosphere. The results reveal that multiple‐metal‐doping can stabilize the tetragonal phase of Bi2VO5.5 to room temperature and show good phase and structural stabilities under inert or high oxygen partial pressure atmospheres, as well as pure oxide ion conduction which is slightly lower than that of the parent material. However, under a reducing environment, the Bi2V1−4x(CuNiNbTi)xO5.5−δ materials would still undergo a phase decomposition, yielding elemental bismuth impurity, and introducing strong electronic conduction. Thus, how to improve the phase and redox stabilities under the reducing atmosphere of the Bi2VO5.5‐based materials is still the endeavor direction in the future.

Eco‐friendly chemically crosslinked solid composite propellants via catalyst‐free azide‐alkyne cycloaddition

AbstractWe have innovatively formulated solid propellants by employing a catalyst‐free azide‐alkyne cycloaddition approach, steering away from the conventional urethane curing system reliant on moisture‐sensitive isocyanate compounds. These conventional systems exhibits poor compatibility with the eco‐friendly ionic oxidizers. Azide polymers, including polycaprolactone ether (PCE), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were incorporated, with their terminal hydroxyl groups strategically modified with azides. Additionally, glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), characterized by an abundance of azides in its side chains, was introduced. For polybutadiene‐based solid propellants, a departure from the norm was pursued. We employed polybutadiene (PB) terminated with electron‐deficient alkynes(propiolate), synthesized through a urethane reaction involving an unsymmetric divalent chain‐linker containing both isocyanate and propiolate functionalities with hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). This approach diverged from the common practice of modifying other polymers with azides at the terminal. To ensure the attainment of optical mechanical properties in azide‐terminated polymer‐based solid propellants, trivalent propiolate curatives were judiciously combined with divalent propiolate curatives in an appropriate blend ratio. A meticulously synthesized series of polymeric bonding agents, designed to establish chemical links between solid oxidizers and polymer binder, revealed the idenfication of exceptional bonding agents. These agents played a pivotal role in delivering outstanding mechanical properties in solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate (AP) and nitramine‐typed oxidizers. GAP‐based solid propellants were meticulously prepared, incorporating both urethane moieties at the terminal and triazole moieties at the side chains. Trivalent azide‐terminal curatives were introduced for crosslinking PB terminated with propiolates. Generally, triazole‐curing system resulted in solid propellants exhibiting notably higher burning rates compared to those crosslinked through urethanes. In summary, this research presents a sophisticated approach to the formulation of solid propellants, emphasizing a departure from conventional systems, strategic polymer modifications, and the meticulous synthesis of bonding agents to achieve superior mechanical properties and burning rates.

Current-Voltage (i-V) characteristics of electrolyte-supported (NiO-YSZ/NiO-SDC/ScSZ/LSCF-GDC/LSCF) solid oxide electrolysis cell during CO2/H2O co-electrolysis

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) stabilize CO2 emissions by converting CO2/H2O into synfuel. Current-Voltage (i-V) characteristics of an electrolyte-supported button cell (NiO-YSZ/NiO-SDC/ScSZ/LSCF-GDC/LSCF) were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor concentration, and CO2 gas concentrations. The cell microstructure was characterized by the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). FE-SEM micrographs depict that the electrolyte layer is relatively dense, and porous fuel and air electrode layers are well adhered to the electrolyte. The i-V curves were obtained at a scan rate of 0.02 Vs−1 from 0.3 to 1.5 V. Electrolysis current density increases as the temperature increases. SOEC performance increases, but SOFC performance decreases with increased water vapor concentration. Electrolysis current densities decrease as the CO2 concentration increases. The i-V characteristics show only ohmic polarization under fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions. At optimal conditions, current density values at 800 °C/1.5 V are -174, -187, and -195 mA cm−2 for 5%H2O, 30%CO2, and 30%CO2/5%H2O co-electrolysis. At 800 °C, open-circuit voltage (OCV) values for H2O, CO2, and co-electrolysis are 0.906, 0.891, and 0.885 V, respectively. The electrolysis area-specific resistances (ASRs) give information on the reduction of CO2 or H2O, forming CO or H2, respectively. At optimal conditions, ASR values are 3.43, 3.29, and 3.18 Ω cm2 for H2O, CO2, and co-electrolysis, respectively. Co-electrolysis has a lower ASR value than pure H2O and CO2 electrolysis, indicating that H2O and CO2 are involved in the electrochemical processes.

Economic Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems Utilizing Natural Gas as Fuel

Solid oxide fuel cell power generation systems are devices that utilize solid electrolytes to transfer ions for electrochemical energy conversion. A wide range of gases can be used as fuel gas, including hydrogen, natural gas, and carbon monoxide. Considering the high cost of pure hydrogen, hydrogen production from natural gas reforming has become a hot research area. In this study, the 4F-LCA method was employed to construct an evaluation framework, with a particular emphasis on the cost analysis of solid oxide fuel cell power generation systems, and uses a bottom-up approach to build a system economic analysis model to visualize the major costs involved in the system. An economic benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis were carried out for the 2 kW natural gas solid oxide fuel cell as a case by taking the financial net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period into account. In this study, the investment cost and payback period of a 2 kW solid oxide fuel cell system are obtained, which can provide a reference for the project construction and operation of solid oxide fuel cell systems.

Lattice-Based Boltzmann Simulation of a Two-Dimensional Heat Flow Involved in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with a Focus on Assessing Entropy Generation Depending on the Channel Shape

Lattice-Based Boltzmann Simulation of a Two-Dimensional Heat Flow Involved in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with a Focus on Assessing Entropy Generation Depending on the Channel Shape

Reconstituting the microstructural properties and ionic conductivity of copper - doped yttria-stabilized zirconia via mechanochemical synthesis for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications

The development of highly conductive and thermally stable solid electrolytes is crucial for the next generation of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). This study investigates the influence of copper (Cu) doping on the microstructure and ionic conductivity of 8 mol. % yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) when sintered at lower temperatures. The mechanochemical synthesized 1, 3, and 5 wt. % Cu-doped 8YSZ compacts were extensively characterized their properties through a suite of analytical techniques like X-ray diffraction, Raman, X-ray photoelectron, UV–Vis diffused reflectance, particle size analyzer, BET surface area, Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray, and AC impedance. The results revealed enhanced ionic conductivity and sinterability, at reduced temperature of 1373 K, with the 5 wt. % Cu-doped 8YSZ demonstrating the highest ionic conductivity of 4.18 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 1023 K, alongside reduced activation energy of 1.14 eV. The lower sintering temperatures and consequential benefits in performance metrics suggest Cu-doping as an effective strategy for optimizing 8YSZ-based electrolytes lowering SOFC manufacturing costs without compromising performance for IT-SOFCs.

In-situ electrochemical impedance analysis of a commercial SOFC stack fueled by real wood gas

The combination of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and wood gasification has the potential to significantly increase renewable electricity production and decrease emissions. Depending on the quality of the wood gas, degradation processes have a significant impact on the reliability and lifetime of the SOFC. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and subsequent distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis, the impact on the degradation of coupling wood gasification with a commercial SOFC stack is determined in this study. The thermal behavior of the SOFC stack under various operating conditions, as well as various synthetic wood gas mixtures classified by their hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio, was assessed. The decrease in the H/C ratio from 8 to 1, observed during syngas and real wood gas operation, leads to a rightward shift in the Nyquist plots, suggesting an increase in the SOFC stack's impedance. Correlations between variations in the H/C ratio and their effects on anodic electrooxidation, ionic conduction, gas transport, and diffusion were identified using DRT analysis to interpret the EIS results. By incorporating an upstream desulfurization system and ensuring an H/C ratio greater than 2, the coupling of biomass gasification with the SOFC stack was stable to degradation issues.

Effect of cell sintering temperature on the performance of non-noble metal loaded cerium oxide SOEC anodes

Abstract Introducing methane oxidation reaction into the anode of the high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) can reduce the power consumption for water electrolysis. Compared to the traditional conditions of methane oxidation, the methane oxidation catalyst sintered at the SOEC anode, which is closely related to the cell sintering process. This study uses non-noble metals as active sites for methane oxidation, zirconia, and samarium oxides doped ceria as catalyst support and oxygen ion conductors. The effects of anode sintering temperature on the electrochemical performance of SOEC assisted by methane oxidation were investigated. The results indicate that the high-temperature sintering process promotes the performance of the SOEC anode with Ni as the active site, while high temperature harms the performance of the Co-loaded anode. The sintering temperature exhibits a poor effect on the Fe-loaded anode. The Ni exhibits good enhancement of methane oxidation on reducing the electrolysis voltage of SOEC, while Co only exhibits methane oxidation assistance at low-temperature sintering. Differently, Fe has almost no obvious methane oxidation assistance for SOEC, which mainly represents good oxygen evolution performance.

Potential of solid oxide fuel cells as marine engine assisted by combined cooling and power cogeneration systems

Switching to solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine in marine applications can contribute to carbon reduction strategy. Integrating waste heat recovery technology can potentially meet the required cooling and power demands. This paper presents four combined cooling and power systems, each combining solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine, supercritical CO2 cycle, and refrigeration cycle integration. First, the thermodynamic models of the four systems were constructed. Next, the performance of each integrated system was studied based on energy, exergy, economic, and environmental metrics. A multi-objective optimization approach was then applied to each system, balancing efficiency with cost. Results showed that the environmental penalty cost rate was 5.24 $/h at a fuel molar flow rate of 1.4 mol/s. The solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine, regenerative supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle, and ejector expansion refrigeration cycle system offers the lowest cost rate of 44.40 $/h. Meanwhile, the solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine, regenerative supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle, and absorption refrigeration cycle system achieves the highest energy efficiency (77.35 %) and cooling capacity (86.39 kW), indicating superior thermodynamic performance. This article provides a reference for the application of the solid oxide fuel cell-waste heat recovery system in marine transportation.

Highly oxygen reduction activity and CO2 resistance of Fe-based cathode electrocatalysts for solid oxide fuel cells

The insufficient electrocatalytic activity and CO2 resistance hinder the application of cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this study, we introduce a series of Pr-doped perovskite Bi0.8–xPrxCa0.2FeO3–δ (BPCFx, x=0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) as candidate cathode materials, with a focus on its phase structure, oxygen desorption ability, catalytic activity, and electrochemical reduction kinetics. Among all the components, the Bi0.6Pr0.2Ca0.2FeO3–δ (BPCF0.20) catalyst shows impressive oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, with a low polarization resistance of 0.06 Ω cm2 at 700 °C and peak power density of 810 mW cm−2 at 800 °C. Moreover, the BPCF0.20 cathode shows outstanding CO2 resistance in different CO2 concentrations (1% ∼ 10%) due to the larger average bond energy and higher relative acidity of Bi, Pr, and Fe ions. These findings demonstrate that BPCFx are advanced cathode electrocatalysts for SOFCs.